1 1315 127 DELTA FOSB MEDIATES EPIGENETIC DESENSITIZATION OF THE C-FOS GENE AFTER CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE TRANSITION FROM RECREATIONAL DRUG USE TO CHRONIC ADDICTION REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. ONE MOLECULE IMPLICATED IN THIS PROCESS IS DELTAFOSB, A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT ACCUMULATES IN STRIATUM AFTER REPEATED DRUG EXPOSURE AND MEDIATES SENSITIZED BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO PSYCHOSTIMULANTS AND OTHER DRUGS OF ABUSE. THE DOWNSTREAM TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS BY WHICH DELTAFOSB REGULATES DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. WE REPORTED PREVIOUSLY THE CHROMATIN REMODELING MECHANISMS BY WHICH DELTAFOSB ACTIVATES THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN GENES; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DELTAFOSB-MEDIATED GENE REPRESSION REMAIN UNKNOWN. HERE, WE IDENTIFY C-FOS, AN IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE RAPIDLY INDUCED IN STRIATUM AFTER ACUTE PSYCHOSTIMULANT EXPOSURE, AS A NOVEL DOWNSTREAM TARGET THAT IS REPRESSED CHRONICALLY BY DELTAFOSB. WE SHOW THAT ACCUMULATION OF DELTAFOSB IN STRIATUM AFTER CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE TREATMENT DESENSITIZES C-FOS MRNA INDUCTION TO A SUBSEQUENT DRUG DOSE. DELTAFOSB DESENSITIZES C-FOS EXPRESSION BY RECRUITING HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 (HDAC1) TO THE C-FOS GENE PROMOTER, WHICH, IN TURN, DEACETYLATES SURROUNDING HISTONES AND ATTENUATES GENE ACTIVITY. ACCORDINGLY, LOCAL KNOCK-OUT OF HDAC1 IN STRIATUM ABOLISHES AMPHETAMINE-INDUCED DESENSITIZATION OF THE C-FOS GENE. IN CONCERT, CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE INCREASES HISTONE H3 METHYLATION ON THE C-FOS PROMOTER, A CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ALSO KNOWN TO REPRESS GENE ACTIVITY, AS WELL AS EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE H3 HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE, KMT1A (LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 1A, FORMERLY SUV39H1). THIS STUDY REVEALS A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH DELTAFOSB MEDIATES DISTINCT TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS THAT MAY ULTIMATELY ALTER BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY TO CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2 2325  48 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL FOSB EXPRESSION CONTROLS BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO COCAINE. DRUG ADDICTION RESULTS IN PART FROM MALADAPTIVE LEARNING, INCLUDING THE FORMATION OF STRONG ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THE DRUG AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF CONSUMPTION. HOWEVER, DRUG-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLYING THE SALIENCY OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS REMAIN UNDERSTUDIED. CONSOLIDATION OF EXPLICIT MEMORIES OCCURS WITHIN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND WE HAVE SHOWN THAT SPATIAL LEARNING INDUCES EXPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DELTAFOSB IN HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THIS INDUCTION IS CRITICAL FOR LEARNING. DRUGS OF ABUSE ALSO UPREGULATE DELTAFOSB IN HIPPOCAMPUS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF ITS INDUCTION BY COCAINE AND ITS ROLE IN HIPPOCAMPUS-DEPENDENT COCAINE RESPONSES IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED DIFFERENCES IN MOUSE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPAL DELTAFOSB EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC COCAINE, BECAUSE THESE REGIONS APPEAR TO REGULATE DISTINCT COCAINE-RELATED BEHAVIORS. WE FOUND THAT COCAINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF DELTAFOSB WAS SUBREGION-SPECIFIC, AND THAT DELTAFOSB TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN BOTH THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS IS NECESSARY FOR COCAINE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. FURTHER, WE CHARACTERIZE CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE FOSB PROMOTER IN HIPPOCAMPUS IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC COCAINE AND FOUND THAT LOCUS-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR FOSB INDUCTION AND MULTIPLE HIPPOCAMPUS-DEPENDENT BEHAVIORS, INCLUDING COCAINE PLACE PREFERENCE. COLLECTIVELY, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO COCAINE INDUCES HISTONE MODIFICATION AT THE HIPPOCAMPAL FOSB GENE PROMOTER TO CAUSE DELTAFOSB INDUCTION CRITICAL FOR COCAINE-RELATED LEARNING.