1 1483 94 DKK1 IS EPIGENETICALLY DOWNREGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION AND INHIBITS BILE ACID-INDUCED GASTRIC INTESTINAL METAPLASIA. DICKKOPF-RELATED PROTEIN 1 (DKK1) IS ESSENTIAL TO GASTRIC CANCER AS AN INHIBITOR OF WNT SIGNALING. GASTRIC INTESTINAL METAPLASIA (GIM) IS AN IMPORTANT PRECANCEROUS LESION OF GASTRIC CANCER THAT CAN BE ACTIVATED BY BILE ACID REFLUX AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISM OF DKK1 IN BILE ACID-INDUCED GIM HAS NOT BEEN COMPLETELY ELUCIDATED. WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF DKK1 IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GIM. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, BILE ACID WAS FOUND TO INDUCE THE EXPRESSION OF INTESTINAL MARKERS IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS, WHEREAS DKK1 WAS DOWNREGULATED IN RESPONSE TO BILE ACID STIMULATION. THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DKK1 WERE DECREASED IN GIM TISSUES AS EVIDENCED BY QRT-PCR AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING. SURPRISINGLY, THE METHYLATION OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER INCREASED IN GIM TISSUES, AND WE DISCOVERED 28 DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION SITES OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER IN GIM TISSUES. BILE ACID WAS ABLE TO INDUCE THE PARTIAL METHYLATION OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER, WHILE 5-AZA COULD INCREASE DKK1 EXPRESSION AS WELL AS DECREASE INTESTINAL MARKERS EXPRESSION IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. IN CONCLUSION, THE PROMOTER METHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF DKK1 MIGHT PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GIM, ESPECIALLY BILE ACID-INDUCED GIM.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2 3222 25 HELICOBACTER PYLORI ASSOCIATED CHRONIC GASTRITIS, CLINICAL SYNDROMES, PRECANCEROUS LESIONS, AND PATHOGENESIS OF GASTRIC CANCER DEVELOPMENT. HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) INFECTION IS WELL KNOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRECANCEROUS LESIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS (AG), OR GASTRIC INTESTINAL METAPLASIA (GIM), AND CANCER. VARIOUS MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS ARE IDENTIFIED NOT ONLY IN GASTRIC CANCER (GC) BUT ALSO IN PRECANCEROUS LESIONS. H. PYLORI TREATMENT SEEMS TO IMPROVE AG AND GIM, BUT STILL REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL. IN CONTRAST, MANY STUDIES, INCLUDING META-ANALYSIS, SHOW THAT H. PYLORI ERADICATION REDUCES GC. MOLECULAR MARKERS DETECTED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS RELATED TO CARCINOGENESIS REVERSE FOLLOWING H. PYLORI ERADICATION. THIS INDICATES THAT THESE CHANGES MAY BE AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH RISK PATIENTS FOR CANCER DEVELOPMENT. PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF GC ARE AT HIGH RISK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF METACHRONOUS GC. A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL FROM JAPAN CONCLUDED THAT PROPHYLACTIC ERADICATION OF H. PYLORI AFTER ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION SHOULD BE USED TO PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF METACHRONOUS GC, BUT RECENT RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES DID NOT SHOW THE TENDENCY. PATIENTS WITH PRECANCEROUS LESIONS (MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS) THAT DO NOT REVERSE AFTER H. PYLORI TREATMENT, REPRESENT THE "POINT OF NO RETURN" AND MAY BE AT HIGH RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GC. THEREFORE, EARLIER H. PYLORI ERADICATION SHOULD BE CONSIDERED FOR PREVENTING GC DEVELOPMENT PRIOR TO THE APPEARANCE OF PRECANCEROUS LESIONS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3 2379 29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF WNT PATHWAY ANTAGONISTS IN HUMAN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS COMMON IN HUMAN CANCER. USING A LARGE-SCALE WHOLE-GENOME APPROACH IN AN EARLIER STUDY, THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED GENES WITH POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTION IN GLIOBLASTOMA (GBM). THREE GENES IDENTIFIED IN THIS ANALYSIS-DKK1, SFRP1, AND WIF1-ARE POTENT INHIBITORS OF THE WNT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. HERE, THE AUTHORS CONFIRM DECREASED EXPRESSION OF THESE GENES IN GBM TUMOR TISSUE SAMPLES RELATIVE TO NONTUMOR BRAIN TISSUE SAMPLES USING REAL-TIME PCR. THEY THEN SHOW THAT EXPRESSION OF ALL 3 GENES IS RESTORED IN T98 GBM CELLS BY TREATMENT WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), BUT ONLY DKK1 EXPRESSION IS RESTORED BY TREATMENT WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZACYTIDINE. BISULFITE SEQUENCING DID NOT REVEAL SIGNIFICANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF DKK1, WHEREAS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY FOR ALL 3 GENES AFTER TSA TREATMENT. