1 1268 137 CYTOPLASMATIC COMPARTMENTALIZATION BY BCR-ABL PROMOTES TET2 LOSS-OF-FUNCTION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. THE LOSS-OF-FUNCTION OF TEN-ELEVEN-TRANSLOCATION (TET) 2, A FE(2+) -OXOGLUTARATE-DEPENDENT DIOXYGENASE CATALYZING 5 METHYL CYTOSINE (5MC) CONVERSION INTO 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC), CONTRIBUTES TO THE HEMATOPOIETIC TRANSFORMATION IN VIVO. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE ITS ROLE IN THE PHENOTYPE OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE CAUSED BY THE BCR-ABL REARRANGED GENE. WE FIRST CONFIRMED TET2 INTERACTION WITH THE BCR-ABL PROTEIN PREDICTED BY A FOURIER-BASED BIOINFORMATIC METHOD. SUCH INTERACTION LED TO TET2 CYTOPLASMATIC COMPARTMENTALIZATION IN A COMPLEX TETHERED BY THE FUSION PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE (TK) AND ENCOMPASSING THE FORKHEAD BOX O3A (FOXO3A) TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. WE THEN FOCUSED THE IMPACT OF TET2 LOSS-OF-FUNCTION ON EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF BCL2-INTERACTING MEDIATOR (BIM), A PRO-APOPTOTIC PROTEIN TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED BY FOXO3A. BIM DOWNREGULATION IS A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF CML PROGENITOR EXTENDED SURVIVAL AND IS ALSO INVOLVED IN THE DISEASE RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB (IM). HERE WE REPORTED THAT TET2 RELEASE FROM BCR-ABL PROTEIN FOLLOWING TK INHIBITION IN RESPONSE TO IM TRIGGERS A CHAIN OF EVENTS INCLUDING TET2 NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION, RE-ACTIVATION OF ITS ENZYMATIC FUNCTION AT 5MC AND RECRUITMENT AT THE BIM PROMOTER FOLLOWED BY BIM TRANSCRIPTIONAL INDUCTION. 5HMC INCREMENT FOLLOWING TET2 RE-ACTIVATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REDUCTION OF HISTONE H3 TRI-METHYLATION AT LYSINE 9 (H3K9ME3), WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE WITH DNA DE-METHYLATION REPORTED ELSEWHERE TO RECAST A PERMISSIVE EPIGENETIC "LANDSCAPE" FOR FOXO3A TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2 4388  43 MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C EXPRESSION CORRELATES WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION AND RESPONSE TO IMATINIB MESYLATE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A CLONAL MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM WHOSE PATHOGENESIS IS LINKED TO THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME PRESENCE THAT GENERATES THE BCR-ABL1 FUSION ONCOGENE. TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) SUCH AS IMATINIB MESYLATE (IM) DRAMATICALLY IMPROVED THE TREATMENT EFFICIENCY AND SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS BY TARGETING BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE. THE DISEASE SHOWS THREE DISTINCT CLINICAL-LABORATORY STAGES: CHRONIC PHASE, ACCELERATED PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS. ALTHOUGH PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE RESPOND WELL TO TREATMENT, PATIENTS IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE OR BLAST CRISIS USUALLY SHOW THERAPY RESISTANCE AND CML RELAPSE. IT IS CRUCIAL, THEREFORE, TO IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS TO PREDICT CML GENETIC EVOLUTION AND RESISTANCE TO TKI THERAPY, CONSIDERING NOT ONLY THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC ABERRATIONS BUT ALSO THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING THE DISEASE. ALTHOUGH DYSREGULATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODULATORS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLTRASNFERASES HAVE ALREADY BEEN DESCRIBED FOR SOME HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, TO DATE VERY LIMITED DATA IS AVAILABLE FOR CML, ESPECIALLY WHEN CONSIDERING THE LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C. METHODS: HERE WE INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF BOTH GENES IN CML PATIENTS IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE DISEASE, IN PATIENTS SHOWING DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO THERAPY WITH IM AND IN NON-NEOPLASTIC CONTROL SAMPLES. IMATINIB SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT CML CELL LINES WERE ALSO USED TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER TREATMENT WITH OTHER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS INTERFERED IN THEIR EXPRESSION. RESULTS: IN PATIENTS, BOTH METHYLTRANSFERASES WERE EITHER UPREGULATED OR WITH BASAL EXPRESSION LEVEL DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE COMPARED TO CONTROLS. INTERESTINGLY, MLL3/KMT2C AND SPECIALLY MLL2/KMT2D LEVELS DECREASED DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION CORRELATING WITH DISTINCT CLINICAL STAGES. FURTHERMORE, MLL2/KMT2D WAS DECREASED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT TO IM TREATMENT. A RESCUE IN THE EXPRESSION OF BOTH MLL GENES WAS OBSERVED IN KCL22S, A CML CELL LINE SENSITIVE TO IM, AFTER TREATMENT WITH DASATINIB OR NILOTINIB WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER RATE OF APOPTOSIS, AN ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF P21 (CDKN1A) AND A CONCOMITANT DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF CDK2, CDK4 AND CYCLIN B1 (CCNB1) IN COMPARISON TO UNTREATED KCL22S CONTROL OR IM RESISTANT KCL22R CELL LINE, WHICH SUGGESTS INVOLVEMENT OF P53 REGULATED PATHWAY. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS ESTABLISHED A NEW ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C GENES WITH CML AND SUGGEST THAT MLL2/KMT2D IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE EVOLUTION AND MAY BE A POTENTIAL MARKER TO PREDICT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPY RESISTANCE.	2018	