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT ALTHOUGH COCAINE ADDICTION IS DRIVEN IN PART BY THE FORMATION OF INDELIBLE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THE DRUG AND THE ENVIRONMENT, PARAPHERNALIA, AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF USE, AND ALTHOUGH THIS TYPE OF ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING IS DEPENDENT UPON CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN A BRAIN REGION CALLED THE HIPPOCAMPUS, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH COCAINE ALTERS HIPPOCAMPAL GENE EXPRESSION TO DRIVE FORMATION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC COCAINE ENGAGES LOCUS-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROFILE OF THE FOSB GENE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND THAT THESE ALTERATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR COCAINE-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND COCAINE-ENVIRONMENT ASSOCIATIONS. THIS WORK PROVIDES NOVEL INSIGHT INTO ADDICTION ETIOLOGY AND POTENTIAL INROADS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN COCAINE ADDICTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3 1317  36 DELTAFOSB REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN A MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY COGNITIVE DECLINE AND 5- TO 10-FOLD INCREASED SEIZURE INCIDENCE. HOW SEIZURES CONTRIBUTE TO COGNITIVE DECLINE IN AD OR OTHER DISORDERS IS UNCLEAR. WE SHOW THAT SPONTANEOUS SEIZURES INCREASE EXPRESSION OF DELTAFOSB, A HIGHLY STABLE FOS-FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF AN AD MOUSE MODEL. DELTAFOSB SUPPRESSED EXPRESSION OF THE IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE C-FOS, WHICH IS CRITICAL FOR PLASTICITY AND COGNITION, BY BINDING ITS PROMOTER AND TRIGGERING HISTONE DEACETYLATION. ACUTE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITION OR INHIBITION OF DELTAFOSB ACTIVITY RESTORED C-FOS INDUCTION AND IMPROVED COGNITION IN AD MICE. ADMINISTRATION OF SEIZURE-INDUCING AGENTS TO NONTRANSGENIC MICE ALSO RESULTED IN DELTAFOSB-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF C-FOS, SUGGESTING THAT THIS MECHANISM IS NOT CONFINED TO AD MICE. THESE RESULTS EXPLAIN OBSERVATIONS THAT C-FOS EXPRESSION INCREASES AFTER ACUTE NEURONAL ACTIVITY BUT DECREASES WITH CHRONIC ACTIVITY. MOREOVER, THESE RESULTS INDICATE A GENERAL MECHANISM BY WHICH SEIZURES CONTRIBUTE TO PERSISTENT COGNITIVE DEFICITS, EVEN DURING SEIZURE-FREE PERIODS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4 2280  54 EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DRUG ADDICTION. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS AND GENES HAS NOW TAKEN ON A CLEAR MOLECULAR FORM AS DEMONSTRATED BY STABLE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. THESE CHANGES OCCUR THROUGH ACTIVATION OR REPRESSION OF SPECIFIC GENE PROGRAMMES BY A COMBINATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELLING, ACTIVATION AND ENZYMATIC MODIFICATION OF DNA AND HISTONES AS WELL AS NUCLEOSOMAL SUBUNIT EXCHANGE. RECENT RESEARCH INVESTIGATING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING DRUG-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY HAS SHOWN A DIRECT ROLE FOR CHROMATIN REMODELLING--TERMED AS EPIGENETIC REGULATION--OF NEURONAL GENE PROGRAMMES AND SUBSEQUENT ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR ARISING FROM IT. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT REPEATED EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN DRUGS PROMOTES CHANGES IN LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AND METHYLATION, TOGETHER WITH ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN REWARD CENTRE, LOCALISED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) REGION OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM. THE COMBINATION OF ACETYLATING, PHOSPHORYLATING AND METHYLATING H3 AND H4 HISTONE TAILS ALTER CHROMATIN COMPACTION THEREBY PROMOTING ALTERED LEVELS OF CELLULAR GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH WEAKEN HISTONE INTERACTION WITH DNA OR THAT PROMOTE RECRUITMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATING COMPLEXES, CORRELATE WITH PERMISSIVE GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION, (WHICH STRENGTHEN HISTONE: DNA CONTACTS), OR HISTONE METHYLATION, (WHICH RECRUITS REPRESSIVE COMPLEXES TO CHROMATIN), PROMOTE A STATE OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. USING ANIMAL MODELS, ACUTE COCAINE TREATMENT INCREASES H4 ACETYLATION AT ACUTELY REGULATED GENE PROMOTERS, WHEREAS H3 ACETYLATION APPEARS TO PREDOMINATE AT CHRONICALLY INDUCED PROMOTERS. CHRONIC COCAINE AND ALCOHOL TREATMENT ACTIVATE AND REPRESS MANY GENES SUCH AS FOSB, CDK5, AND BDNF, WHERE THEIR DYSREGULATION, AT THE CHROMATIN LEVEL, CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ADDICTION. FOLLOWING DRUG EXPOSURE, IT IS STILL UNKNOWN, HOWVER, HOW LONG THESE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE PERSIST IN AFFECTING