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF DKK1 SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES COLONY FORMATION AND INCREASES CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY INHIBITORS WIF1 AND SFRP1 SHOWS A RELATIVE LACK OF RESPONSE. CHRONIC WNT3A STIMULATION ONLY PARTIALLY REVERSES GROWTH SUPPRESSION AFTER DKK1 REEXPRESSION, WHEREAS A SPECIFIC INHIBITOR OF THE JNK PATHWAY SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSES THE EFFECT OF DKK1 REEXPRESSION ON COLONY FORMATION AND APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. THESE RESULTS SUPPORT A POTENTIAL GROWTH-SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION FOR EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED DKK1 IN GBM AND SUGGEST THAT DKK1 RESTORATION COULD MODULATE WNT SIGNALING THROUGH BOTH CANONICAL AND NONCANONICAL PATHWAYS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4 4114 27 MECHANISMS FOR THE INDUCTION OF GASTRIC CANCER BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION: ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATHWAY. MULTIPLE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES GASTRIC CANCER HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN THE LAST TWO DECADES. IN PARTICULAR, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INDUCED IN MULTIPLE DRIVER GENES, WHICH INACTIVATES THEM. METHYLATION PROFILES IN GASTRIC CANCER ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC SUBTYPES, SUCH AS MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY. RECENT COMPREHENSIVE AND INTEGRATED ANALYSES SHOWED THAT MANY CANCER-RELATED PATHWAYS ARE MORE FREQUENTLY ALTERED BY ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION THAN BY MUTATIONS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN EVEN BE PRESENT IN NONCANCEROUS GASTRIC MUCOSAE, PRODUCING AN "EPIGENETIC FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION." MECHANISTICALLY, H. PYLORI-INDUCED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BUT NOT H. PYLORI ITSELF, PLAYS A DIRECT ROLE IN THE INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. THE EXPRESSION OF THREE INFLAMMATION-RELATED GENES, IL1B, NOS2, AND TNF, IS HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE DEGREE OF ACCUMULATED ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS STRONGLY CORRELATED WITH GASTRIC CANCER RISK. A RECENT MULTICENTER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY DEMONSTRATED THE UTILITY OF EPIGENETIC CANCER RISK DIAGNOSIS FOR METACHRONOUS GASTRIC CANCER. SUPPRESSION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION BY A DEMETHYLATING AGENT WAS SHOWN TO INHIBIT GASTRIC CANCER DEVELOPMENT IN AN ANIMAL MODEL. INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS THE MAJOR PATHWAY BY WHICH H. PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES GASTRIC CANCER, AND THIS CAN BE UTILIZED FOR TRANSLATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5 2435 36 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 ACTIVATES THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY AND CONTRIBUTES TO INCREASED CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE WNT PATHWAY IS A KEY REGULATOR OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND STEM CELLS, AND ITS ABERRANT ACTIVATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN MALIGNANCIES, MOST NOTABLY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF THE GENES ENCODING THE SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS), THE WNT SIGNALLING ANTAGONISTS, HAS BEEN LINKED WITH ABERRANT HYPERACTIVATION OF THE WNT SIGNALLING IN HCC CELLS; HOWEVER, THE PRECISE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS ELUSIVE. WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLATION PROFILES OF WNT ANTAGONISTS IN LIVER SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT STAGES OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AND LIVER CANCER CELL LINES AND STUDIED THE FUNCTIONAL IMPACT OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRPS ON THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY AND CELL VIABILITY. WE FOUND THAT THE SFRP1 GENE ENCODING THE SUBUNIT IS A FREQUENT TARGET OF ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND SILENCING IN HCC TUMOURS, WHEREAS OTHER EXTRACELLULAR WNT ANTAGONISTS, WIF1 AND DKK3, EXHIBITED NO METHYLATION IN TUMOUR CELLS, CONSISTENT WITH THE NOTION THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION EVENTS IN CANCER CELLS ARE NON-RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE GENES AND THAT THERE IS A STRONG PREFERENCE FOR HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES IN HCC. IN ADDITION, BY COMPARING SFRP1 METHYLATION STATUS IN HCC TUMOURS WITH NORMAL, CIRRHOTIC AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS LIVER TISSUES, WE IDENTIFIED SFRP1 GENE AS A POTENTIAL EARLY MARKER OF HCC. THE RESTORATION OF SFRP1 EXPRESSION IN CANCER CELLS BY ECTOPIC EXPRESSION INHIBITED WNT ACTIVITY ACCOMPANIED WITH DESTABILIZATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND DOWNREGULATION OF C-MYC AND CYCLIN D1, THE KNOWN DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF WNT PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, RESTORING SFRP1 LEVELS IN CANCER CELLS INHIBITED CELL GROWTH AND INDUCED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH. THIS STUDY SUPPORTS THE CRITICAL ROLE FOR SFRP1 SILENCING IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND REINFORCES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WNT ANTAGONISTS IN PREVENTING ONCOGENIC STABILIZATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY, SUGGESTING THAT SFRP1 MAY BE AN ATTRACTIVE TARGET FOR EARLY CANCER DETECTION AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6 4725 22 NORMAL GASTRIC TISSUE HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION, INCREASED