1 1443 176 DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES OF HEALTHY AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASED HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(4). WHILE THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EXERTS ITS HARMFUL HEALTH EFFECTS IS STILL INCOMPLETE, DETAILED IN VITRO STUDIES ARE HIGHLY NEEDED. WITH THE AIM OF GETTING CLOSER TO THE HUMAN IN VIVO CONDITIONS AND BETTER INTEGRATING A NUMBER OF FACTORS RELATED TO PRE-EXISTING CHRONIC PULMONARY INFLAMMATORY, WE SOUGHT TO DEVELOP PRIMARY CULTURES OF NORMAL HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL (NHBE) CELLS AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)-DISEASED HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL (DHBE) CELLS, GROWN AT THE AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE. PAN-CYTOKERATIN AND MUC5AC IMMUNOSTAINING CONFIRMED THE SPECIFIC CELL-TYPES OF BOTH THESE HEALTHY AND DISEASED CELL MODELS AND SHOWED THEY ARE CLOSED TO HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIA. THEREAFTER, HEALTHY AND DISEASED CELLS WERE REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(4) AT THE NON-CYTOTOXIC CONCENTRATION OF 5 MUG/CM(2). THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE OXIDATIVE AND INFLAMMATORY STATES IN NON-EXPOSED NHBE AND COPD-DHBE CELLS INDICATED THAT DISEASED CELLS CONSERVED THEIR SPECIFIC PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. INCREASES IN BOTH OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND CYTOKINE SECRETION WERE REPORTED IN REPEATEDLY EXPOSED NHBE CELLS AND PARTICULARLY IN COPD-DHBE CELLS. DISEASED CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED HAD LOWER CAPACITIES TO METABOLIZE THE ORGANIC CHEMICALS-COATED ONTO THE AIR-POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(4), SUCH AS BENZO[A]PYRENE (B[A]P), BUT SHOWED HIGHER SENSIBILITY TO THE FORMATION OF OH-B[A]P DNA ADDUCTS, BECAUSE THEIR DISEASED STATE POSSIBLY AFFECTED THEIR DEFENSES. DIFFERENTIAL PROFILES OF EPIGENETIC HALLMARKS (I.E., GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, P16 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTENING, TELOMERASE ACTIVATION, AND HISTONE H3 MODIFICATIONS) OCCURRED IN REPEATEDLY EXPOSED NHBE AND PARTICULARLY IN COPD-DHBE CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS CLOSELY SUPPORTED THE HIGHEST RESPONSIVENESS OF COPD-DHBE CELLS TO A REPEATED EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(4). THE USE OF THESE INNOVATIVE IN VITRO EXPOSURE SYSTEMS SUCH AS NHBE AND COPD-DHBE CELLS COULD THEREFORE BE CONSIDER AS A VERY USEFUL AND POWERFUL PROMISING TOOL IN THE FIELD OF THE RESPIRATORY TOXICOLOGY, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SENSITIVE INDIVIDUALS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 2940  92 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN NORMAL AND SENSITIVE COPD-DISEASED HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5). EVEN THOUGH CLINICAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE PROGRESSIVELY PROVIDED A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS BY WHICH AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EXERTS ITS HARMFUL HEALTH EFFECTS, FURTHER IN VITRO STUDIES ON RELEVANT CELL SYSTEMS ARE STILL NEEDED. HENCE, AIMING OF GETTING CLOSER TO THE HUMAN IN VIVO CONDITIONS, PRIMARY HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS DERIVED FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS (NHBE) OR SENSITIVE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)-DISEASED PATIENTS (DHBE) WERE DIFFERENTIATED AT THE AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE. THEREAFTER, THEY WERE REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5) TO STUDY THE OCCURRENCE OF SOME RELEVANT GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC ENDPOINTS. CONCENTRATION-, EXPOSURE- AND SEASON-DEPENDENT INCREASES OF OH-B[A]P METABOLITES IN NHBE, AND TO A LESSER EXTENT, COPD-DHBE CELLS WERE REPORTED; HOWEVER, THERE WERE MORE TETRA-OH-B[A]P AND 8-OHDG DNA ADDUCTS IN COPD-DHBE CELLS. NO INCREASE IN PRIMARY DNA STRAND BREAK NOR CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION WAS OBSERVED IN REPEATEDLY EXPOSED CELLS. TELOMERE LENGTH AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY WERE MODIFIED IN A CONCENTRATION- AND EXPOSURE-DEPENDENT MANNER IN NHBE AND PARTICULARLY COPD-DHBE CELLS. THERE WERE A GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, A P16 GENE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, AND A DECREASING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN NHBE AND NOTABLY COPD-DHBE CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED. CHANGES IN SITE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION, ACETYLATION, AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF HISTONE H3 (I.E., H3K4ME3, H3K9AC, H3K27AC, AND H3S10PH) AND RELATED ENZYME ACTIVITIES OCCURRED IN A CONCENTRATION- AND EXPOSURE-DEPENDENT MANNER IN ALL THE REPEATEDLY EXPOSED CELLS. COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHTED THE KEY ROLE PLAYED BY GENETIC AND EVEN EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN NHBE AND PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE COPD-DHBE CELLS REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5) AND THEIR DIFFERENT RESPONSIVENESS. WHILE THESE SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN ALREADY DESCRIBED IN COPD AND EVEN LUNG CANCER PHENOTYPES, OUR FINDINGS SUPPORTED THAT, TOGETHER WITH GENETIC EVENTS, THESE EPIGENETIC EVENTS COULD DRAMATICALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SHIFT FROM HEALTHY TO DISEASED PHENOTYPES FOLLOWING REPEATED EXPOSURE TO RELATIVELY LOW DOSES OF AIR POLLUTION-DERIVED PM(2.5).