NEURONAL FUNCTION, BUT SOME DO SO FOR LIFE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5 5624  37 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6  775  37 CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC WHOLE-GENOME LANDSCAPE OF DELTAFOSB BINDING IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AFTER CHRONIC COCAINE EXPOSURE. BACKGROUND: THE ABILITY OF NEURONS TO RESPOND TO EXTERNAL STIMULI INVOLVES ADAPTATIONS OF GENE EXPRESSION. INDUCTION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DELTAFOSB IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION, IS IMPORTANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG ADDICTION. HOWEVER, A COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF DELTAFOSB'S GENE TARGETS HAS NOT YET BEEN GENERATED. METHODS: WE USED CUT&RUN (CLEAVAGE UNDER TARGETS AND RELEASE USING NUCLEASE) TO MAP THE GENOME-WIDE CHANGES IN DELTAFOSB BINDING IN THE 2 MAIN TYPES OF NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONS-D1 OR D2 MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS-AFTER CHRONIC COCAINE EXPOSURE. TO ANNOTATE GENOMIC REGIONS OF DELTAFOSB BINDING SITES, WE ALSO EXAMINED THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SEVERAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. RESULTING DATASETS WERE LEVERAGED FOR MULTIPLE BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES. RESULTS: THE MAJORITY OF DELTAFOSB PEAKS OCCUR OUTSIDE PROMOTER REGIONS, INCLUDING INTERGENIC REGIONS, AND ARE SURROUNDED BY EPIGENETIC MARKS INDICATIVE OF ACTIVE ENHANCERS. BRG1, THE CORE SUBUNIT OF THE SWI/SNF CHROMATIN REMODELING COMPLEX, OVERLAPS WITH DELTAFOSB PEAKS, A FINDING CONSISTENT WITH EARLIER STUDIES OF DELTAFOSB'S INTERACTING PROTEINS. CHRONIC COCAINE USE INDUCES BROAD CHANGES IN DELTAFOSB BINDING IN BOTH D1 AND D2 NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS OF MALE AND FEMALE MICE. IN ADDITION, IN SILICO ANALYSES PREDICT THAT DELTAFOSB COOPERATIVELY REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION WITH HOMEOBOX AND T-BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE NOVEL FINDINGS UNCOVER KEY ELEMENTS OF DELTAFOSB'S MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION AT BASELINE AND IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC COCAINE EXPOSURE. FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF DELTAFOSB'S COLLABORATIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND CHROMATIN PARTNERS SPECIFICALLY IN D1 AND D2 MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS WILL REVEAL A BROADER PICTURE OF THE FUNCTION OF DELTAFOSB AND THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF DRUG ADDICTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7 3952  34 LOCUS-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC REMODELING CONTROLS ADDICTION- AND DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO DRUGS OF ABUSE OR STRESS REGULATES TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYMES AND HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN DISCRETE BRAIN REGIONS. GIVEN THE PROMISCUITY OF THE ENZYMES INVOLVED, IT HAS NOT YET BEEN POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN DIRECT CAUSAL EVIDENCE TO IMPLICATE THE REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND CONSEQUENT BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY BY CHROMATIN REMODELING THAT OCCURS AT A SINGLE GENE. WE INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM LINKING CHROMATIN DYNAMICS TO NEUROBIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA BY APPLYING ENGINEERED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO SELECTIVELY MODIFY CHROMATIN AT A SPECIFIC MOUSE GENE IN VIVO. WE FOUND THAT HISTONE METHYLATION OR ACETYLATION AT THE FOSB LOCUS IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BRAIN REWARD REGION, WAS SUFFICIENT TO CONTROL DRUG- AND STRESS-EVOKED TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES VIA INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENDOGENOUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY. THIS APPROACH ALLOWED US TO RELATE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE AT A GIVEN GENE DIRECTLY TO REGULATION OF ITS EXPRESSION AND TO ITS SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS ON REWARD BEHAVIOR.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  882  35 CHRONIC COCAINE-INDUCED H3 ACETYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF CAMKIIALPHA IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS IS CRITICAL FOR MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCEMENT. THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN REWARD REGIONS IS KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS AND PERSISTENCE OF DRUG ADDICTION. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE REGULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION IS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT ALTER THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AT SPECIFIC GENE PROMOTERS. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DRUG REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES, RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION PARADIGM. DAILY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR INFUSIONS IN THE SHELL OF THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) CAUSED AN UPWARD SHIFT IN THE DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE UNDER FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULE AND INCREASED THE BREAK POINT UNDER PROGRESSIVE-RATIO SCHEDULE, INDICATING ENHANCED MOTIVATION FOR SELF-ADMINISTERED DRUG. THE EFFECT OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR IS ATTRIBUTED TO THE INCREASED ELEVATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, COCAINE EXPERIENCE. IN CONTRAST, NEUTRALIZING THE CHRONIC COCAINE-INDUCED INCREASE IN HISTONE MODIFICATION BY THE BILATERAL OVEREXPRESSION OF HDAC4 IN THE NAC SHELL REDUCED DRUG MOTIVATION. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE MOTIVATION FOR COCAINE AND THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF ADDICTION-RELATED GENES BY H3 ACETYLATION IN THE NAC SHELL WAS ANALYZED. AMONG THE GENES ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC COCAINE EXPERIENCES, THE EXPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA, BUT NOT CAMKIIBETA, CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MOTIVATION FOR THE DRUG. LENTIVIRUS-MEDIATED SHRNA KNOCKDOWN EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT CAMKIIALPHA, BUT NOT CAMKIIBETA, IN THE NAC SHELL IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF MOTIVATION TO SELF-ADMINISTERED COCAINE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC DRUG-USE-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF GENES, SUCH AS CAMKIIALPHA, MODULATED BY H3 ACETYLATION IN THE NAC IS A CRITICAL REGULATORY MECHANISM UNDERLYING MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCEMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9 6801  50 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017	

10 6517  34 TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ADDICTION. INVESTIGATIONS OF LONG-TERM CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION THAT ACCOMPANY CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO DRUGS OF ABUSE SUGGEST THAT ALTERATIONS IN GENE REGULATION CONTRIBUTE SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE ADDICTIVE PHENOTYPE. HERE, WE REVIEW MULTIPLE MECHANISMS BY WHICH DRUGS ALTER THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL POTENTIAL OF GENES. THESE MECHANISMS RANGE FROM THE MOBILIZATION OR REPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY - INCLUDING THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS DELTAFOSB, CYCLIC AMP-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (CREB) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) - TO EPIGENETICS - INCLUDING ALTERATIONS IN THE ACCESSIBILITY OF GENES WITHIN THEIR NATIVE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE INDUCED BY HISTONE TAIL MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLATION, AND THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY NON-CODING RNAS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES THESE VARIOUS MECHANISMS OF GENE REGULATION IN THE LASTING CHANGES THAT DRUGS OF ABUSE INDUCE IN THE BRAIN, AND OFFERS NOVEL INROADS FOR ADDICTION THERAPY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11 3341  29 HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 IS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VIA HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY MODIFICATION. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS UPREGULATES BLOOD GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS AND IMPAIRS COGNITION VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLATION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION CAN LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MANY PROTEINS INVOLVED IN COGNITION AND MAY ALSO CAUSE LEARNING AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE?2 (HDAC2) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO EPIGENETICALLY BLOCK COGNITION VIA A REDUCTION IN THE HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL; HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER HDAC2 IS INVOLVED IN THE COGNITIVE DECLINE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. TO THE BEST OF AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTEROID UPREGULATE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN NEURO?2A CELLS AND CAUSE CELL