MITOTIC TICK RATE, TISSUE CELL COMPOSITION, AND NATURAL KILLER CELL METHYLATION ALTERATIONS. BACKGROUND: GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMAS ARE A LEADING CAUSE OF GLOBAL MORTALITY, ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI . THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH INFECTION WITH H. PYLORI CONTRIBUTES TO CARCINOGENESIS ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. RECENT STUDIES FROM SUBJECTS WITH AND WITHOUT GASTRIC CANCER HAVE IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA ASSOCIATED WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION AND GASTRIC CANCER RISK. HERE WE FURTHER INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA IN GASTRIC CANCER CASES (N = 42) AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (N = 42) WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION DATA. WE ASSESSED TISSUE CELL TYPE COMPOSITION, DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS WITHIN CELL POPULATIONS, EPIGENETIC AGING, AND REPETITIVE ELEMENT METHYLATION. RESULTS: IN NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA OF BOTH GASTRIC CANCER CASES AND CONTROL SUBJECTS, WE OBSERVED INCREASED EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION ASSOCIATED WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION. WE ALSO OBSERVED AN INCREASED MITOTIC TICK RATE ASSOCIATED WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION IN BOTH GASTRIC CANCER CASES AND CONTROLS. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN IMMUNE CELL POPULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION IN NORMAL TISSUE FROM CANCER CASES AND CONTROLS WERE IDENTIFIED USING DNA METHYLATION CELL TYPE DECONVOLUTION. WE ALSO FOUND NATURAL KILLER CELL-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN NORMAL MUCOSA FROM GASTRIC CANCER PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS FROM NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO UNDERLYING CELLULAR COMPOSITION AND EPIGENETIC ASPECTS OF H. PYLORI ASSOCIATED GASTRIC CANCER ETIOLOGY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7 5276 35 PROMOTER METHYLATION OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND SUBSEQUENT SILENCING OF CANCER-RELATED GENES HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS AN IMPORTANT PATHWAY INVOLVED IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. IN FACT, SEVERAL FACTORS ARE BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TO ITS INDUCTION IN GASTRIC EPITHELIA, INCLUDING AGING, DIET, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) AND EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV). HOWEVER, THE UNDERLING MECHANISMS ARE NOT COMPLETELY IDENTIFIED, DESPITE THE BELIEF THAT INCREASED EXPRESSION OR ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), OR DECREASED DEMETHYLATION ACTIVITY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE EXCESSIVE METHYLATION. A GREAT NUMBER OF GENES WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN GASTRIC CANCER (GC), AMONG WHICH P16INK4A (P16), MUT L HOMOLOGUE 1 (MLH1), EPITHELIAL-CADHERIN (E-CADHERIN), RUNT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 3 (RUNX3), ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI (APC), O(6)-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (MGMT), RAS ASSOCIATION DOMAIN FAMILY 1A (RASSF1A) AND DEATH-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE (DAPK) HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED. UNLIKE THE DISTINCT METHYLATION CHARACTERIZATION IN SINGLE GENES, METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE GENES MAY PROVIDE MORE INFORMATION IN RISK PREDICTION, EARLY DETECTION, PROGNOSIS ASSESSMENT AND CHEMOTHERAPY CHOICE FOR GC. SPECIFICALLY, PARTICULAR MONITORING AND SCREENING SHOULD BE PERFORMED ON THOSE OVER 45 YEARS OLD, WITH PRECANCEROUS GASTRIC DISEASE OR INFECTION OF H. PYLORI OR EBV. AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TUMOR TISSUES, METHYLATION DETECTION IN PATIENT SERA OR GASTRIC WASHES MAY ALSO BE USED IN RISK PREDICTION AND EARLY DETECTION. HOWEVER, WHAT STILL POSES A GREAT CHALLENGE AS WELL AS A PUZZLE IS THE DETERMINATION OF THE VERY GENES THAT SHOULD BE USED IN METHYLATION ANALYSIS. BECAUSE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE NORMALLY REVERSIBLE, DRUGS OR CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS WITH DEMETHYLATING ACTIVITY, SUCH AS 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) COULD BE USED IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE GENE METHYLATION. IN VIEW OF THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF 5-AZA-DC, DNMT-TARGETED STRATEGY HAS BEEN PROPOSED AND MAY PROVE TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN DEMETHYLATING AGENTS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8 3795 29 INTERLEUKIN-6 CONTRIBUTES TO GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA CELLS BY ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MALIGNANCY IS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE BILIARY TRACT WHERE PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) ENHANCES TUMOR GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA BY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION VIA AUTOCRINE MECHANISMS. IL-6 CAN REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND MOREOVER, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CARCINOGENESIS. WE THEREFORE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO IL-6 ON METHYLATION-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH IN HUMAN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUTOCRINE IL-6 PATHWAYS, DNA METHYLATION, AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH WAS ASSESSED USING MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES STABLY TRANSFECTED TO OVEREXPRESS IL-6. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION, GROWTH IN SOFT AGAR, AND METHYLCYTOSINE CONTENT OF MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES. HOWEVER, THIS EFFECT WAS NOT OBSERVED IN IL-6-OVEREXPRESSING CELLS. IL-6 OVEREXPRESSION RESULTED IN THE ALTERED EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SEVERAL GENES, INCLUDING THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR). EGFR PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS DECREASED AND GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED BY IL-6. THUS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY IL-6 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY ALTERING PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF GROWTH-REGULATORY PATHWAYS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVING EGFR. MOREOVER, ENHANCED IL-6 EXPRESSION MAY DECREASE THE SENSITIVITY OF TUMOR CELLS TO THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS. THESE OBSERVATIONS HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND PROVIDE A MECHANISM BY WHICH PERSISTENT CYTOKINE STIMULATION CAN PROMOTE TUMOR GROWTH.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9 6841 29 [MECHANISMS OF H. PYLORI INFECTION-INDUCED GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS]. MANY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED A STRONG ASSOCIATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI (HELICOBACTER PYLORI) INFECTION AND HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER DEVELOPMENT. THE PRECISE MECHANISMS ACCOUNTING FOR GASTRIC CANCER DEVELOPMENT INDUCED BY H. PYLORI INFECTION ARE STILL NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. HOWEVER, IT SHOULD BE REASONABLE TO ASSUME THAT THERE ARE TWO DISTINCT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS FOR GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS BY H. PYLORI INFECTION; THE DIRECT ACTION OF THE BACTERIA ITSELF ON GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS, AND THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC CHANGES CAUSED BY PROLONGED BACTERIAL INFECTION AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. AS A DIRECT ACTION OF H. PYLORI, BACTERIAL PROTEINS SUCH AS CAGA COULD BE DELIVERED INTO GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS VIA THE TYPE IV SECRETION APPARATUS AND MODIFY THE HOST CELL FUNCTIONS RELATED TO CELL PROLIFERATION. IN ADDITION TO THE DIRECT BACTERIAL ACTION, H. PYLORI INFECTION AND THE RESULTANT INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE CAUSE VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN TUMOR-RELATED GENES OF THE GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. NOTABLY, EXPRESSION OF AID (ACTIVATION-INDUCED CYTIDINE DEAMINASE), A DNA EDITING ENZYME THAT UNDERGOES SOMATIC HYPERMUTATION ON HUMAN GENES, IS INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO H. PYLORI INFECTION AND PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE STIMULATION IN HUMAN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. AS A RESULT, THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS WOULD PERSIST UNTIL THE CLINICAL STAGE OF ATROPHIC GASTRITIS AND EVENTUALLY TRIGGER THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF GASTRIC CELLS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  762 35 CAUSAL ROLE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AND ERADICATION THERAPY IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. MANY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORTS INDICATE THAT HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H PYLORI) INFECTION PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. SEVERAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CONTRIBUTE TO THE INITIATION, PROMOTION, AND PROGRESSION OF THE CANCER CELLS IN A MULTI-STEP MANNER. H PYLORI IS KNOWN TO INDUCE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA. ITS PRODUCTS, INCLUDING SUPEROXIDES, PARTICIPATE IN THE DNA DAMAGE FOLLOWED BY INITIATION, AND THE INFLAMMATION-DERIVED CYTOKINES AND GROWTH FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE PROMOTION OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. BY ERADICATING H PYLORI, GASTRIC INFLAMMATION CAN BE CURED; THE THERAPY DIMINISHES THE LEVELS NOT ONLY OF INFLAMMATORY CELL INFILTRATION, BUT ALSO ATROPHY/INTESTINAL METAPLASIA IN PART. A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL REVEALED THAT THE ERADICATION THERAPY DIMINISHED THE GASTRIC CANCER PREVALENCE IN CASES WITHOUT PRE-CANCEROUS CONDITIONS. IN ADDITION, RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES FROM JAPANESE GROUPS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC CANCER, ESPECIALLY OF THE INTESTINAL TYPE, WAS DECREASED BY SUCCESSFUL ERADICATION THERAPY, ALTHOUGH THESE WERE DESIGNED IN A NON-RANDOMIZED MANNER. HOWEVER, IT SHOULD BE MENTIONED THAT ENDOSCOPIC DETECTION IS THE ONLY WAY TO EVALUATE THE DEGREE OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT THE ENDOSCOPIC AND HISTOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGIES COULD BE MODIFIED BY ERADICATION THERAPY AND IT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PREVALENCE OF GASTRIC CANCER DEVELOPMENT. CONSIDERING THE BIOLOGICAL NATURE OF CANCER CELL PROLIFERATION, IT IS CONSIDERED THAT A SUFFICIENTLY LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP WOULD BE ESSENTIAL TO DISCUSS THE ANTICANCER EFFECT OF ERADICATION THERAPY.