3 4877  31 OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-4433 BY SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID SUPPRESSES GROWTH OF CML CELLS AND INDUCES APOPTOSIS THROUGH TARGETING BCR-ABL. BACKGROUND: TARGETING BCR-ABL IS THE KEY FOR THE TREATMENT OF CML. ALTHOUGH GREAT PROGRESS HAS BEEN ACHIEVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF CML PATIENTS IN CHRONIC STAGE, EFFECTIVE DRUGS WITH GOOD SAFETY ARE NOT AVAILABLE FOR THOSE IN ADVANCED STAGES OF CML PATIENTS. IN PRESENT STUDY, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), WAS USED TO SCREEN FOR MICRORNA THAT CAN TARGET BCR-ABL. METHODS: RT-QPCR WAS USED TO DETERMINE BCR-ABL AND MIR-4433 TRANSCRIPTION LEVEL IN CML CELLS. IN CML CELLS, PROTEINS INCLUDING PARP, CASPASE-3, ACETYL-HISTONE 3, HISTONE 3 AND BCR-ABL, AS WELL AS BCR-ABL DOWNSTREAM PROTEINS WERE DETECTED USING WESTERN BLOT. CELL VIABILITY AND APOPTOSIS WERE MONITORED RESPECTIVELY BY MTS ASSAY AND FLOW CYTOMETRY. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN MIR-4433 AND BCR-ABL WAS DETERMINED BY LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE ANTI-TUMOR EFFECT OF MIR-4433 TO K562 CELLS WAS EVALUATED BY NUDE MOUSE XENOGRAFT MODEL IN VIVO. RESULTS: SAHA UP-REGULATED THE ACETYLATION LEVEL OF HISTONE 3, AND EFFECTIVELY INHIBITED BCR-ABL MRNA LEVEL AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY, WHILE INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF CML CELLS AND INDUCING APOPTOSIS. FURTHERMORE, BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS PREDICTED THAT MIR-4433 IS A PUTATIVE MICRORNA TARGETING BCR-ABL AND THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MIR-4433 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AFTER SAHA TREATMENT IN K562 CELLS. LUCIFERASE ACTIVITY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MIR-4433 DIRECTLY TARGETS BCR-ABL. ADDITIONALLY, TRANSIENT EXPRESSION OF MIR-4433 ABROGATED BCR-ABL ACTIVITY AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAYS WHILE INDUCING APOPTOSIS IN K562 CELLS. MOREOVER, STABLE EXPRESSION OF MIR-4433 SUPPRESSED BCR-ABL AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAY, AND INHIBITED THE GROWTH OF K562 CELLS IN VITRO AND THE GROWTH OF K562-XENOGRAFTS IN NUDE MICE. CONCLUSION: MIR-4433 WAS IDENTIFIED AS A MICRORNA TARGETING BCR-ABL, WHICH MAY BE SUBJECT TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SAHA, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR THAT HAS BEEN APPROVED BY THE US FDA FOR THE TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA. THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY PROVIDE A MOLECULAR BASIS FROM ANOTHER ANGLE FOR THE USE OF SAHA IN THE TREATMENT OF CML.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4 2081  34 EPIGENETIC DOWN-REGULATION OF BIM EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED OPTIMAL RESPONSES TO IMATINIB TREATMENT IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. BACKGROUND: EXPRESSION OF THE PRO-APOPTOTIC BCL-2-INTERACTING MEDIATOR (BIM) HAS RECENTLY BEEN IMPLICATED IN IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS OF BCR-ABL1(+) CELLS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF BIM IN CML AND ITS ROLE IN THE CLINICAL SETTING HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. DESIGN AND METHODS: WE ANALYSED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF BIM IN 100 NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS WITH CML IN CHRONIC PHASE BY Q-RT-PCR AND THE PROTEIN LEVELS BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. METHYLATION STATUS WAS ANALYSED BY BISULPHITE GENOMIC SEQUENCING AND MSP. CML CELL LINES WERE TREATED WITH IMATINIB AND 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, AND WERE TRANSFECTED WITH TWO DIFFERENT SIRNAS AGAINST BIM AND CELL PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS WERE ANALYSED. RESULTS: WE DEMONSTRATED THAT DOWN-REGULATION OF BIM EXPRESSION WAS PRESENT IN 36% OF THE PATIENTS AND WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH A LACK OF OPTIMAL RESPONSE TO IMATINIB AS INDICATED BY THE DECREASE IN CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR RESPONSES AT 6, 12 AND 18 MONTHS IN COMPARISON WITH PATIENTS WITH NORMAL BIM EXPRESSION (P<0.05). EXPRESSION OF BIM WAS MEDIATED BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AS DEMONSTRATED BY RESTORATION OF BIM EXPRESSION AFTER TREATMENT OF CML CELLS WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. USING CML CELL LINES WITH LOW AND NORMAL EXPRESSION OF BIM WE FURTHER DEMONSTRATED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF BIM IS REQUIRED FOR IMATINIB-INDUCED CML APOPTOSIS. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA INDICATE THAT DOWN-REGULATION OF BIM IS EPIGENETICALLY CONTROLLED BY METHYLATION IN A PERCENTAGE OF CML PATIENTS AND HAS AN UNFAVOURABLE PROGNOSTIC IMPACT, AND THAT THE COMBINATION OF IMATINIB WITH A DE-METHYLATING AGENT MAY RESULT IN IMPROVED RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH DECREASED EXPRESSION OF BIM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 3532  36 IMATINIB INDEPENDENT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF NOV/CCN3 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: A MECHANISM UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION? BACKGROUND: THE NOV GENE PRODUCT, CCN3, HAS BEEN REPORTED IN A DIVERSE RANGE OF TUMORS TO SERVE AS A NEGATIVE GROWTH REGULATOR, WHILE ACTING AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF ITS SILENCING IN CML IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO QUERY IF THE GENE REGULATION OF CCN3 IS MEDIATED BY THE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE PATIENTS WITH CML. IN ADDITION, TO CLARIFY WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS AFFECTED BY BCR-ABL1 INHIBITION, WE ASSESSED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS FOLLOWING THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION USING IMATINIB THERAPY, AS THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR THIS TYPE OF LEUKEMIA. METHODS: TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE APPLIED BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE AS A HIGH-RESOLUTION METHOD TO STUDY THE REGULATORY SEGMENT OF THE CCN3 GENE. THE RESULTS WERE ANALYZED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CML PATIENTS AS WELL AS FOLLOWING IMATINIB THERAPY. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE CORRELATION OF CCN3 PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH BCR-ABL1 LEVELS. RESULTS: OUR FINDINGS REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURS FREQUENTLY IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF CML PATIENTS SHOWING A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF THE METHYLATED PERCENTAGE AT THE CPG SITES COMPARED TO NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, THIS HYPERMETHYLATION WAS INDICATED TO BE INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 TITERS IN BOTH GROUPS, WHICH MIGHT SUGGEST A MECHANISM BEYOND THE BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: DESPITE SUGGESTING THAT THE CCN3 HYPERMETHYLATION ACTS AS A MOLECULAR MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION IN CML PATIENTS, THIS SCENARIO REQUIRES FURTHER VALIDATION BY COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. IN THE CASE OF ACTING UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 SIGNALING, THE METHYLATION MARKER CAN PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION AND A NOVEL PLATFORM FOR TARGETED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS FOR EFFICIENT TREATMENT IN IMATINIB RESISTANT PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6  139  38 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB AND SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. THE EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. TO ELUCIDATE ITS ROLE WE ANALYZED 120 PATIENTS WITH CML FOR METHYLATION OF PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED CPG ISLANDS OF 10 GENES. FIVE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY DNA METHYLATION SCREENING IN THE K562 CELL LINE AND 3 GENES IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. THE CDKN2B GENE WAS SELECTED FOR ITS FREQUENT METHYLATION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES AND ABL1 AS THE TARGET OF BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION. THIRTY PATIENTS WERE IMATINIB-NAIVE (MOSTLY TREATED BY INTERFERON-ALPHA BEFORE THE IMATINIB ERA), 30 WERE IMATINIB-RESPONSIVE, 50 WERE IMATINIB-RESISTANT, AND 10 WERE IMATINIB-INTOLERANT. WE QUANTIFIED DNA METHYLATION BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS 4.5 PER PATIENT IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, INCREASING SIGNIFICANTLY TO 6.2 IN THE ACCELERATED AND 6.4 IN THE BLASTIC PHASE. HIGHER NUMBERS OF METHYLATED GENES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT OR INTOLERANT TO IMATINIB. THESE PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED ALMOST EXCLUSIVE METHYLATION OF A PUTATIVE TRANSPORTER OSCP1. ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF A SRC SUPPRESSOR GENE PDLIM4 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL INDEPENDENTLY OF CML STAGE AND IMATINIB RESPONSIVENESS. WE CONCLUDE THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CML PROGRESSION AND THAT DNA METHYLATION COULD BE A MARKER ASSOCIATED WITH IMATINIB RESISTANCE. FINALLY, DNA METHYLATION OF PDLIM4 MAY HELP IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF CML PATIENTS THAT WOULD BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH SRC/ABL INHIBITORS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7 5983  44 TET2 RESTRAINS INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION IN MACROPHAGES. TET METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 2 (TET2) IS ONE OF THE EARLIEST AND MOST FREQUENTLY MUTATED GENES IN CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS OF INDETERMINATE POTENTIAL (CHIP) AND MYELOID CANCERS, INCLUDING MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). TET2 CATALYZES THE OXIDATION OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE TO 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE, LEADING TO DNA DEMETHYLATION, AND ALSO AFFECTS TRANSCRIPTION BY RECRUITING HISTONE MODIFIERS. INACTIVATING TET2 MUTATIONS CAUSE EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL (HSC) DOMINANCE, AND MONOCYTIC LINEAGE SKEWING. HERE, WE FOUND THAT TET2 WAS THE MOST HIGHLY EXPRESSED TET ENZYME IN MURINE MACROPHAGE (MPHI) DIFFERENTIATION. TET2 TRANSCRIPTION WAS FURTHER INDUCED BY LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS), BUT NOT INTERLEUKIN (IL)-4, STIMULATION, POTENTIALLY IN A NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPABETA-DEPENDENT MANNER. TET2 LOSS DID NOT AFFECT EARLY LPS GENE RESPONSES IN VITRO, BUT INCREASED IL-1B, IL-6, AND ARGINASE 1 (ARG1) MRNA EXPRESSION AT LATER STAGES OF STIMULATION IN BONE-MARROW-DERIVED MPHIS (BMMPHIS). TET2-DEFICIENT PERITONEAL MPHIS, HOWEVER, DEMONSTRATED PROFOUND, CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSION OF LPS-INDUCED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH AN INFLAMMATORY STATE IN VIVO. IN CONTRAST, TET2 DEFICIENCY DID NOT AFFECT ALTERNATIVE MPHI GENE EXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY IN RESPONSE TO IL-4. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED IMPAIRED RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION IN THE ABSENCE OF TET2 BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE ALSO DETECTED TET2 MUTATIONS IN BMMPHIS FROM MDS AND CMML PATIENTS AND ASSAYED THEIR EFFECTS ON LPS RESPONSES, INCLUDING THEIR POTENTIAL INFLUENCE ON HUMAN IL-6 EXPRESSION. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT TET2 RESTRAINS INFLAMMATION IN MURINE MPHIS AND MICE, RAISING THE POSSIBILITY THAT LOSS OF TET2 FUNCTION IN MPHIS MAY ALTER THE IMMUNE ENVIRONMENT IN THE LARGE ELDERLY POPULATION WITH TET2-MUTANT CHIP AND IN TET2-MUTANT MYELOID CANCER PATIENTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  573  39 BCR-ABL1-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF WASP IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND CONTRIBUTES TO MALIGNANCY. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE CAUSED BY THE BCR-ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE (TK). THE DEVELOPMENT OF TK INHIBITORS (TKIS) REVOLUTIONIZED THE TREATMENT OF CML PATIENTS. HOWEVER, TKIS ARE NOT EFFECTIVE TO THOSE AT ADVANCED PHASES WHEN AMPLIFIED BCR-ABL1 LEVELS AND INCREASED GENOMIC INSTABILITY LEAD TO SECONDARY ONCOGENIC MODIFICATIONS. WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEIN (WASP) IS AN IMPORTANT REGULATOR OF SIGNALING TRANSDUCTION IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS AND WAS SHOWN TO BE AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR OF THE C-ABL TK. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE EXPRESSION OF WASP DECREASES WITH THE PROGRESSION OF CML, INVERSELY CORRELATES WITH THE EXPRESSION OF BCR-ABL1 AND IS PARTICULARLY LOW IN BLAST CRISIS. ENFORCED EXPRESSION OF BCR-ABL1 NEGATIVELY REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF WASP. DECREASED EXPRESSION OF WASP IS PARTIALLY DUE TO DNA METHYLATION OF THE PROXIMAL WASP PROMOTER. IMPORTANTLY, LOWER LEVELS OF WASP IN CML ADVANCED PHASE PATIENTS CORRELATE WITH POORER OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS) AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH TKI RESPONSE. INTERESTINGLY, ENFORCED EXPRESSION OF WASP IN BCR-ABL1-POSITIVE K562 CELLS INCREASES THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY TRAIL OR CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS AND NEGATIVELY MODULATES BCR-ABL1-INDUCED TUMORIGENESIS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR DATA REVEAL A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM THAT OPERATES IN BCR-ABL1-INDUCED TUMORIGENESIS THAT CAN BE USED TO DEVELOP NEW STRATEGIES TO HELP TKI-RESISTANT, CML PATIENTS IN BLAST CRISIS (BC).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9 6402  28 THE ROLES OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF PROAPOPTOTIC BID AND BIM GENES IN IMATINIB-RESISTANT CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND INACTIVE HISTONE MODIFICATION ARE KNOWN MECHANISMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE. IN OUR STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLES OF PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF BIM AND BID GENES AND H3K27ME3 HISTONE MODIFICATION ON IMATINIB RESISTANCE. WE DETECTED HIGHER EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BIM AND BID GENES AND LOWER EXPRESSION LEVELS OF EZH2, EED2, SIRT1, AND SUZ12 GENES IN IMATINIB-RESISTANT K562/IMA-3 CELLS COMPARED TO IMATINIB-NON-RESISTANT K562 CELLS. WHILE WE DETERMINED THE EZH2 AND DNMT ENZYMES AS BOUNDED TO THE PROMOTER OF THE BIM GENE, WE DID NOT DETECT HYPERMETHYLATION OF THIS PROMOTER. WE ALSO FOUND THE H3K27ME3 HISTONE MODIFICATION PROMOTER OF BIM AND BID GENES IN BOTH CELL LINES. IN CONCLUSION, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT DNA PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY BE FORMED INDEPENDENTLY FROM EZH2-H3K27ME3 AND PRO-APOPTOTIC BIM AND BID GENES ARE NOT METHYLLATED IN THE IMATINIB RESISTANCE OF CML CELLS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 3352  31 HISTONE DEMETHYLASE RBP2 MEDIATES THE BLAST CRISIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA THROUGH AN RBP2/PTEN/BCR-ABL CASCADE. EPIGENETIC DISORDERS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN TUMORIGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT, AMONG WHICH HISTONE METHYLATION ABNORMALITIES ARE COMMON. WHILE PATIENTS LIVING WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA IN THE CHRONIC PHASE (CML-CP) HAVE A GOOD RESPONSE TO TKI, BLASTIC PHASE (CML-BP) PATIENTS DEMONSTRATE POOR EFFICACY AND HIGH FATALITY RATES. HOWEVER, WHILE THE MECHANISM OF BLAST CRISIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA REMAINS UNCLEAR, HIGH EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION OF BCR-ABL ARE USUALLY RELATED TO CML BLAST CRISIS TRANSITION. WE FOUND THAT HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 (H3K4) DEMETHYLASE RBP2 EXPRESSION IS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH BCR-ABL EXPRESSION, WHICH SUGGESTS A REGULATORY LINK BETWEEN THESE TWO GENES. WE ALSO DISCOVERED THAT RBP2 MEDIATES THE DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF BCR-ABL BY DIRECTLY DOWNREGULATING PTEN EXPRESSION, DEPENDING ON HISTONE DEMETHYLASE ACTIVITY, WHILE PTEN TARGETS PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF BCR-ABL, A PHOSPHATASE WHICH DIRECTLY DEPHOSPHORYLATES BCR-ABL. IN CLINICAL SPECIMENS, THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF RBP2 WAS FOUND TO BE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH THAT OF PTEN. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT THE UNDER-EXPRESSION OF RBP2 PROMOTES BLAST CRISIS TRANSITION BY ACTIVATING AN RBP2/PTEN/BCR-ABL CASCADE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11 1669  34 DOWNREGULATION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SETD2 PROMOTES IMATINIB RESISTANCE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA CELLS. OBJECTIVES: EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS WERE IMPORTANT PLAYERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AND SENSITIVITY TO THERAPY. MUTATIONS OF SET DOMAIN-CONTAINING 2 (SETD2), A METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT CATALYSES THE TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE 3 ON LYSINE 36 (H3K36ME3), WERE FOUND IN VARIOUS MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, THE DETAILED MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH SETD2 CONFERS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA PROGRESSION AND RESISTANCE TO THERAPY TARGETING ON BCR-ABL REMAIN UNCLEAR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE LEVEL OF SETD2 IN IMATINIB-SENSITIVE AND IMATINIB-RESISTANT CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) CELLS WAS EXAMINED BY IMMUNOBLOTTING AND QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. WE ANALYSED CD34(+) CD38(-) LEUKAEMIC STEM CELLS BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND COLONY FORMATION ASSAYS UPON SETD2 KNOCKDOWN OR OVEREXPRESSION. THE IMPACT OF SETD2 EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS OR SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITOR JIB-04 TARGETING H3K36ME3 LOSS ON IMATINIB SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED BY IC50, CELL APOPTOSIS AND PROLIFERATION ASSAYS. FINALLY, RNA SEQUENCING AND CHIP-QUANTITATIVE PCR WERE PERFORMED TO VERIFY PUTATIVE DOWNSTREAM TARGETS. RESULTS: SETD2 WAS FOUND TO ACT AS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR IN CML. THE NOVEL ONCOGENIC TARGETS MYCN AND ERG WERE SHOWN TO BE THE DIRECT DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF SETD2, WHERE THEIR OVEREXPRESSION INDUCED BY SETD2 KNOCKDOWN CAUSED IMATINIB INSENSITIVITY AND LEUKAEMIC STEM CELL ENRICHMENT IN CML CELL LINES. TREATMENT WITH JIB-04, AN INHIBITOR THAT RESTORES H3K36ME3 LEVELS THROUGH BLOCKADE OF ITS DEMETHYLATION, SUCCESSFULLY IMPROVED THE CELL IMATINIB SENSITIVITY AND ENHANCED THE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY NOT ONLY EMPHASIZES THE REGULATORY MECHANISM OF SETD2 IN CML, BUT ALSO PROVIDES PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING THE IMATINIB RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS WITH CML.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 5669  26 SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP GENES HAS BEEN SHOWN TO LEAD TO CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT-SIGNALING PATHWAY. THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF DEREGULATED WNT-SIGNALING ACTIVATION IN A HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY WAS REPORTED IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OBSERVED WNT ACTIVATION IN CML, WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION AND MUTATIONAL STATUS OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER IN 48 CHRONIC PHASE CML PATIENTS. OF THE 48 CML PATIENTS 41 WERE SHOWN TO BE UNMETHYLATED, 6 PATIENTS HEMI-METHYLATED AND 1 PATIENT FULLY METHYLATED AT THE SFRP1 PROMOTER. ALBEIT OBSERVED INFREQUENTLY IN CHRONIC PHASE CML, SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH PRIMARY CYTOGENETIC RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB MESYLATE. SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY INDICATE A GENETICALLY MORE UNSTABLE FORM OF DISEASE RESISTANT TO THERAPY AND PROVIDE A KEY BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE IN THERAPY RESISTANT PATIENTS, IN ADDITION TO A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE OBSERVED ACTIVATION OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING IN CML.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13 4741  40 NOVEL HDAC INHIBITOR MAKV-8 AND IMATINIB SYNERGISTICALLY KILL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF BCR-ABL/MYC-SIGNALING: EFFECT ON IMATINIB RESISTANCE AND STEM CELLS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATHOGENESIS IS MAINLY DRIVEN BY THE ONCOGENIC BREAKPOINT CLUSTER REGION-ABELSON MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOG 1 (BCR-ABL) FUSION PROTEIN. SINCE BCR-ABL DISPLAYS ABNORMAL CONSTITUTIVE TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITY, THERAPIES USING TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) SUCH AS IMATINIB REPRESENT A MAJOR BREAKTHROUGH FOR THE OUTCOME OF CML PATIENTS. NEVERTHELESS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF TKI RESISTANCE AND THE PERSISTENCE OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) REMAIN BARRIERS TO CURE THE