INJURIES. HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT AMELIORATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN N2A CELLS VIA THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS IN THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3?KINASE/PROTEIN KINASE B SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN 12?MONTH?OLD FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE UNDER CHRONIC STRESS IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT HDAC2 MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEGATIVE REGULATOR INVOLVED IN CHRONIC STRESS?INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12 4878  45 OVEREXPRESSION OF THE HISTONE DIMETHYLTRANSFERASE G9A IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS SHELL INCREASES COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION, STRESS-INDUCED REINSTATEMENT, AND ANXIETY. REPEATED EXPOSURE TO COCAINE INDUCES LASTING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN NEURONS THAT PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF ADDICTION. ONE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION INVOLVES REDUCTIONS IN LEVELS OF THE HISTONE DIMETHYLTRANSFERASE G9A IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AFTER CHRONIC COCAINE ADMINISTRATION. THIS REDUCTION IN G9A MAY ENHANCE COCAINE REWARD BECAUSE OVEREXPRESSING G9A IN THE NAC DECREASES COCAINE-CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT HSV-MEDIATED G9A OVEREXPRESSION IN THE NAC SHELL (NACSH) WOULD ATTENUATE COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION (SA) AND COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. INSTEAD, WE FOUND THAT G9A OVEREXPRESSION, AND THE RESULTING INCREASE IN HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 DIMETHYLATION (H3K9ME2), INCREASES SENSITIVITY TO COCAINE REINFORCEMENT AND ENHANCES MOTIVATION FOR COCAINE IN SELF-ADMINISTERING MALE RATS. MOREOVER, WHEN G9A OVEREXPRESSION IS LIMITED TO THE INITIAL 15 D OF COCAINE SA TRAINING, IT PRODUCES AN ENDURING POSTEXPRESSION ENHANCEMENT IN COCAINE SA AND PROLONGED (OVER 5 WEEKS) INCREASES IN REINSTATEMENT OF COCAINE SEEKING INDUCED BY FOOT-SHOCK STRESS, BUT IN THE ABSENCE OF CONTINUED GLOBAL ELEVATIONS IN H3K9ME2. THE INCREASE IN STRESS-INDUCED REINSTATEMENT IS PARALLELED BY HEIGHTENED ANXIETY MEASURES, SUGGESTING THAT COUNTERING THE COCAINE-INDUCED DECREASES IN ENDOGENOUS G9A WITH ECTOPIC G9A OVEREXPRESSION LEADS TO LASTING ANXIOGENIC EFFECTS. FINALLY, WE FOUND AN ENDURING REDUCTION IN PHOSPHORYLATED CAMP-RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE NACSH THAT COULD ACCOUNT FOR THE INCREASED ANXIETY. THESE DATA DEMONSTRATE A NOVEL ROLE FOR G9A IN PROMOTING COMORBID COCAINE ADDICTION AND ANXIETY AND SUGGEST THAT INCREASED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH H3K9 DURING COCAINE USE CAN HAVE LONG-LASTING AND UNEXPECTED NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES ON BEHAVIOR.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT COCAINE ADDICTION IS A NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER THAT IS DETRIMENTAL TO SOCIETY AND CURRENTLY HAS NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE DIFFICULTY IN TREATING DRUG ADDICTION IS COMPOUNDED BY THE HIGH COMORBIDITY WITH OTHER PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES, INCLUDING ANXIETY DISORDERS. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT G9A, AN EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR OF GENE EXPRESSION, ACTING IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BRAIN REWARD REGION, IS CAPABLE OF INCREASING BOTH ADDICTION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN RATS. THESE FINDINGS ARE INTRIGUING BECAUSE REPEATED COCAINE EXPOSURE DECREASES G9A IN THIS REGION AND THEREBY ENHANCES EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN ADDICTION-PROMOTING GENES. HOWEVER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT COUNTERING THIS COCAINE-INDUCED DECREASE IN G9A ACTIVITY ACTUALLY EXACERBATES ADDICTION AND SENSITIVITY TO RELAPSE UNDER STRESSFUL SITUATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  883  44 CHRONIC COCAINE-REGULATED EPIGENOMIC CHANGES IN MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. BACKGROUND: INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS A ROLE FOR ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION IN MEDIATING THE LASTING EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON THE BRAIN, AND RECENT WORK HAS DEMONSTRATED THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS IN THESE ALTERATIONS. HOWEVER, ALL SUCH STUDIES TO DATE HAVE BEEN RESTRICTED BY THEIR RELIANCE ON MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE INTRINSIC LIMITATIONS. RESULTS: WE USE NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING METHODS, RNA-SEQ AND