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 4960 28 PATHOGENESIS OF PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF THE STOMACH: TARGETS FOR PREVENTION. GASTRIC ATROPHY AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA ARE GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE PRECANCEROUS LESIONS OF THE STOMACH. CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IS ONE THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE PRE-MALIGNANT GASTRIC LESIONS. IN ADDITION TO BACTERIAL FACTORS, POLYMORPHISMS IN THE CYTOKINE GENES OF THE HOST THAT MODULATE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES ARE FOUND TO HAVE A SYNERGISTIC EFFECT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC CANCER AS WELL AS PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS. RECENTLY, INAPPROPRIATE ACTIVATION OF THE INTESTINE-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LIKE THE HOMEOBOX GENE COMPLEX CDX1 AND CDX2 ARE FOUND TO BE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTING FACTOR IN THE INDUCTION OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA IN THE STOMACH. ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE ALSO FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN PRE-NEOPLASTIC GASTRIC LESIONS. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS RELATING TO THESE PRE-NEOPLASTIC GASTRIC LESIONS IS THAT WHETHER H. PYLORI ERADICATION COULD REVERSE THESE CHANGES. HOWEVER, MOST CONTROLLED STUDIES SHOWED NO OR JUST MODEST IMPROVEMENT IN INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION. FURTHER STUDIES SHOULD EVALUATE THE ROLE OF OTHER CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENTS, PARTICULARLY CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 INHIBITOR, ON REGRESSION OF PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 1146 37 CONCURRENT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA. BACKGROUND: THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALLING IS ABERRANTLY ACTIVATED IN PRIMARY B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL). EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES MAY BE A MECHANISM FOR ITS ACTIVATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED SYSTEMATICALLY AND QUANTITATIVELY THE METHYLATION STATUS OF 12 WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES - CDH1, DACT1, DKK1, DKK2, DKK3, DKK4, SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP3, SFRP4, SFRP5 AND WIF1 - IN THE CELL LINES EHEB AND MEC-1 AS WELL AS PATIENT SAMPLES. METHODS: QUANTIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION WAS PERFORMED BY MEANS OF BISULPHITE PYROSEQUENCING AND CONFIRMED BY BISULPHITE SANGER SEQUENCING. GENE EXPRESSION WAS ANALYSED BY QPCR USING GAPDH AS INTERNAL CONTROL. E-CADHERIN AND BETA-CATENIN PROTEIN QUANTIFICATION WAS CARRIED OUT BY MICROSPHERE-BASED IMMUNOASSAYS. METHYLATION DIFFERENCES OBSERVED BETWEEN THE PATIENT AND CONTROL GROUPS WERE TESTED USING GENERALISED LEAST SQUARES MODELS. RESULTS: FOR 10 GENES, A HIGHER METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED IN TUMOUR MATERIAL. ONLY DKK4 EXHIBITED SIMILARLY HIGH METHYLATION LEVELS IN BOTH TUMOUR AND NORMAL SPECIMENS, WHILE DACT1 WAS ALWAYS ESSENTIALLY UNMETHYLATED. HOWEVER, ALSO FOR THESE INHIBITORS, TREATMENT OF CELLS WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2 -DEOXYCYTIDINE RESULTED IN AN INDUCTION OF THEIR EXPRESSION, AS SHOWN BY QUANTITATIVE PCR, SUGGESTING AN INDIRECT EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF ACTIVITY. WHILE THE DEGREE OF DEMETHYLATION AND ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONSEQUENCES DIFFERED BETWEEN THE GENES, THERE WAS AN OVERALL HIGH CORRELATION OF DEMETHYLATION AND INCREASED ACTIVITY. PROTEIN EXPRESSION STUDIES REVEALED THAT NO CONSTITUTIVE WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALLING OCCURRED IN THE CELL LINES, WHICH IS IN DISCREPANCY WITH RESULTS FROM PRIMARY CLL. HOWEVER, TREATMENT WITH 5-AZA-2 -DEOXYCYTIDINE CAUSED ACCUMULATION OF BETA-CATENIN. SIMULTANEOUSLY, E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION WAS STRONGLY INDUCED, LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF A COMPLEX WITH BETA-CATENIN AND THUS DEMONSTRATING ITS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED INHIBITION EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST AN EPIGENETIC SILENCING MECHANISM OF THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY INHIBITOR GENES IN CLL. HYPERMETHYLATION AND SILENCING OF FUNCTIONALLY RELATED GENES MAY NOT BE COMPLETELY STOCHASTIC BUT RESULT FROM THE TUMOUR EPIGENOME REPROGRAMMING ORCHESTRATED BY POLYCOMB-GROUP REPRESSIVE COMPLEXES. THE DATA ARE OF INTEREST IN THE CONTEXT OF EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPY.	2012	