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3  540  46 ATMOSPHERIC FINE PARTICULATE MATTER AND EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION IN PULMONARY CELLS: STATE OF THE ART AND CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE IN VITRO STUDIES. EXPOSURE TO FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM(2.5)) HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL DISEASES INCLUDING ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER. MECHANISMS SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION ARE WELL-DOCUMENTED AND ARE CONSIDERED AS THE STARTING POINT OF SOME OF THE PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSES. HOWEVER, A NUMBER OF STUDIES ALSO FOCUSED ON EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT), WHICH IS A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS INVOLVED IN FIBROTIC DISEASES AND CANCER PROGRESSION NOTABLY VIA METASTASIS INDUCTION. UP UNTIL NOW, EMT WAS WIDELY REPORTED IN VIVO AND IN VITRO IN VARIOUS CELL TYPES BUT INVESTIGATIONS DEALING WITH IN VITRO STUDIES OF PM(2.5) INDUCED EMT IN PULMONARY CELLS ARE LIMITED. FURTHER, FEW INVESTIGATIONS COMBINED THE NECESSARY ENDPOINTS FOR VALIDATION OF THE EMT STATE IN CELLS: SUCH AS EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL SURFACE, CYTOSKELETON OR EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX BIOMARKERS AND ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION MARKERS AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. STUDIES EXPLORED VARIOUS CELL TYPES, CULTURED UNDER DIFFERING CONDITIONS AND EXPOSED FOR VARIOUS DURATIONS TO DIFFERENT DOSES. SUCH UNHARMONIZED PROTOCOLS (1) MIGHT INTRODUCE BIAS, (2) MAKE DIFFICULT COMPARISON OF RESULTS AND (3) PRECLUDE REACHING A DEFINITIVE CONCLUSION REGARDING THE ABILITY OF AIRBORNE PM(2.5) TO INDUCE EMT IN PULMONARY CELLS. SOME QUESTIONS REMAIN, IN PARTICULAR THE SPECIFIC PM(2.5) COMPONENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR EMT TRIGGERING. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO EXAMINE THE AVAILABLE PM(2.5) INDUCED EMT IN VITRO STUDIES ON PULMONARY CELLS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE CRITICAL PARAMETERS CONSIDERED TO CARRY OUT FUTURE RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD. THIS CLARIFICATION APPEARS NECESSARY FOR PRODUCTION OF RELIABLE AND COMPARABLE RESULTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
4 3106  32 GENOMICS AND THE RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE. ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS FROM AIR POLLUTANTS REMAIN IMPORTANT, DESPITE IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY IN THE PAST FEW DECADES. THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF LUNG INJURY FROM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS ARE NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTOOD. STUDYING THE GENOME (E.G. SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNP) ), EPIGENOME (E.G. METHYLATION OF GENES), TRANSCRIPTOME (MRNA EXPRESSION) AND MICRORNAOME (MICRORNA EXPRESSION) HAS THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF SNP HAVE DETECTED SNP ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY PHENOTYPES; HOWEVER, TO DATE, ONLY CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES OF AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE HAVE BEEN PERFORMED. CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, SUCH DNA METHYLATION THAT LEADS TO GENE SILENCING WITHOUT ALTERING THE DNA SEQUENCE, OCCUR WITH AIR POLLUTANT EXPOSURE, ESPECIALLY GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION CHANGES. RESPIRATORY CELL LINE AND ANIMAL MODELS DEMONSTRATE DISTINCT GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME, ARISING FROM EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER OR OZONE. PARTICULATE MATTER AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS ALTER EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA, WHICH ARE SHORT NON-CODING RNA THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. WHILE IT IS CLEARLY IMPORTANT TO CONTAIN RISING LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION, STRATEGIES ALSO NEED TO BE DEVELOPED TO MINIMIZE THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANT EXPOSURE ON THE LUNG, ESPECIALLY FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE AND FOR PEOPLE AT RISK OF FUTURE LUNG DISEASE. CAREFUL STUDY OF GENOMIC RESPONSES WILL IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF LUNG INJURY FROM AIR POLLUTION AND ENABLE FUTURE CLINICAL TESTING OF INTERVENTIONS AGAINST THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  642  46 BIOMARKERS OF PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: IN RECENT YEARS, AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) EXPOSURE HAS BEEN STRONGLY LINKED WITH HEALTH EFFECTS. ELEVATED LEVELS OF PM IN POLLUTED AIR HAVE BEEN CORRELATED WITH THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE BIOMARKERS THAT COULD REFLECT THE EFFECTS OF PM EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF STUDIES PUBLISHED ON BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH PM EXPOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD BETWEEN JANUARY 01, 2012 AND JUNE 30, 2022 IN PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, AND COCHRANE DATABASES. STUDIES THAT INCLUDED DATA ON BIOMARKERS WITH COPD EXPOSED PM WERE ELIGIBLE FOR INCLUSION. BIOMARKERS WERE CLASSIFIED INTO 4 GROUPS ACCORDING TO THEIR MECHANISMS. RESULTS: OF THE 105 STUDIES IDENTIFIED, 22 WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. NEARLY 50 BIOMARKERS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN THE STUDIES INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW, AND THE MOST STUDIED IN RELATION TO PM ARE SEVERAL INTERLEUKINS. VARIOUS MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN REPORTED BY WHICH PM INDUCES AND AGGRAVATES COPD. SIX STUDIES RELATED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS, ONE RELATED TO DIRECT EFFECT OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEMS, 16 ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND TWO RELATED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY WERE FOUND. BIOMARKERS RELATED TO THESE MECHANISMS WERE DETECTED IN SERUM, SPUTUM, URINE, EXHALED BREATH CONCENTRATION (EBC), AND SHOWED VARIOUS CORRELATIONS WITH PM IN COPD. CONCLUSIONS: VARIOUS BIOMARKERS HAVE SHOWN POTENTIAL IN PREDICTING THE EXTENT OF PM EXPOSURE IN COPD PATIENTS. FUTURE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO ESTABLISH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REGULATION TO REDUCE AIRBORNE PM, WHICH COULD BE USED TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6  301  41 AIR POLLUTION ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS: TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE AND UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. AIR POLLUTION IS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATHS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES INCLUDING INDIA. EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS AFFECTS VITAL CELLULAR MECHANISMS AND IS INTIMATELY LINKED WITH THE ETIOLOGY OF A NUMBER OF CHRONIC DISEASES. EARLIER WORK FROM OUR LABORATORY HAS SHOWN THAT AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER DISTURBS THE MITOCHONDRIAL MACHINERY AND CAUSES SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO THE EPIGENOME. MITOCHONDRIAL REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES POSSESS THE ABILITY TO TRIGGER REDOX-SENSITIVE SIGNALING MECHANISMS AND INDUCE IRREVERSIBLE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES. THE ELECTROPHILIC NATURE OF REACTIVE METABOLITES CAN DIRECTLY RESULT IN DEPROTONATION OF CYTOSINE AT C-5 POSITION OR INTERFERE WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES ACTIVITY TO CAUSE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. IN ADDITION, IT ALSO PERTURBS LEVEL OF CELLULAR METABOLITES CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES LIKE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONE CODE AND DNA HYPO OR HYPERMETHYLATION. INTERESTINGLY, THESE MODIFICATIONS MAY PERSIST THROUGH DOWNSTREAM GENERATIONS AND RESULT IN THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENOMIC INHERITANCE. THIS PHENOMENON OF SUBSEQUENT TRANSFER OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IS MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE GERM CELLS AND RELIES ON THE GERMLINE STABILITY OF THE EPIGENETIC STATES. OVERALL, THE RECENT LITERATURE SUPPORTS, AND ARGUABLY STRENGTHENS, THE CONTENTION THAT AIR POLLUTION MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO TRANSMISSION OF EPIMUTATIONS FROM GAMETES TO ZYGOTES BY INVOLVING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, PARENTAL ALLELE IMPRINTING, HISTONE WITHHOLDING AND NON-CODING RNAS. HOWEVER, LARGER PROSPECTIVE STUDIES USING INNOVATIVE, INTEGRATED EPIGENOME-WIDE METABOLOMIC STRATEGY ARE HIGHLY WARRANTED TO ASSESS THE AIR POLLUTION INDUCED TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE AND ASSOCIATED HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7 3710  52 INFLUENCES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON ON THE EPIGENOME TOXICITY AND ITS APPLICABILITY IN HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT. THE EXISTENCE OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN AMBIENT AIR IS AN ESCALATING CONCERN WORLDWIDE BECAUSE OF THEIR ABILITY TO CAUSE CANCER AND INDUCE PERMANENT CHANGES IN THE GENETIC MATERIAL. GROWING EVIDENCE IMPLIES THAT DURING EARLY LIFE-SENSITIVE STAGES, THE RISK OF PROGRESSION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES DEPENDS ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES INITIATED BY THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CUES. SEVERAL REPORTS DECIPHERED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AND EPIGENETICS, AND HAVE KNOWN TOXICANTS THAT ALTER THE EPIGENETIC STATES. AMONGST PAHS, BENZO[A]PYRENE (B[A]P) IS ACCEPTED AS A GROUP 1 CANCER-CAUSING AGENT BY THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR THE RESEARCH ON CANCER (IARC). B[A]P IS A WELL-STUDIED PRO-CARCINOGEN THAT IS METABOLICALLY ACTIVATED BY THE ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR (AHR)/CYTOCHROME P450 PATHWAY. CYTOCHROME P450 PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE STIMULATION STEP, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR DNA ADDUCT FORMATION. ACCRUING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSUME A FUNDAMENTAL PART IN PAH-PROMOTED CARCINOGENESIS. THIS INTERACTION BETWEEN PAHS AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS RESULTS IN AN ALTERED PROFILE OF THESE MARKS, GLOBALLY AND LOCUS-SPECIFIC. SOME OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES DUE TO EXPOSURE TO PAHS LEAD TO INCREASED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND PROGRESSION. IT IS WELL UNDERSTOOD THAT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS, SUCH AS PAH TRIGGERS DISEASE PATHWAYS THROUGH CHANGES IN THE GENOME. SEVERAL EVIDENCE REPORTED DUE TO THE EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, THAT EARLY LIFE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS MAY TRIGGER WIDESPREAD AND PERSISTENT VARIATIONS IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING. MOREOVER, THESE VARIATIONS RESPOND TO DNA DAMAGE AND/OR A CONSEQUENCE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT NEED FURTHER INVESTIGATION. GROWING EVIDENCE HAS ASSOCIATED PAHS WITH EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS INVOLVING ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND MICRO RNA (MIRNA) REGULATION. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS TO PAH EXPOSURE WERE RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS PULMONARY DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR, NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDER, AND CANCER. THIS HORMETIC RESPONSE GIVES A NOVEL PERCEPTION CONCERNING THE TOXICITY OF PAHS AND THE BIOLOGICAL REACTION THAT MAY BE A DISTINCT RELIANCE ON EXPOSURE. THIS REVIEW SHEDS LIGHT ON UNDERSTANDING THE LATEST EVIDENCE ABOUT HOW PAHS CAN ALTER EPIGENETIC PATTERNS AND HUMAN HEALTH. IN CONCLUSION, AS SEVERAL EPIGENETIC CHANGE MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR YET, FURTHER ANALYSES DERIVED FROM PAHS EXPOSURE MUST BE PERFORMED TO FIND NEW TARGETS AND DISEASE BIOMARKERS. IN SPITE OF THE CURRENT LIMITATIONS, NUMEROUS EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE PERCEPTION THAT EPIGENETICS GRIPS SUBSTANTIAL POTENTIAL FOR ADVANCING OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS, ALSO FOR PREDICTING HEALTH-ASSOCIATED RISKS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CIRCUMSTANCES EXPOSURE AND INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY.	2022	

8 4317  32 MICRORNAS AS REGULATORS OF AIRBORNE POLLUTION-INDUCED LUNG INFLAMMATION AND CARCINOGENESIS. THE INCREASING INCIDENCE OF PULMONARY INFLAMMATION AND LUNG CANCER, AS WELL AS EXACERBATION OF PRE-EXISTING CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES BY EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS, E.G., PARTICULATE MATTER AND CIGARETTE SMOKE, IS BECOMING A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN IN THE WORLD. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF PULMONARY INJURY FROM EXPOSURE TO THESE AIRBORNE INSULTS HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. NEVERTHELESS, ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) MAY PLAY A UNIQUE ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF AIRBORNE AGENT-INDUCED LUNG INFLAMMATION AND CARCINOGENESIS. SINCE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE HERITABLE AND REVERSIBLE, THIS MAY PROVIDE A NEW INSIGHT INTO THE RELATIONSHIP OF MIRNAS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION-RELATED LUNG DISORDERS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO UPDATE OUR EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS ALTERING MIRNA PROFILES IN THE LUNG, SPECIFICALLY FOR CIGARETTE SMOKE AND AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER, AND THE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL ROLES OF MIRNAS IN THE INITIATION OF PULMONARY INFLAMMATION AND LUNG CANCER, AS WELL AS THE REGULATION OF UNDERLYING GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THESE ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9 3099  33 GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES IN DIFFERENT TISSUES AFTER AMBIENT AIR PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE. DNA METHYLATION (5-MC) IS ONE OF THE SEVERAL EPIGENETIC MARKERS, AND IS GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE INHIBITION OF GENE EXPRESSION. BOTH HYPER AND HYPO DNA METHYLATION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASES. EXPOSURE TO FINE PARTICLES WITH A DIAMETER OF 2.5 MUM OR LESS (PM(2.5)) IS A PERVASIVE RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIOPULMONARY MORTALITY, METABOLIC DISORDERS, COGNITION DAMAGE, AND ETC.. RECENT REPORTS POINTED TOWARD THAT THESE DISEASES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ALTERED DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF SOME SPECIFIC-GENE, POTENTIALLY SUGGESTING THAT THE DNA METHYLATION ALTERATION WAS INVOLVED IN THE HEALTH HAZARD DERIVED FROM THE PM(2.5) EXPOSURE. IN THIS STUDY, WE SYSTEMATICALLY INVESTIGATED THE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF MOST TISSUES, INCLUDING LUNG, HEART, TESTIS, THYMUS, SPLEEN, EPIDIDYMAL FAT, HIPPOCAMPUS, KIDNEY, LIVE, AFTER SHORT AND LONG TERM PM(2.5) EXPOSURE. AFTER ACUTE PM(2.5) EXPOSURE, THE GLOBAL HYPO-METHYLATION IN DNA WAS OBSERVED IN LUNG AND HEART. NOTABLY, AFTER CHRONIC PM(2.5) EXPOSURE, LEVEL OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION DECREASED IN MOST ORGANS WHICH INCLUDED LUNG, TESTIS, THYMUS, SPLEEN, EPIDIDYMAL FAT, HIPPOCAMPUS AND BLOOD. THE PRESENT STUDY SYSTEMATICALLY DEMONSTRATED THE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION CHANGES BY PM(2.5) EXPOSURE, AND PUT FORWARD A POSSIBLE ORIENTATION FOR FURTHER EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF AMBIENT AIR PARTICLES EXPOSURE ON THE SPECIFIC ORGANS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10 6909  41 [TOXIC COMPONENTS OF PM(2.5) AND THEIR TOXICITY MECHANISMS-ON THE TOXICITY OF SULFATE AND CARBON COMPONENTS]. RECENTLY, THE MAIN AIR POLLUTANT HAS BEEN FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM(2.5)), WHICH IS TAKEN UP BY THE WHOLE BODY WITH SEVERE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. THE MAIN CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF PM(2.5) ARE SALTS OF SULFATE (AND NITRATE) AND CARBONS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNKNOWN WHICH COMPONENTS ARE TOXIC. HERE, THE AUTHOR REVIEWED THE LITERATURES TO DETERMINE WHICH COMPONENTS ARE TOXIC AND THE MAIN MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THEIR TOXICITY. MANY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SULFATE CONCENTRATION IS STRONGLY RELATED TO MORTALITY. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT SULFATE AT ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF PM(2.5) CAUSES CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE OR OTHER DISEASE. ON THE OTHER HAND, CARBON COMPONENTS SUCH AS ELEMENTARY CARBON (EC) PRODUCES HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) VIA ITS PHAGOCYTOSIS BY MACROPHAGES, AND ORGANIC CARBON (OC) ALSO PRODUCES HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF ROS DURING ITS METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND THE ROS CAUSE ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THEY CAUSE MANY DISEASES INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ASTHMA AND CANCER. FURTHERMORE, THERE ARE MANY LINES OF EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION OR MICRORNA EXPRESSION INDUCED BY PARTICULATE MATTERS ALSO INDUCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY DISEASES SUCH AS THOSE MENTIONED ABOVE. IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT CARBON COMPONENTS ARE INCORPORATED INTO THE BRAIN AND PRODUCE ROS, AND THAT THE ROS CAUSE DAMAGE TO BRAIN CELLS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND COGNITIVE DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY.FROM THESE LINES OF EVIDENCE, THE AUTHOR WOULD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE THAT THE MAIN TOXICITY OF PM(2.5) IS DUE TO CARBON COMPONENTS, AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE COUNTERMEASURES TO DECREASE THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON COMPONENTS IN AMBIENT AIR.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  860  35 CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS DURING REPAIR OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE: A POTENTIAL MECHANISM FOR STABLE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. EXPOSURES TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS AND TOXINS CAUSE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT LIKELY PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE. THE MECHANISM BEHIND THESE EXPOSURE-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IS CURRENTLY UNKNOWN. ONE COMMONALITY BETWEEN MOST ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IS THAT THEY CAUSE DNA DAMAGE EITHER DIRECTLY OR THROUGH CAUSING AN INCREASE IN REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, WHICH CAN DAMAGE DNA. LIKE TRANSCRIPTION, DNA DAMAGE REPAIR MUST OCCUR IN THE CONTEXT OF CHROMATIN REQUIRING BOTH HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND ATP-DEPENDENT CHROMATIN REMODELING. THESE CHROMATIN CHANGES AID IN DNA DAMAGE ACCESSIBILITY AND SIGNALING. SEVERAL PROTEINS AND COMPLEXES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC SILENCING DURING BOTH DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE LOCALIZED TO SITES OF DNA DAMAGE. THE CHROMATIN-BASED RESPONSE TO DNA DAMAGE IS CONSIDERED A TRANSIENT EVENT, WITH CHROMATIN BEING RESTORED TO NORMAL AS DNA DAMAGE REPAIR IS COMPLETED. HOWEVER, IN INDIVIDUALS CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS OR WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, REPEATED DNA DAMAGE-INDUCED CHROMATIN REARRANGEMENT MAY ULTIMATELY LEAD TO PERMANENT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM BEHIND EXPOSURE-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES WILL ALLOW US TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES TO PREVENT OR REVERSE THESE CHANGES. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND DNA DAMAGE INDUCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, THE CHROMATIN CHANGES THAT OCCUR AROUND SITES OF DNA DAMAGE, AND HOW THESE TRANSIENT CHROMATIN CHANGES MAY LEAD TO HERITABLE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AT SITES OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12 5174  38 PREDICTIVE AND PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES DUE TO PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE. AIR POLLUTION IS GETTING SEVERE AND CONCERNS ABOUT ITS TOXICITY EFFECTS ON AIRWAY AND LUNG DISEASE ARE ALSO INCREASING. PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) IS MAJOR COMPONENT OF AIR POLLUTANT. IT CAUSES RESPIRATORY DISEASES, SUCH AS ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, LUNG CANCER, AND SO ON. PM PARTICLES ENTER THE AIRWAY AND LUNG BY INHALATION, CAUSING DAMAGES TO THEM. ESPECIALLY, PM(2.5) CAN PENETRATE INTO THE ALVEOLUS AND PASS TO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION. IT CAN AFFECT THE CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM AND CAUSE CARDIOPULMONARY DISORDERS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUSED ON PM-INDUCING TOXICITY MECHANISMS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. WE ALSO REVIEWED ITS CORRELATION WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES. IN ADDITION, WE REVIEWED BIOMARKERS RELATED TO PM-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DISEASES. THESE BIOMARKERS MIGHT BE USED FOR DISEASE PREDICTION AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS. WITH RECENT TREND OF USING GENOMIC ANALYSIS TOOLS IN THE FIELD OF TOXICOGENOMICS, RESPIRATORY DISEASE BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH PM WILL BE CONTINUOUSLY INVESTIGATED. EFFECTIVE BIOMARKERS DERIVED FROM EARLIER STUDIES AND FURTHER STUDIES MIGHT BE UTILIZED TO REDUCE RESPIRATORY DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13 2648  34 EPIGENOMIC TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: A NUMBER OF PROCESSES LEAD TO EPIGENETIC AND EPIGENOMIC MODIFICATIONS. OBJECTIVE: TO ADDRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENOMICS IN RESPIRATORY DISEASE. METHODS: STUDIES OF EPIGENOMICS WERE ANALYSED IN RELATION TO CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: IN LUNG CANCER AND MESOTHELIOMA, A NUMBER OF GENES INVOLVED IN CARCINOGENESIS HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE HYPERMETHYLATED, IMPLICATING EPIGENOMIC CHANGES IN THE AETIOLOGY OF THESE CANCERS. HYPERMETHYLATED GENES HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG CANCER RECURRENCE, INDICATING EPIGENOMIC REGULATION OF METASTASIS. IN AIRWAY DISEASES, MODULATION OF HISTONE FUNCTION MAY ACTIVATE INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE PATIENTS AND LEAD TO RELATIVE STEROID RESISTANCE. THERE IS EMERGING EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES SUCH AS ASTHMA, INCLUDING RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN UTERO AND TO THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. INSIGHT INTO EPIGENOMICS WILL LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL BIOMARKERS AND TREATMENT TARGETS IN RESPIRATORY DISEASES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14 5193  39 PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-OXIDANTS INDUCES MITOCHONDRIA-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL PILOT STUDY. MITOCHONDRIA PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING CELLULAR AND METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS DURING VITAL DEVELOPMENT CYCLES OF FOETAL GROWTH. OPTIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS ARE IMPORTANT NOT ONLY TO SUSTAIN ADEQUATE ENERGY PRODUCTION BUT ALSO FOR REGULATED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING. HOWEVER, THESE ORGANELLES ARE SUBTLE TARGETS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, AND ANY PERTURBANCE IN THE DEFINED MITOCHONDRIAL MACHINERY DURING THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE CAN LEAD TO THE RE-PROGRAMMING OF THE FOETAL EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE. AS THESE MODIFICATIONS CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS, WE HEREIN PERFORMED A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO HAVE AN IN-DEPTH UNDERSTANDING OF THIS INTRICATE PHENOMENON. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED WITH TWO ARMS: WHEREAS THE FIRST GROUP CONSISTED OF IN UTERO PRO-OXIDANT EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS AND THE SECOND GROUP INCLUDED CONTROLS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED HIGHER LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE MTDNA DAMAGE AND ASSOCIATED INTEGRATED STRESS RESPONSE AMONG THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. THESE DISTURBANCES WERE FOUND TO BE CLOSELY RELATED TO THE OBSERVED DISCREPANCIES IN MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS. THE EXPOSED GROUP SHOWED MTDNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND CHANGES IN ALLIED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONING. ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MITOMIRS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE TARGET GENES IN THE EXPOSED GROUP INDICATED THE POSSIBILITIES OF A DISTURBED MITOCHONDRIAL-NUCLEAR CROSS TALK. THIS WAS FURTHER CONFIRMED BY THE MODIFIED ACTIVITY OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL STRESS REGULATORS AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AMONG THE EXPOSED GROUP. IMPORTANTLY, THE DISTURBED DNMT FUNCTIONING, HYPERMETHYLATION OF NUCLEAR DNA, AND HIGHER DEGREE OF POST-TRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ESTABLISHED THE EXISTENCE OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. OVERALL, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE FIRST MOLECULAR INSIGHTS OF IN UTERO PRO-OXIDANT EXPOSURE ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL-EPIGENETIC AXIS. ALTHOUGH, OUR STUDY MIGHT NOT CEMENT AN EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP FOR ANY PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-OXIDANT, BUT SUFFICE TO ESTABLISH A DOGMA OF MITO-EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT INTRAUTERINE MILIEU WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS, A HITHERTO UNREPORTED INTERACTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 2739  32 EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION DISRUPTS CIRCADIAN RHYTHM THROUGH ALTERATIONS IN CHROMATIN DYNAMICS. PARTICULATE MATTER </=2.5MUM (PM(2.5)) AIR POLLUTION IS A LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR CONTRIBUTING DISPROPORTIONATELY TO THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE. WE COMPARED IMPACT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PM(2.5) ALONE, OR WITH LIGHT AT NIGHT EXPOSURE (LL) ON METABOLISM. PM(2.5) INDUCED PERIPHERAL INSULIN RESISTANCE, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM (CR) DYSFUNCTION, AND METABOLIC AND BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE (BAT) DYSFUNCTION, AKIN TO LL (WITH NO ADDITIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN PM(2.5) AND LL). TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIVER AND BAT REVEALED WIDESPREAD BUT UNIQUE ALTERATIONS IN CR GENES, WITH EVIDENCE FOR DIFFERENTIALLY ACCESSIBLE PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS OF CR GENES IN RESPONSE TO PM(2.5) BY ATAC-SEQ. THE HISTONE DEACETYLASES 2, 3, AND 4 WERE DOWNREGULATED WITH PM(2.5) EXPOSURE, WITH INCREASED PROMOTER OCCUPANCY BY THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE P300 AS EVIDENCED BY CHIP-SEQ. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED ROLE OF PM(2.5) IN PROMOTING CR DISRUPTION AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CIRCADIAN TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16 4112  42 MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE COMORBIDITY OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER. LUNG CANCER AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) OFTEN CO-OCCUR, AND INDIVIDUALS WITH COPD ARE AT A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING LUNG CANCER. WHILE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM FOR THIS RISK IS NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD, ITS MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACTORS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO INCLUDE GENOMIC, IMMUNE, AND MICROENVIRONMENT DYSREGULATION. HERE, WE REVIEW THE EVIDENCE AND SIGNIFICANT STUDIES THAT EXPLORE THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE HEIGHTENED LUNG CANCER RISK IN PEOPLE WITH COPD. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AS WELL AS THE ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF NON-CODING RNAS, PREDISPOSE THE LUNG EPITHELIUM TO CARCINOGENESIS BY ALTERING THE EXPRESSION OF CANCER- AND IMMUNE-RELATED GENES. OXIDATIVE STRESS GENERATED BY TOBACCO SMOKING PLAYS A ROLE IN REDUCING GENOMIC INTEGRITY, PROMOTING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL-TRANSITION, AND GENERATING A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT. THIS LEADS TO ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSES THAT PROMOTE CANCER DEVELOPMENT, THOUGH NOT ALL SMOKERS DEVELOP LUNG CANCER. SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE METABOLISM OF TOBACCO SMOKE PREDISPOSE FEMALES TO DEVELOPING COPD AND ACCUMULATING DAMAGE FROM OXIDATIVE STRESS THAT POSES A RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG CANCER. DYSREGULATION OF THE LUNG MICROENVIRONMENT AND MICROBIOME CONTRIBUTES TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH IS OBSERVED IN COPD AND KNOWN TO FACILITATE CANCER INITIATION IN VARIOUS TUMOR TYPES. FURTHER, THERE IS A NEED TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE AND IDENTIFY THE PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH COPD WHO ARE AT A HIGH RISK FOR DEVELOPING LUNG CANCER. WE EVALUATE POSSIBLE NOVEL AND INDIVIDUALIZED SCREENING STRATEGIES, INCLUDING BIOMARKERS IDENTIFIED IN GENETIC STUDIES AND EXHALED BREATH CONDENSATE ANALYSIS. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE USE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS AND STATINS AS CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENTS TO PREVENT LUNG CANCER. IT IS CRUCIAL THAT WE OPTIMIZE THE CURRENT METHODS FOR THE EARLY DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF LUNG CANCER AND COPD IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH OUTCOMES FOR A LARGE AFFECTED POPULATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17 6199  34 THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT GENETIC PREDISPOSITION PLAYS A ROLE IN COPD DEVELOPMENT IN SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. THEREFORE, MANY CANDIDATE GENES THAT COULD BE LINKED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE HAVE BEEN EXAMINED IN COPD. HOWEVER, INCONSISTENT RESULTS IN DIFFERENT STUDY POPULATIONS OFTEN LIMIT THIS APPROACH, SUGGESTING THAT NOT ONLY GENETICS, BUT ALSO OTHER FACTORS, MAY BE CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COPD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CAN AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF SPECIFIC GENES, AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN TIME, AND IN DIFFERENT ORGANS. MOREOVER, THESE MECHANISMS CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON PEOPLE'S HEALTH. RECENTLY, THERE IS EMERGING EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A ROLE OF EPIGENETICS FOR THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IN DISEASES SUCH AS ASTHMA AND COPD. MOREOVER, RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE CURRENTLY USED TREATMENTS INCLUDING CORTICOSTEROIDS MAY WORK THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION CAN BE REPROGRAMMED, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING THE RISK, AETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF VARIOUS DISEASE STATES. THE EPIGENETICALLY INFLUENCED PHENOTYPE COULD BE REVERSED WITH DEMETHYLATING OR DEACETYLATING AGENTS, CONSISTENT WITH EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY. THE POSTNATAL REVERSIBILITY OF THESE METHYLATION OR ACETYLATION EVENTS MAY THEREFORE PROVIDE GOOD OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERVENTION. THE RECOGNITION OF THE ROLE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPD MAY IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS THAT HATCH NEW THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  228  43 ADAPTATION OF THE HUMAN POPULATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT: CURRENT KNOWLEDGE, CLUES FROM CZECH CYTOGENETIC AND "OMICS" BIOMONITORING STUDIES AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS. THE HUMAN POPULATION IS CONTINUALLY EXPOSED TO NUMEROUS HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS, CAUSING NEGATIVE HEALTH EFFECTS AND/OR DEREGULATION OF BIOMARKER LEVELS. HOWEVER, STUDIES REPORTING NO OR EVEN POSITIVE IMPACTS OF SOME STRESSORS ON HUMANS ARE ALSO SOMETIMES PUBLISHED. THE MAIN AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE LAST DECADE OF CZECH BIOMONITORING RESEARCH, CONCERNING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION (BENZO[A]PYRENE) AND RADIATION (URANIUM, X-RAY EXAMINATION AND NATURAL RADON BACKGROUND), ON THE DIFFERENTLY EXPOSED POPULATION GROUPS. BECAUSE SOME RESULTS OBTAINED FROM CYTOGENETIC STUDIES WERE OPPOSITE THAN HYPOTHESIZED, WE HAVE SEARCHED FOR A MEANINGFUL INTERPRETATION IN GENOMIC/EPIGENETIC STUDIES. A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF OUR DATA SUPPORTED BY THE STUDIES OF OTHERS AND CURRENT EPIGENETIC KNOWLEDGE, LEADS TO A HYPOTHESIS OF THE VERSATILE MECHANISM OF ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS VIA DNA METHYLATION SETTINGS WHICH MAY EVEN ORIGINATE IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, AND HELP TO REDUCE THE RESULTING DNA DAMAGE LEVELS. THIS HYPOTHESIS IS FULLY IN AGREEMENT WITH UNEXPECTED DATA FROM OUR STUDIES (E.G. LOWER LEVELS OF DNA DAMAGE IN SUBJECTS FROM HIGHLY POLLUTED REGIONS