CHIP-SEQ FOR RNA POLYMERASE II AND SEVERAL HISTONE METHYLATION MARKS, TO OBTAIN A MORE COMPLETE VIEW OF COCAINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED ADAPTATIONS IN NUMEROUS MODES OF CHROMATIN REGULATION IN THE MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE DEMONSTRATE AN UNEXPECTEDLY LARGE NUMBER OF PRE-MRNA SPLICING ALTERATIONS IN RESPONSE TO REPEATED COCAINE TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, WE IDENTIFY COMBINATIONS OF CHROMATIN CHANGES, OR SIGNATURES, THAT CORRELATE WITH COCAINE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, INCLUDING THOSE INVOLVING PRE-MRNA ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. THROUGH BIOINFORMATIC PREDICTION AND BIOLOGICAL VALIDATION, WE IDENTIFY ONE PARTICULAR SPLICING FACTOR, A2BP1(RBFOX1/FOX-1), WHICH IS ENRICHED AT GENES THAT DISPLAY CERTAIN CHROMATIN SIGNATURES AND CONTRIBUTES TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. TOGETHER, THIS DELINEATION OF THE COCAINE-INDUCED EPIGENOME IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS REVEALS SEVERAL NOVEL MODES OF REGULATION BY WHICH COCAINE ALTERS THE BRAIN. CONCLUSIONS: WE ESTABLISH COMBINATORIAL CHROMATIN AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES IN MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AFTER REPEATED COCAINE TREATMENT. THESE RESULTS SERVE AS AN IMPORTANT RESOURCE FOR THE FIELD AND PROVIDE A TEMPLATE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF OTHER SYSTEMS TO REVEAL NEW TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL REGULATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 4173  31 MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE RAT BRAIN. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN MOUSE NEURAL STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ROLE FOR THIS PLEIOTROPIC HORMONE. TO SUPPORT SUCH A ROLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MELATONIN PRODUCES SIMILAR EFFECTS IN VIVO. HISTONE ACETYLATION, FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MELATONIN (4MUG/ML IN DRINKING WATER FOR 17 DAYS), WAS EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN SELECTED RAT BRAIN REGIONS. MELATONIN INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HISTONE H4 WAS ALSO HYPERACETYLATED IN THE STRIATUM, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THIS BRAIN REGION. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ACETYLATION OF EITHER HISTONE H3 OR H4 WERE OBSERVED IN THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM. AN EXAMINATION OF KINASE ACTIVATION, WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THESE CHANGES, REVEALED THAT MELATONIN TREATMENT INCREASED THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHO-ERK (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND STRIATUM, BUT PHOSPHO-AKT (PROTEIN KINASE B) LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLIE THE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15 6806  41 [EPIGENETICS AND DRUG ADDICTION: A FOCUS ON MECP2 AND ON HISTONE ACETYLATION]. CHRONIC DRUG EXPOSURE ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN, WHICH IS BELIEVED TO UNDERLIE COMPULSIVE DRUG SEEKING AND DRUG TAKING BEHAVIOR. RECENT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT DRUG-INDUCED LONG-TERM NEUROADAPTATIONS IN THE BRAIN ARE MEDIATED IN PART BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. BY REMODELING CHROMATIN, THIS TYPE OF REGULATION CONTRIBUTES TO DRUG-INDUCED SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT TRANSLATES INTO BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATIONS. HOW DRUG-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION IS REVIEWED HERE, WITH A FOCUS ON MECP2, A PROTEIN BINDING METHYLATED DNA. THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, ESPECIALLY ACETYLATION IS ALSO DISCUSSED, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES ON DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. THE PRECISE IDENTIFICATION OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT ARE UNDER THE CONTROL OF DRUGS OF ABUSE MAY HELP TO UNCOVER NOVEL TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DRUG SEEKING AND RELAPSE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16 2826  42 FLUOXETINE EPIGENETICALLY ALTERS THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS TO REGULATE DELTAFOSB BINDING AND ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS. CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS IN MICE PRODUCES A SUSCEPTIBLE PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES CONSISTENT WITH HUMAN DEPRESSION THAT ARE REVERSED BY CHRONIC BUT NOT ACUTE EXPOSURE TO ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATIONS. RECENT WORK IN ADDICTION MODELS DEMONSTRATES THAT THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DELTAFOSB