1 1223 171 CRITICAL REVIEW ON EMERGING HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND ITS SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT. INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) IS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS AFFECTING PEOPLE'S HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. CURRENTLY, THERE IS A LACK OF AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLE ABOUT THE QUANTIFICATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS OF IAQ. AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS SUCH AS VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCS), PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2), CARBON MONOXIDE (CO), NITROUS OXIDE (NO), POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) MICROBIAL SPORES, POLLEN, ALLERGENS, ETC. PRIMARILY CONTRIBUTE TO IAQ DETERIORATION. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE SOURCES OF MAJOR INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS, MOLECULAR TOXICITY MECHANISMS, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR, OCULAR, NEUROLOGICAL, WOMEN, AND FOETAL HEALTH. ADDITIONALLY, CONTEMPORARY STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABLE METHODS FOR REGULATING AND REDUCING POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS ARE EMPHASIZED, AND CURRENT INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS AND ENHANCE IAQ ARE EXPLORED, ALONG WITH THEIR UNIQUE ADVANTAGES AND POTENTIALS. DUE TO THEIR LONGER EXPOSURE TIMES AND PARTICULAR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, WOMEN AND CHILDREN ARE MORE AT RISK FOR POOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY. BY TRIGGERING MANY TOXICITY MECHANISMS, INCLUDING OXIDATIVE STRESS, DNA METHYLATION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND GENE ACTIVATION, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION CAN CAUSE A RANGE OF HEALTH ISSUES. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, ACUTE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, SICK BUILDING SYNDROMES (SBS), AND EARLY DEATH ARE MORE PREVALENT IN EXPOSED RESIDENTS. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE MAIN CAUSES OF INCAPACITY AND EARLY MORTALITY ARE LUNG CANCER, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. IT'S CRUCIAL TO ACKNOWLEDGE ANTICIPATED RESEARCH NEEDS AND IMPLEMENTED EFFICIENT INTERVENTIONS AND POLICIES TO LOWER HEALTH HAZARDS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  299  46 AIR POLLUTION AND DNA METHYLATION: EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE IN HUMANS. AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE IS ESTIMATED TO CONTRIBUTE TO APPROXIMATELY SEVEN MILLION EARLY DEATHS EVERY YEAR WORLDWIDE AND MORE THAN 3% OF DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS LOST. AIR POLLUTION HAS NUMEROUS HARMFUL EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MORBIDITY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC DISORDERS, AND A NUMBER OF LUNG PATHOLOGIES, INCLUDING ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). EMERGING DATA INDICATE THAT AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE MODULATES THE EPIGENETIC MARK, DNA METHYLATION (DNAM), AND THAT THESE CHANGES MIGHT IN TURN INFLUENCE INFLAMMATION, DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, AND EXACERBATION RISK. SEVERAL TRAFFIC-RELATED AIR POLLUTION (TRAP) COMPONENTS, INCLUDING PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), BLACK CARBON (BC), OZONE (O(3)), NITROGEN OXIDES (NO(X)), AND POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS), HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNAM; TYPICALLY LOWERING DNAM AFTER EXPOSURE. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DNAM HAVE BEEN OBSERVED ACROSS THE HUMAN LIFESPAN, BUT IT IS NOT YET CLEAR WHETHER EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENTAL SENSITIVITY OR THE ACCUMULATION OF EXPOSURES HAVE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON HEALTH. AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE-ASSOCIATED DNAM PATTERNS ARE OFTEN CORRELATED WITH LONG-TERM NEGATIVE RESPIRATORY HEALTH OUTCOMES, INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG DISEASES, A FOCUS IN THIS REVIEW. RECENTLY, INTERVENTIONS SUCH AS EXERCISE AND B VITAMINS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON DNAM AND HEALTH. ULTIMATELY, IMPROVED KNOWLEDGE OF HOW EXPOSURE-INDUCED CHANGE IN DNAM IMPACTS HEALTH, BOTH ACUTELY AND CHRONICALLY, MAY ENABLE PREVENTATIVE AND REMEDIAL STRATEGIES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY IN POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3 4587  42 NANO-ENGINEERED VITAMINS AS A POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MODIFIER AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTANTS. AIR POLLUTION HAS EMERGED AS A SERIOUS THREAT TO HUMAN HEALTH DUE TO CLOSE ASSOCIATION WITH SPECTRUM OF CHRONIC AILMENTS INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS, RESPIRATORY DISEASES, NERVOUS SYSTEM DYSFUNCTIONS, DIABETES AND CANCER. EXPOSURE TO AIR-BORNE POLLUTANTS ALONG WITH POOR EATING BEHAVIOURS AND INFERIOR DIETARY QUALITY IRREVERSIBLY IMPACTS EPIGENOMIC LANDSCAPE, LEADING TO ABERRANT TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION WHICH IS CENTRAL TO PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. IT IS ASSUMED THAT NUTRIEPIGENOMIC INTERVENTIONS SUCH AS VITAMINS CAN CONTROL SUCH ADVERSE EFFECTS THROUGH THEIR IMMEDIATE ACTION ON MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENOMIC-AXIS. IMPORTANTLY, THE EXHAUSTIVE CLINICAL UTILITY OF VITAMINS-INTERCEDED EPIGENETIC SYNCHRONIZATION IS NOT WELL CHARACTERIZED. THEREFORE, IMPROVING THE CURRENT LIMITATIONS LINKED TO STABILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY ISSUES IN VITAMIN FORMULATIONS IS HIGHLY WARRANTED. THE PRESENT REVIEW NOT ONLY SUMS UP THE AVAILABLE DATA ON THE ROLE OF VITAMINS AS POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS BUT ALSO DISCUSSES THE IMPORTANCE OF NANO-ENGINEERED VITAMINS AS