THAN IN CONTROLS OR IN SUBJECTS EXPOSED REPEATEDLY TO A POLLUTANT THAN IN THOSE WITHOUT PREVIOUS EXPOSURE), AND IS ALSO SUPPORTED BY DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN GROUPS FROM REGIONS WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF POLLUTION. IN LIGHT OF THE ADAPTATION HYPOTHESIS, THE FOLLOWING POINTS MAY BE SUGGESTED FOR FUTURE RESEARCH: (I) THE CHRONIC AND ACUTE EXPOSURE OF STUDY SUBJECTS SHOULD BE DISTINGUISHED; (II) THE EXPOSURE HISTORY SHOULD BE MAPPED INCLUDING PLACE OF RESIDENCE DURING THE LIFE AND PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; (III) CHANGES OF EPIGENETIC MARKERS SHOULD BE MONITORED OVER TIME. IN SUMMARY, INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT, ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PROCESSES OF SURVIVAL, IS A NEW CHALLENGE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN BIOMONITORING THAT MAY CHANGE OUR VIEW ON THE RESULTS OF BIOMARKER ANALYSES AND POTENTIAL NEGATIVE HEALTH IMPACTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19 4266  39 MICRO-RNAS: CROSSROADS BETWEEN THE EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL PARTICULATE POLLUTION AND THE OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION HAS REACHED A GLOBAL ECHO AND REPRESENTS A SERIOUS PROBLEM FOR HUMAN HEALTH. AIR POLLUTION ENCOMPASSES A SET OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS PARTICULATE MATTER AND HEAVY METALS (E.G., CADMIUM, LEAD, AND ARSENIC), AND HAS A STRONG IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT BY AFFECTING GROUNDWATER, SOIL, AND AIR. AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CUES IS ESSENTIAL FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF ADAPTIVE PHENOTYPES. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING THE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF SEVERAL GENES ARE PROMISING CANDIDATES TO PROVIDE MECHANISTIC AND PROGNOSTIC INSIGHTS INTO THIS. MICRO-RNAS (MIRNAS) FULFIL THESE FEATURES GIVEN THEIR ABILITY TO RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR CRITICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING PHENOTYPES. THESE MOLECULES ARE PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS, AND THEIR EXPRESSION PATTERNS ARE ORGAN-, TISSUE-, OR CELL-SPECIFIC. MOREOVER, THE EXPERIMENTAL SETTINGS FOR THEIR QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ARE ROBUST, STANDARDIZED, AND INEXPENSIVE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE AN UPDATE ON THE ROLE OF MIRNAS AS SUITABLE TOOLS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS BEHIND THE PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO TOXICANTS AND THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF THEIR EXPRESSION PATTERN ASSOCIABLE WITH SPECIFIC EXPOSURES. WE LOOK AT THE MECHANISTIC EVIDENCE ASSOCIABLE TO THE ROLE OF MIRNAS IN THE PROCESSES LEADING TO ENVIRONMENTAL-INDUCED PULMONARY DISEASE (I.E., CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE).	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 3738  37 INORGANIC ARSENIC-INDUCED CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION IS COUPLED WITH GENOME WIDE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, TRANSCRIPTOME AND SPLICING PATTERNS. BACKGROUND: ARSENIC (AS) EXPOSURE IS A SIGNIFICANT WORLDWIDE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONCERN. LOW DOSE, CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER THAN NORMAL RISK OF SKIN, LUNG, AND BLADDER CANCER, AS WELL AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES. WHILE ARSENIC-INDUCED BIOLOGICAL CHANGES PLAY A ROLE IN DISEASE PATHOLOGY, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE DYNAMIC CELLULAR CHANGES RESULTING FROM ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: IN THESE STUDIES, WE SOUGHT TO UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BEHIND THE BIOLOGICAL CHANGES INDUCED BY ARSENIC EXPOSURE. A COMPREHENSIVE GLOBAL APPROACH WAS EMPLOYED TO DETERMINE GENOME-WIDE CHANGES TO CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, TRANSCRIPTOME PATTERNS AND SPLICING PATTERNS IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC LOW DOSE ARSENIC AND ITS SUBSEQUENT WITHDRAWAL. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CELLS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC LOW DOSES OF SODIUM ARSENITE HAVE DISTINCT TEMPORAL AND COORDINATED CHROMATIN, GENE EXPRESSION, AND MIRNA CHANGES CONSISTENT WITH DIFFERENTIATION AND ACTIVATION OF MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS. MOST OF THESE TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN GENE EXPRESSION ARE REVERSED WHEN ARSENIC IS WITHDRAWN. HOWEVER, SOME GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS REMAINED ALTERED, PLAUSIBLY AS A RESULT OF AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE BY CELLS. ADDITIONALLY, THE CORRELATION OF CHANGES TO GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE SOLIDIFY THE ROLE OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IN GENE REGULATORY CHANGES DUE TO ARSENITE EXPOSURE. LASTLY, WE SHOW THAT ARSENITE EXPOSURE INFLUENCES GENE REGULATION BOTH AT THE INITIATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AS WELL AS AT THE LEVEL OF SPLICING. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT ADAPTATION OF CELLS TO IAS-MEDIATED EMT IS COUPLED TO CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE EFFECTING DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND SPLICING PATTERNS OF GENES. THESE STUDIES PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF IAS-MEDIATED PATHOLOGY, WHICH INCLUDES EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN CHANGES COUPLED WITH CHANGES TO THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND SPLICING PATTERNS OF KEY GENES.	2015