13 6661 31 UPREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING, ANCHORAGE-INDEPENDENT GROWTH, AND MIGRATION OF COLON CANCER CELLS BY INTERLEUKIN-6. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IS CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WHICH PREDISPOSES TO COLORECTAL CANCER. THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH INFLAMMATION PROMOTES TUMORIGENESIS ARE NOT FULLY KNOWN. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE LINKS BETWEEN COLONIC INFLAMMATION AND TUMORIGENESIS VIA EPIGENETIC GENE SILENCING. COLON CANCER SPECIMENS WERE ASSESSED FOR THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-1 (DNMT-1) USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. COLORECTAL CARCINOMA CELL LINES WERE ASSESSED FOR DNMT1 EXPRESSION, METHYLCYTOSINE CONTENT, PROMOTER METHYLATION, GENE EXPRESSION, AND TUMORIGENESIS IN RESPONSE TO INTERLEUKIN (IL)-6. DNMT1 WAS EXPRESSED AT HIGHER LEVELS IN BOTH THE PERITUMORAL STROMA AND TUMOR IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE-ASSOCIATED CANCERS COMPARED WITH SPORADIC COLON CANCERS. IL-6 TREATMENT OF COLON CANCER CELLS RESULTED IN AN INCREASE IN DNMT1 EXPRESSION, INDEPENDENT OF DE NOVO GENE EXPRESSION. IL-6 INCREASED THE METHYLATION OF PROMOTER REGIONS OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH TUMOR SUPPRESSION, ADHESION, AND APOPTOSIS RESISTANCE. EXPRESSION OF A SUBSET OF THESE GENES WAS DOWNREGULATED BY IL-6, AN EFFECT THAT WAS PREVENTED BY PREINCUBATION WITH 5-AZADEOXYCYTIDINE, A DNMT1 INHIBITOR. ANCHORAGE-INDEPENDENT GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF COLON CANCER CELLS WAS ALSO INCREASED BY IL-6 IN A 5-AZADEOXYCYTIDINE-SENSITIVE MANNER. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT DNMT-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING MAY PLAY A ROLE IN INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED COLON TUMORIGENESIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14 2377 25 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSORS BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI ENHANCES EBV-INDUCED PROLIFERATION OF GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) ARE TWO WELL-KNOWN CONTRIBUTORS TO CANCER AND CAN ESTABLISH LIFELONG PERSISTENT INFECTION IN THE HOST. THIS LEADS TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER. ASSOCIATION WITH H. PYLORI INCREASES THE RISK OF GASTRIC CARCINOMA, AND COEXISTENCE WITH EBV ENHANCES PROLIFERATION OF INFECTED CELLS. FURTHER, H. PYLORI-EBV COINFECTION CAUSES CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. WE HAVE ESTABLISHED AN H. PYLORI-EBV COINFECTION MODEL SYSTEM USING HUMAN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. WE SHOWED THAT H. PYLORI INFECTION CAN INCREASE THE ONCOGENIC PHENOTYPE OF EBV-INFECTED CELLS AND THAT THE CYTOTOXIN-ASSOCIATED GENE (CAGA) PROTEIN ENCODED BY H. PYLORI STIMULATED EBV-MEDIATED CELL PROLIFERATION IN THIS COINFECTION MODEL SYSTEM. THIS LED TO INCREASED EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYL TRANSFERASES (DNMTS), WHICH REPROGRAMMED CELLULAR TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES, INCLUDING THOSE OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS), THROUGH HYPERMETHYLATION. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO A MOLECULAR MECHANISM WHEREBY COOPERATIVITY BETWEEN TWO ONCOGENIC AGENTS LEADS TO ENHANCED ONCOGENIC ACTIVITY OF GASTRIC CANCER CELLS.IMPORTANCE WE HAVE STUDIED THE COOPERATIVITY BETWEEN H. PYLORI AND EBV, TWO KNOWN ONCOGENIC AGENTS. THIS LED TO AN ENHANCED ONCOGENIC PHENOTYPE IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. WE NOW DEMONSTRATE THAT EBV-DRIVEN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE ENHANCED IN THE PRESENCE OF H. PYLORI, MORE SPECIFICALLY, IN THE PRESENCE OF ITS CAGA SECRETORY ANTIGEN. THIS RESULTS IN INCREASED PROLIFERATION OF THE INFECTED GASTRIC CELLS. OUR FINDINGS NOW ELUCIDATE A MOLECULAR MECHANISM WHEREBY EXPRESSION OF CELLULAR DNA METHYL TRANSFERASES IS INDUCED INFLUENCING INFECTION BY EBV. HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE REGULATORY GENOMIC REGIONS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES RESULTS IN THEIR SILENCING. THIS DRASTICALLY AFFECTS THE EXPRESSION OF CELL CYCLE, APOPTOSIS, AND DNA REPAIR GENES, WHICH DYSREGULATES THEIR ASSOCIATED PROCESSES, AND PROMOTION OF THE ONCOGENIC PHENOTYPE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 3231 27 HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED MODULATION OF THE PROMOTER METHYLATION OF WNT ANTAGONIST GENES IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE WNT ANTAGONISTS BETWEEN THE CHRONIC INFECTION AND ERADICATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. METHODS: THE LEVELS OF METHYLATION AND CORRESPONDING MRNA EXPRESSION OF SEVEN WNT ANTAGONIST GENES (SFRP1, -2, -5, DKK1, -2, -3, WIF1) WERE COMPARED AMONG THE PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GASTRIC CANCERS (GCS), AND H. PYLORI-POSITIVE AND H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS, BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLIGHT ASSAY AND REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (RT)-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), RESPECTIVELY. THE CHANGES OF THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE GENES WERE ALSO COMPARED BETWEEN THE H. PYLORI ERADICATION AND H. PYLORI-PERSISTENT GROUPS 1 YEAR AFTER ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION OF GCS. RESULTS: THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF SFRP AND DKK FAMILY GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GCS AND FOLLOWED