DISEASE, JUSTIFYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. SINCE THE ACTIVITY OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) IS DEREGULATED IN NUMEROUS CANCERS INCLUDING CML, PAN-HDAC INHIBITORS MAY REPRESENT PROMISING THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CML CELLS IN COMBINATION WITH TKI. RESULTS: WE ASSESSED THE ANTI-LEUKEMIC ACTIVITY OF A NOVEL HYDROXAMATE-BASED PAN-HDAC INHIBITOR MAKV-8, WHICH COMPLIED WITH THE LIPINSKI'S "RULE OF FIVE," IN VARIOUS CML CELLS ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH IMATINIB. WE VALIDATED THE IN VITRO HDAC-INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF MAKV-8 AND DEMONSTRATED EFFICIENT BINDING TO THE LIGAND-BINDING POCKET OF HDAC ISOENZYMES. IN CELLULO, MAKV-8 SIGNIFICANTLY INDUCED TARGET PROTEIN ACETYLATION, DISPLAYED CYTOSTATIC AND CYTOTOXIC PROPERTIES, AND TRIGGERED CONCOMITANT ER STRESS/PROTECTIVE AUTOPHAGY LEADING TO CANONICAL CASPASE-DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS. CONSIDERING THE SPECIFIC UPREGULATION OF SELECTED HDACS IN LSCS FROM CML PATIENTS, WE INVESTIGATED THE DIFFERENTIAL TOXICITY OF A CO-TREATMENT WITH MAKV-8 AND IMATINIB IN CML VERSUS HEALTHY CELLS. WE ALSO SHOWED THAT BECLIN-1 KNOCKDOWN PREVENTED MAKV-8-IMATINIB COMBINATION-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. MOREOVER, MAKV-8 AND IMATINIB CO-TREATMENT SYNERGISTICALLY REDUCED BCR-ABL-RELATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CML CELL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL. SINCE OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT LSCS FROM CML PATIENTS OVEREXPRESSED C-MYC, IMPORTANTLY MAKV-8-IMATINIB CO-TREATMENT REDUCED C-MYC LEVELS AND THE LSC POPULATION. IN VIVO, TUMOR GROWTH OF XENOGRAFTED K-562 CELLS IN ZEBRAFISH WAS COMPLETELY ABROGATED UPON COMBINED TREATMENT WITH MAKV-8 AND IMATINIB. CONCLUSIONS: COLLECTIVELY, THE PRESENT FINDINGS SHOW THAT COMBINATIONS HDAC INHIBITOR-IMATINIB ARE LIKELY TO OVERCOME DRUG RESISTANCE IN CML PATHOLOGY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14 5825  36 STRESS MODULATES AHI1-DEPENDENT NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 2. MAJOR DEPRESSION DISORDER IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES. RECENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THAT ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION AND PROMOTES THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS OF DEPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THREE TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ENZYMES ARE EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION THAT PROMOTE 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) MODIFICATION OF GENES. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE LOSS OF TET2 CAN INDUCE DEPRESSION-LIKE PHENOTYPES IN MICE. PARADOXICALLY, USING THE PARADIGMS OF CHRONIC STRESS, SUCH AS CHRONIC MILD STRESS AND CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, WE FOUND THAT DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIORS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED TET2 EXPRESSION BUT DECREASED GLOBAL 5HMC LEVEL IN HIPPOCAMPUS. WE EXAMINED THE GENOME-WIDE 5HMC PROFILE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF TET2 KNOCKOUT MICE AND IDENTIFIED 651 DYNAMICALLY HYDROXYMETHYLATED REGIONS, SOME OF WHICH OVERLAPPED WITH KNOWN DEPRESSION-ASSOCIATED LOCI. WE FURTHER SHOWED THAT CHRONIC STRESS COULD INDUCE THE ABNORMAL NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF TET2 PROTEIN FROM CYTOSOL. THROUGH TET2 IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND MASS SPECTRUM ANALYSES, WE IDENTIFIED A CELLULAR TRAFFICKING PROTEIN, ABELSON HELPER INTEGRATION SITE-1 (AHI1), WHICH COULD INTERACT WITH TET2 PROTEIN. AHI1 KNOCKOUT OR KNOCKDOWN CAUSED THE ACCUMULATION OF TET2 IN CYTOSOL. THE REDUCTION OF AHI1 PROTEIN UNDER CHRONIC STRESS EXPLAINED THE ABNORMAL AHI1-DEPENDENT NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF TET2. THESE FINDINGS TOGETHER PROVIDE THE EVIDENCE FOR A CRITICAL ROLE OF MODULATING TET2 NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION IN REGULATING STRESS RESPONSE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
15 2462  26 EPIGENETIC THERAPY OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES CONNECTS TO CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION INDEPENDENTLY OF ENDOGENOUS RETROELEMENT DEREPRESSION. BACKGROUND: MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) ARE CHARACTERISED BY ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC REPRESSION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF BONE MARROW HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS). DRUGS THAT REVERSE EPIGENETIC REPRESSION, SUCH AS 5-AZACYTIDINE (5-AZA), INDUCE HAEMATOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT IN HALF OF TREATED PATIENTS. ALTHOUGH THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THERAPY SUCCESS ARE NOT YET CLEAR, INDUCTION OF ENDOGENOUS RETROELEMENTS (ERES) HAS BEEN HYPOTHESISED. METHODS: USING RNA SEQUENCING (RNA-SEQ), WE COMPARED THE TRANSCRIPTION OF ERES IN BONE MARROW HSCS FROM A NEW COHORT OF MDS AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CMML) PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER 5-AZA TREATMENT WITH HSCS FROM HEALTHY DONORS AND AML PATIENTS. WE FURTHER EXAMINED ERE TRANSCRIPTION USING THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE ANNOTATION OF ERE-OVERLAPPING TRANSCRIPTS EXPRESSED IN HSCS, GENERATED HERE BY DE NOVO TRANSCRIPT