AND PROTEIN KINASE CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE II (CAMKII) ARE CO-REGULATED IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A BRAIN REWARD REGION IMPLICATED IN BOTH ADDICTION AND DEPRESSION MODELS INCLUDING SOCIAL DEFEAT. PREVIOUS WORK HAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT DELTAFOSB IS INDUCED IN NAC AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS OR AFTER CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT, WHEREIN IT MEDIATES A PRO-RESILIENCE OR ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE PHENOTYPE. HERE, USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS, WE FOUND THAT DELTAFOSB BINDS THE CAMKIIALPHA GENE PROMOTER IN NAC AND THAT THIS BINDING INCREASES AFTER MICE ARE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. PARADOXICALLY, CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO THE ANTIDEPRESSANT FLUOXETINE REDUCES BINDING OF DELTAFOSB TO THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER AND REDUCES CAMKII EXPRESSION IN NAC, DESPITE THE FACT THAT DELTAFOSB IS INDUCED UNDER THESE CONDITIONS. THESE DATA SUGGEST A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION, WHEREBY FLUOXETINE INDUCES SOME CHROMATIN CHANGE AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER, WHICH BLOCKS THE DELTAFOSB BINDING. INDEED, CHRONIC FLUOXETINE REDUCES ACETYLATION AND INCREASES LYSINE-9 DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER IN NAC, EFFECTS ALSO SEEN IN DEPRESSED HUMANS EXPOSED TO ANTIDEPRESSANTS. OVEREXPRESSION OF CAMKII IN NAC BLOCKS FLUOXETINE'S ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS IN THE CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT PARADIGM, WHEREAS INHIBITION OF CAMKII ACTIVITY IN NAC MIMICS FLUOXETINE EXPOSURE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA EXPRESSION IN NAC IS BEHAVIORALLY RELEVANT AND OFFER A NOVEL PATHWAY FOR POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN DEPRESSION AND RELATED SYNDROMES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17 6207  35 THE INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES REDUCES THE REINSTATEMENT OF COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR IN RATS. DRUG ADDICTION IS A CHRONIC BRAIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY A PERSISTENT RISK OF RELAPSE, EVEN AFTER A LONG PERIOD OF ABSTINENCE. A CURRENT HYPOTHESIS STATES THAT RELAPSE RESULTS FROM LASTING NEUROADAPTATIONS THAT ARE INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO REPEATED DRUG ADMINISTRATION. THE ADAPTATIONS REQUIRE GENE EXPRESSION, SOME OF WHICH BEING UNDER THE CONTROL OF STABLE EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED THAT PRETREATMENT WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS REDUCES THE COCAINE REINFORCING PROPERTIES AS WELL AS THE MOTIVATION OF RATS FOR COCAINE. WE SHOW HERE THAT THE SAME HDAC INHIBITORS, TRICHOSTATIN A AND PHENYLBUTYRATE, SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR INDUCED BY THE COMBINATION OF A COCAINE INJECTION TOGETHER WITH THE EXPOSURE TO A LIGHT CUE PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH COCAINE TAKING. REINSTATEMENT OF DRUG-SEEKING BEHAVIOR WAS CARRIED OUT AFTER A 3-WEEK WITHDRAWAL PERIOD, WHICH CAME AFTER TEN DAILY SESSIONS OF COCAINE INTRAVENOUS SELF-ADMINISTRATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT AIMED AT MODULATING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND PARTICULARLY TREATMENT THAT WOULD INHIBIT HDAC ACTIVITY, COULD REDUCE THE RISK OF RELAPSE, A MAJOR DRAWBACK IN THE TREATMENT OF DRUG ADDICTION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 5974  33 TET1 IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OPPOSES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. DEPRESSION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN, YET CURRENT THERAPIES FULLY TREAT <50% OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. HERE WE EXAMINED A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA DIOXYGENASE, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 1 (TET1), IN DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. WE APPLIED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND EXAMINED TET1 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW DECREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN NAC IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE ONLY. SURPRISINGLY, SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF TET1 IN NAC NEURONS OF ADULT MICE PRODUCED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS. TO IDENTIFY TET1 TARGETS THAT MEDIATE THESE ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED RNASEQ ON NAC AFTER CONDITIONAL DELETION OF TET1 AND FOUND THAT IMMUNE-RELATED GENES ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DYSREGULATED. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE GENES ARE ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF RESILIENT MICE AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL A NOVEL ROLE FOR TET1, AN ENZYME IMPORTANT FOR DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD CIRCUITRY IN MODULATING STRESS RESPONSES IN MICE. WE ALSO IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY TET1 IN THIS CIRCUITRY. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION, WHICH CAN AID IN FUTURE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG DISCOVERY EFFORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19 5444  41 REPEATED TOLUENE EXPOSURE MODIFIES THE ACETYLATION PATTERN OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 IN THE RAT BRAIN. TOLUENE IS A VOLATILE ORGANIC SOLVENT WITH ADDICTIVE POTENTIAL THAT EXHIBITS SIMILARITIES IN ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND MODES OF ACTION TO OTHER ADDICTIVE DRUGS. DESPITE ITS WIDESPREAD ABUSE, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS DRIVING THE RESPONSE AND ADAPTATION OF THE ORGANISM TO THIS DRUG ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. IN RECENT YEARS, DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED TO COCAINE, AMPHETAMINE AND ALCOHOL MISUSE-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN NEURONAL FUNCTION. FOR EXAMPLE, IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT DRUG CONSUMPTION INDUCES VARIATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS IN BRAIN REWARD REGIONS AND THESE PLAY A RELEVANT ROLE ON THE ABUSE-ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY. IN ORDER TO DECIPHER WHETHER REPEATED TOLUENE EXPOSURE COULD MEDIATE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE RAT BRAIN, WE HERE ANALYZED THE ACETYLATION PATTERN OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 IN THREE BRAIN AREAS THAT HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED TO SUBSTANCE ABUSE REWARD PATHWAYS: THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) AND THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA (CEA). USING IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF BRAIN SECTIONS WITH SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES THAT RECOGNIZE THE ACETYLATED FORMS OF HISTONES H3 AND H4, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC TOLUENE INHALATION DIFFERENTIALLY MODIFIES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION IN THE NAC AND THE VTA WHILE NO EFFECT IS OBSERVED IN THE CEA. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE ACTIVITY OF CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYMES SUCH AS HISTONE DE-ACETYLASES (HDACS) IN CERTAIN BRAIN AREAS ARE RESPONSIVE TO TOLUENE INHALATION AND MIGHT BE CRUCIAL MEDIATORS IN THE ADDICTIVE RESPONSE TO TOLUENE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20 1614  32 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A IS INVOLVED IN THE SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS ON SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND BEHAVIORS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN STRESS-ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS TO BE ELUCIDATED ABOUT THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND ITS CATALYZING ENZYMES, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IN THIS PROCESS. HERE, WE FOUND THAT MALE RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC (2-WEEK) UNPREDICTABLE STRESS EXHIBITED A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION OF DNMT3A AFTER STRESS CESSATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), A KEY TARGET REGION OF STRESS. TREATMENT OF UNSTRESSED CONTROL RATS WITH DNMT INHIBITORS RECAPITULATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS ON DECREASED AMPAR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN PFC. IN CONTRAST, OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3A IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS PREVENTED THE LOSS OF GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES. MOREOVER, THE STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING THE IMPAIRED RECOGNITION MEMORY, HEIGHTENED AGGRESSION, AND HYPERLOCOMOTION, WERE PARTIALLY ATTENUATED BY DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS. FINALLY, WE FOUND THAT THERE WERE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATIONS IN PFC OF STRESSED RATS, BOTH OF WHICH WERE ENRICHED AT SEVERAL NEURAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE AND MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING. THESE RESULTS HAVE THEREFORE RECOGNIZED THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN STRESS-INDUCED DISTURBANCE OF SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES.	2021