BY H. PYLORI-POSITIVE CONTROLS COMPARED WITH H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS (P < 0.001). SFRP1, -2, AND DKK3 GENE EXPRESSION WAS STEPWISE DOWNREGULATED FROM H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS, H. PYLORI-POSITIVE CONTROLS, AND TO H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GCS (P < 0.05). AMONG THE WNT ANTAGONISTS, ONLY THE DEGREES OF METHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF DKK3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP AND DKK FAMILY GENES MAY FACILITATE THE FORMATION OF AN EPIGENETIC FIELD DURING H. PYLORI-ASSOCIATED GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. THE EPIGENETIC FIELD MAY NOT BE REVERSED EVEN AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION EXCEPT BY DKK3 METHYLATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 2380 22 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF WNT SIGNALING IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CERTAIN WNT AND WNT NETWORK TARGET GENES ARE EXPRESSED AT HIGHER OR LOWER LEVELS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA COMPARED WITH NORMAL B-CELLS. THIS INCLUDES UPREGULATION OF NUCLEAR COMPLEX GENES, AS WELL AS GENES FOR CYTOPLASMIC PROTEINS AND WNT LIGANDS AND THEIR COGNATE RECEPTORS. IN ADDITION, EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SEVERAL NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF THE WNT PATHWAY HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED. THE BALANCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF NEGATIVE EFFECTOR GENES AND INCREASED EXPRESSION OF POSITIVE EFFECTOR GENES DEMONSTRATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF WNT ANTAGONISTS IS ONE MECHANISM, PERHAPS THE MAIN MECHANISM, THAT IS PERMISSIVE TO ACTIVE WNT SIGNALING IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. MOREOVER, CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF THE WNT NETWORK AND TARGET GENES IS LIKELY TO IMPACT ON ADDITIONAL INTERACTING SIGNALING PATHWAYS. BASED ON PUBLISHED STUDIES, WE PROPOSE A MODEL OF WNT SIGNALING THAT INVOLVES MAINLY PERMISSIVE EXPRESSION, AND SOMETIMES OVEREXPRESSION, OF POSITIVE EFFECTORS AND DOWNREGULATION OF NEGATIVE REGULATORS IN THE NETWORK. IN THIS MODEL, DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA MOLECULES INTERACT TO ALLOW CONTINUOUS WNT SIGNALING.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17 4994 27 PERFORMANCE OF DNA METHYLATION ON THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI IN GASTRIC CANCER; TARGETED THERAPY APPROACH. GASTRIC CANCER (GC) IS A SIGNIFICANT CAUSE OF CANCER MORTALITY WHICH HAS LED TO FOCUSED EXPLORATION OF THE PATHOLOGY OF GC. THE ADVENT OF GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS METHODS HAS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO UNCOVER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FLUCTUATION SUCH AS ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTER REGIONS THAT IS EXPECTED TO PLAY A KEY ROLE IN GC. THE STUDY OF GASTRIC MALIGNANCIES REQUIRES AN ETIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE, AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) WAS IDENTIFIED TO PLAY A ROLE IN GC. H. PYLORI INFECTION CAUSES CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE GASTRIC EPITHELIUM CAUSING ABNORMAL POLYCLONAL METHYLATION, WHICH MIGHT RAISE THE RISK OF GC. IN THE LAST TWO DECADES, VARIOUS PATHOGENIC FACTORS BY WHICH H. PYLORI INFECTION CAUSES GC HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED. ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION IS TRIGGERED IN SEVERAL GENES, RENDERING THEM INACTIVE. IN GC, METHYLATION PATTERNS ARE LINKED TO CERTAIN SUBTYPES INCLUDING MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY. MULTIPLE CANCER-RELATED PROCESSES ARE MORE USUALLY CHANGED BY ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION THAN THROUGH MUTATIONS, ACCORDING TO CURRENT GENERAL AND COMBINED INVESTIGATIONS. FURTHERMORE, THE AMOUNT OF ACQUIRED ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION IS HEAVILY LINKED TO THE CHANCES OF DEVELOPING GC. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION IN GC AND THE LINK BETWEEN METHYLATION AND H. PYLORI INFECTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18 3226 27 HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC COLONIZATION OF THE HUMAN STOMACH BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI, A GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIUM, IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS, PEPTIC ULCERS AND GASTRIC CANCER. RECENT PROGRESS HAS ELUCIDATED IMPORTANT BACTERIAL AND HOST FACTORS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR H. PYLORI-INDUCED GASTRIC INFLAMMATION AND GASTRIC MALIGNANCY. H. PYLORI CYTOTOXIN-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN A IS THE MAJOR ONCOGENIC FACTOR INJECTED INTO HOST CELLS FROM BACTERIA AND IT DISRUPTS EPITHELIAL CELL FUNCTIONS. TOGETHER WITH H. PYLORI CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND, IT CAUSES GENERAL INFLAMMATORY STRESS WITHIN GASTRIC MUCOSA AND ACTIVATES MULTIPLE ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS IN EPITHELIAL CELLS. A GROWING LIST OF THESE PATHWAYS INCLUDES NF-KAPPAB, ACTIVATOR PROTEIN-1, PI3K, SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS AND ACTIVATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION 3, WNT/BETA-CATENIN AND