ASSEMBLY AND SUPPORTED BY FULL-LENGTH RNA-SEQ. RESULTS: CONSISTENT WITH PRIOR REPORTS, WE FOUND THAT TREATMENT WITH 5-AZA INCREASED THE REPRESENTATION OF ERE-DERIVED RNA-SEQ READS IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME. HOWEVER, SUCH INCREASES WERE COMPARABLE BETWEEN TREATMENT RESPONSES AND FAILURES. THE EXTENDED VIEW OF HSC TRANSCRIPTIONAL DIVERSITY OFFERED BY DE NOVO TRANSCRIPT ASSEMBLY ARGUED AGAINST 5-AZA-RESPONSIVE ERES AS DETERMINANTS OF THE OUTCOME OF THERAPY. INSTEAD, IT UNCOVERED PRE-TREATMENT EXPRESSION AND ALTERNATIVE SPLICING OF DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED GENE TRANSCRIPTS AS PREDICTORS OF THE RESPONSE OF MDS AND CMML PATIENTS TO 5-AZA TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES THE DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SIGNATURES OF PROTEIN-CODING AND NON-CODING GENES, RATHER THAN ERES, AS CORRELATES OF A FAVOURABLE RESPONSE OF MDS AND CMML PATIENTS TO 5-AZA TREATMENT AND OFFERS NOVEL CANDIDATES FOR FURTHER EVALUATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16 5871  33 SUSTAINED NF-KAPPAB ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS INDEPENDENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE TNFAIP3 (A20) LOCUS. INAPPROPRIATE NUCLEAR FACTOR (NF) KAPPAB ACTIVITY IS ONE MAJOR HALLMARK OF B-CELL MALIGNANCIES AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). NFKAPPAB-DEPENDENT GENES ARE INVOLVED IN ANTIAPOPTOSIS, CELL PROLIFERATION AND METASTASIS AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SURVIVAL AND PROLIFERATION OF TUMORS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS OF NFKAPPAB ACTIVITY IN CLL STILL NEED TO BE ELUCIDATED. PREVIOUSLY, WE IDENTIFIED TRANSLOCATIONS IN A REGION ON CHROMOSOME 6Q THAT ENCODES TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA-INDUCED PROTEIN 3, WHICH IS A KEY PLAYER IN NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP REGULATION OF NFKAPPAB. INACTIVATION OF THIS UBIQUITIN-EDITING ENZYME IS INVOLVED IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGIES AND IN TUMORIGENESIS. FREQUENT MUTATIONS IN THE A20 LOCUS--LEADING TO SUSTAINED NFKAPPAB ACTIVITY--COULD BE SHOWN TO PLAY A DOMINANT ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT B-CELL MALIGNANCIES. TO CHECK IF A20 IS INVOLVED IN UPREGULATION OF NFKAPPAB ACTIVITY IN CLL, WE SEQUENCED EXONS 2-9 OF THE A20 GENE IN 55 CLL DNA SAMPLES. FURTHERMORE, WE DETERMINED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PROMOTER REGION IN 63 CLL DNA SAMPLES AND COMPARED TO 10 CONTROL DNAS OF B CELLS FROM HEALTHY DONORS. CONTRARY TO REPORTS FROM OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES, THE A20 REGION SHOWED NEITHER MUTATIONS NOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. MOREOVER, ITS EXPRESSION COULD BE CONFIRMED BY IMMUNOBLOTTING AND SHOWING COMPARABLE RESULTS TO HEALTHY B CELLS. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT MALIGNANT DEVELOPMENT IN CLL DIFFERS FROM MOST OF OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES, WHICH SHOW FREQUENT INACTIVATION OF A20.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17 3531  32 IMATINIB CAUSES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF PTEN GENE VIA UPREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND POLYCOMB GROUP PROTEINS. WE HAVE RECENTLY REPORTED THE POSSIBLE IMATINIB-RESISTANT MECHANISM; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF LEUKEMIA CELLS TO IMATINIB DOWNREGULATED LEVELS OF PHOSPHATASE AND TENSIN HOMOLOG DELETED ON CHROMOSOME 10 (PTEN) VIA HYPERMETHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER REGION (LEUKEMIA 2010; 24: 1631). THE PRESENT STUDY EXPLORED THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH IMATINIB CAUSED METHYLATION ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF THIS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE IN LEUKEMIA CELLS. REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR FOUND THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC LEUKEMIA EOL-1 CELLS EXPRESSING FIP1L1/PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-ALPHA TO IMATINIB INDUCED EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) AND HISTONE-METHYLTRANSFERASE ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2), A FAMILY OF POLYCOMB GROUP, THEREBY INCREASING METHYLATION OF THE GENE. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY FOUND THE INCREASED COMPLEX FORMATION OF DNMT3A AND EZH2 PROTEINS IN THESE CELLS. MOREOVER, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY SHOWED THAT AMOUNTS OF BOTH DNMT3A AND EZH2 PROTEINS BOUND AROUND THE PROMOTER REGION OF PTEN GENE WERE INCREASED IN EOL-1 CELLS AFTER EXPOSURE TO IMATINIB. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND EZH2 WERE STRIKINGLY INCREASED IN LEUKEMIA CELLS ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (N=1) AND PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (N=2), WHO RELAPSED AFTER TREATMENT WITH IMATINIB COMPARED WITH THOSE ISOLATED AT THEIR INITIAL PRESENTATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, IMATINIB COULD CAUSE DRUG-RESISTANCE VIA RECRUITMENT OF POLYCOMB GENE COMPLEX TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE PTEN AND DOWNREGULATION OF THIS GENE'S TRANSCRIPTS IN LEUKEMIA PATIENTS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18 3415  27 HSP90 INHIBITION INCREASES SOCS3 TRANSCRIPT AND REGULATES MIGRATION AND CELL DEATH IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC OR TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF IMPORTANT TUMOR SUPPRESSORS HAS BEEN DESCRIBED TO CONTRIBUTE TO CELL SURVIVAL AND TUMORIGENESIS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). USING GENE EXPRESSION MICROARRAY ANALYSIS, WE FOUND THAT THOUSANDS OF GENES ARE REPRESSED MORE THAN 2-FOLD IN CLL COMPARED TO NORMAL B CELLS; HOWEVER THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO REVERSE THIS HAVE BEEN LIMITED IN CLL. FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH THE HSP90 INHIBITOR 17-DMAG, A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF THESE REPRESSED GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY RE-EXPRESSED. ONE OF THE GENES SIGNIFICANTLY REPRESSED IN CLL AND UP-REGULATED BY 17-DMAG WAS SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 3, (SOCS3). SOCS3 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE SILENCED IN SOLID TUMORS AS WELL AS MYELOID LEUKEMIA; HOWEVER LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE REGULATION IN CLL. WE FOUND THAT 17-DMAG INDUCES EXPRESSION OF SOCS3 BY VIA THE ACTIVATION OF P38 SIGNALING, AND SUBSEQUENTLY INHIBITS AKT AND STAT3 PHOSPHORYLATION RESULTING IN DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS ON CELL MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL. WE THEREFORE SUGGEST THAT SOCS3 IS AN IMPORTANT SIGNALING PROTEIN IN CLL, AND HSP90 INHIBITORS REPRESENT A NOVEL APPROACH TO TARGET TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IN B CELL LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS WHICH EXHIBIT A SUBSTANTIAL DEGREE OF GENE REPRESSION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
19 4837  29 ONCOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF CIS-REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN ASXL1-MUTANT CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. MYELOID NEOPLASMS ARE CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDERS DRIVEN BY THE SEQUENTIAL ACQUISITION OF RECURRENT GENETIC LESIONS. TRUNCATING MUTATIONS IN THE CHROMATIN REMODELER ASXL1 (ASXL1(MT)) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH-RISK DISEASE PHENOTYPE WITH INCREASED PROLIFERATION, EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE, AND POOR SURVIVAL OUTCOMES. WE PERFORMED A MULTI-OMICS INTERROGATION TO DEFINE GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN REMODELING ASSOCIATED WITH ASXL1(MT) IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). ASXL1(MT) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A LOSS OF REPRESSIVE HISTONE METHYLATION AND INCREASE IN PERMISSIVE HISTONE METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS. ASXL1(MT) ARE FURTHER ASSOCIATED WITH DE NOVO ACCESSIBILITY OF DISTAL ENHANCERS BINDING ETS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, TARGETING IMPORTANT LEUKEMOGENIC DRIVER GENES. CHROMATIN REMODELING OF PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION AND HETEROGENOUS AMONG OVEREXPRESSED GENES. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE OF ASXL1(MT) CMML, FORMING AN IMPORTANT FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING ONCOGENIC CIS INTERACTIONS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20 6419  41 THE TET2-UPF1 COMPLEX MODULATES MRNA STABILITY UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS. INTRODUCTION: ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS PROMOTES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT IMPACT GENE EXPRESSION AND SUBSEQUENTLY PARTICIPATE IN THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DISORDER. AMONG EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ENZYMES OXIDIZE 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) TO 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) IN DNA AND RNA AND FUNCTION AS CRITICAL PLAYERS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASES. OUR PREVIOUS RESULTS SHOWED THAT CHRONIC STRESS INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF CYTOPLASMIC TET2 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF MICE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC MILD STRESS (CMS). WHETHER THE CYTOPLASMIC TET2 ALTERS RNA 5HMC MODIFICATION IN CHRONIC STRESS-RELATED PROCESSES REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. METHODS: TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF CYTOPLASMIC TET2 UNDER CMS CONDITIONS, WE ESTABLISHED CMS MICE MODEL AND DETECTED THE EXPRESSION OF RNA 5HMC BY DOT BLOT. WE VERIFIED THE INTERACTION OF TET2 AND ITS INTERACTING PROTEIN BY CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION COMBINED WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY AND SCREENED DOWNSTREAM TARGET GENES BY CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF TET2 AND UPSTREAM FRAMESHIFT 1 (UPF1) INTERACTING RNA. THE EXPRESSION OF PROTEIN WAS DETECTED BY WESTERN BLOT AND THE EXPRESSION OF THE SCREENED TARGET GENES WAS DETECTED BY QRT-PCR. RESULTS: IN THIS STUDY, WE FOUND THAT INCREASED CYTOPLASMIC TET2 EXPRESSION UNDER CMS CONDITIONS LEADS TO INCREASE IN TOTAL RNA 5HMC MODIFICATION. TET2 INTERACTED WITH THE KEY NON-SENSE-MEDIATED MRNA DECAY (NMD) FACTOR UPF1, REGULATED THE STABILITY OF STRESS-RELATED GENES SUCH AS UNC5B MRNA, AND MIGHT THEREBY AFFECT NEURODEVELOPMENT. DISCUSSION: IN SUMMARY, THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT TET2-MEDIATED RNA 5HMC MODIFICATION IS INVOLVED IN STRESS-RELATED MRNA STABILITY REGULATION AND MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CHRONIC STRESS-RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS DEPRESSION.	2023