CYCLOOXYGENASE 2. H. PYLORI INDUCES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION, WHICH PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION. IN ADDITION, INVESTIGATIONS INTO GASTRIC STEM CELL OR PROGENITOR CELL BIOLOGY HAVE SHED LIGHT ON THE MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH GASTRIC CANCER MAY ORIGINATE. CONTINUED INVESTIGATION IN THESE AREAS WILL YIELD NOVEL INSIGHTS AND HELP TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISMS OF BACTERIA-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19 3220 35 HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND MICRORNAS: RELATION WITH INNATE IMMUNITY AND PROGRESSION OF PRENEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS. THE ACCEPTED PARADIGM FOR INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC CANCER PATHOGENESIS IS A MULTISTEP PROGRESSION FROM CHRONIC GASTRITIS INDUCED BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) TO GASTRIC ATROPHY, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, DYSPLASIA AND ULTIMATELY GASTRIC CANCER. THE GENETIC AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DISEASE PROGRESSION ARE STILL NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD AS ONLY A FRACTION OF COLONIZED INDIVIDUALS EVER DEVELOP NEOPLASIA SUGGESTING THAT BACTERIAL, HOST AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE INVOLVED. MICRORNAS ARE NONCODING RNAS THAT MAY INFLUENCE H. PYLORI-RELATED PATHOLOGY THROUGH THE REGULATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION AND EXPRESSION OF VARIOUS GENES, PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INFLAMMATION, CELL PROLIFERATION, APOPTOSIS AND DIFFERENTIATION. INDEED, H. PYLORI HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO MODIFY MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA AND MICRORNAS ARE INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE HOST RESPONSE TO THE BACTERIA AND IN THE REGULATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. MICRORNAS HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS AND H. PYLORI MAY INFLUENCE INFLAMMATION-MEDIATED GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS POSSIBLY THROUGH DNA METHYLATION AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNAS. FURTHERMORE, MICRORNAS INFLUENCED BY H. PYLORI ALSO HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE INVOLVED IN CELL CYCLE REGULATION, APOPTOSIS AND EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. ALTOGETHER, MICRORNAS SEEM TO HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION FROM GASTRITIS TO PRENEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS AND NEOPLASTIC LESIONS AND SINCE EACH MICRORNA CAN CONTROL THE EXPRESSION OF HUNDREDS TO THOUSANDS OF GENES, KNOWLEDGE OF MICRORNAS TARGET GENES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS ARE OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE. IN THIS ARTICLE WE PRESENT A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ABOUT THE ROLE OF MICRORNAS IN H. PYLORI GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS, IDENTIFYING THE MICRORNAS DOWNREGULATED AND UPREGULATED IN THE INFECTION AND CLARIFYING THEIR BIOLOGICAL ROLE IN THE LINK BETWEEN IMMUNE HOST RESPONSE, INFLAMMATION, DNA METHYLATION AND GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20 2071 34 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE (CDH1) BY CPG METHYLATION IN COLECTOMY SAMPLES OF PATIENTS WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS. E-CADHERIN BELONGS TO THE CADHERIN FAMILY OF CALCIUM-DEPENDENT CELL-ADHESION MOLECULES. THE CADHERINS PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES SUCH AS ORDERING OF CELL SORTING, MIGRATION, AND DIFFERENTIATION, AND THEIR MALFUNCTIONING IS CONNECTED WITH NEOPLASIA. NEOPLASTIC PROGRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPITHELIAL DYSPLASIA. TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES BY PROMOTER METHYLATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF HUMAN CANCERS AND DYSPLASIA. TO EXPLORE THE MODE OF E-CADHERIN REGULATION, 156 BIOPSY SAMPLES FROM 26 PATIENTS WITH LONG-STANDING ULCERATIVE COLITIS WERE SCREENED. TO DETECT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF OUR SAMPLES, A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR WAS APPLIED. METHYLATION OF THE E-CADHERIN (CDH1) PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 93% OF THE PATIENTS WITH DYSPLASTIC BIOPSY SAMPLES, IN CONTRAST TO ONLY 6% OF THE PATIENTS WITHOUT DYSPLASIA (P < 0.001). WE ALSO EXAMINED THE LEVEL OF SYNTHESIS OF E-CADHERIN PROTEIN BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING IN DIFFERENT PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED SAMPLES OF DYSPLASTIC AND NON-DYSPLASTIC ORIGIN IN A SUBSET OF OUR PATIENTS. SAMPLES WITH DYSPLASIA DISPLAYED REDUCED LEVELS, WHEREAS SAMPLES WITHOUT DYSPLASIA REVEALED NORMAL E-CADHERIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. THESE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE E-CADHERIN PROMOTER IS SUBJECTED TO EPIGENETIC CONTROL IN COLORECTAL ULCERATION. OBVIOUSLY, THIS EVENT MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION FROM CHRONIC INFLAMMATION TO COLORECTAL CANCER. FOR THIS REASON, METHYLATION OF THE CDH1 PROMOTER IS AN ATTRACTIVE NEW BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING ULCERATIVE COLITIS PATIENTS WITH A HIGH RISK FOR DEVELOPING COLORECTAL CANCERS.	2002