POTENTIAL EPIDRUGS FOR DIETARY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION TO MITIGATE THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION TOXICITY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4  360  34 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND BIOMARKERS OF HEALTH EFFECT. RECENTLY, THE AIR POLLUTION SITUATION OF OUR COUNTRY IS VERY SERIOUS ALONG WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION. STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE EXPOSURE OF AIR POLLUTION CAN CAUSE A RISE OF INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY OF MANY DISEASES, SUCH AS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), ASTHMA, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, AND SO ON. HOWEVER, THERE IS NOW GROWING EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT SIGNIFICANT AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY BIOMARKERS IN VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF THE BODY. IN ORDER TO BETTER PREVENT AND CONTROL THE DAMAGE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION, THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES COMPREHENSIVELY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ABOUT THE BAD EFFECTS ON THE BIOMARKERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SYSTEM EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 1324  37 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS DEVELOPMENT. AIR POLLUTION IS A SUBSTANTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO CHILDREN AND ACTS AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK FACTORS ALIKE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONCERNING ITS EXPOSURE ACROSS VARIOUS LIFE STAGES. HOWEVER, FINDINGS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS THE CONSEQUENCES OF AIR POLLUTION DURING CHILDHOOD ARE RATHER MINIMAL. THIS REVIEW EVALUATED HIGHLY RELEVANT STUDIES IN THE FIELD TO ANALYZE THE EXISTING LITERATURE REGARDING EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, WITH A FOCUS ON EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING CHILDHOOD AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS. THE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED USING READILY AVAILABLE ELECTRONIC DATABASES (PUBMED AND SCIENCEDIRECT) TO SCREEN FOR CHILDREN'S STUDIES ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOLLOWING EITHER PRE- OR POST-NATAL EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS. STUDIES RELEVANT ENOUGH AND MATCHED THE PREDETERMINED CRITERIA WERE CHOSEN TO BE REVIEWED. NON-ENGLISH ARTICLES AND STUDIES THAT DID NOT REPORT BOTH AIR MONITORING AND EPIGENETIC OUTCOMES IN THE SAME ARTICLE WERE EXCLUDED. THE REVIEW FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS DURING EARLY LIFE WITH EVIDENCE AND REPORTS OF HOW THEY MAY DEREGULATE THE EPIGENOME BALANCE, THUS INDUCING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN THE FUTURE. EPIGENETIC STUDIES EVOLVE AS A PROMISING NEW APPROACH IN DECIPHERING THE UNDERLYING IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) DUE TO LINKS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ILLNESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6  363  47 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: HEALTH HAZARDS TO CHILDREN. AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION IS PRODUCED BY SOURCES INCLUDING VEHICULAR TRAFFIC, COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS, HYDRAULIC FRACTURING, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AND FOREST FIRES. IT CONSISTS OF PRIMARY POLLUTANTS GENERATED BY COMBUSTION AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTS FORMED IN THE ATMOSPHERE FROM PRECURSOR GASES. AIR POLLUTION CAUSES AND EXACERBATES CLIMATE CHANGE, AND CLIMATE CHANGE WORSENS HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. INFANTS AND CHILDREN ARE UNIQUELY SENSITIVE TO AIR POLLUTION, BECAUSE THEIR ORGANS ARE DEVELOPING AND THEY HAVE HIGHER AIR PER BODY WEIGHT INTAKE. HEALTH EFFECTS LINKED TO AIR POLLUTION INCLUDE NOT ONLY EXACERBATIONS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES BUT ALSO REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASED ASTHMA INCIDENCE. ADDITIONAL OUTCOMES OF CONCERN INCLUDE PRETERM BIRTH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS, IQ LOSS, PEDIATRIC CANCERS, AND INCREASED RISKS FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES. THESE EFFECTS ARE MEDIATED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. NATURAL EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATE THAT WITH INITIATIVES SUCH AS INCREASED USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, BOTH AIR QUALITY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH IMPROVE. SIMILARLY, THE CLEAN AIR ACT HAS IMPROVED AIR QUALITY, ALTHOUGH EXPOSURE INEQUITIES PERSIST. OTHER EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING AIR POLLUTION INCLUDE ENDING RELIANCE ON COAL, OIL, AND GAS; REGULATING INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; REDUCING EXPOSURE WITH ATTENTION TO PROXIMITY OF RESIDENCES, SCHOOLS, AND CHILD CARE FACILITIES TO TRAFFIC; AND A GREATER AWARENESS OF THE AIR QUALITY INDEX. THIS POLICY REVIEWS BOTH SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURES. IT EXAMINES INDIVIDUAL, COMMUNITY, AND LEGISLATIVE STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE AIR POLLUTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7  650  28 BISPHENOL A AND HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES: CURRENT EVIDENCES, POSSIBLE MECHANISMS, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. BISPHENOL-A (BPA) IS ONE OF THE HIGHEST VOLUME CHEMICALS PRODUCED WORLDWIDE, WITH OVER 6BILLION POUNDS PRODUCED AND OVER 100T RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE EACH YEAR. RECENT EXTENSIVE LITERATURE HAS RAISED CONCERNS ABOUT ITS POSSIBLE IMPLICATION IN THE ETIOLOGY OF SOME HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS DIABETES, OBESITY, REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, BIRTH DEFECTS, CHRONIC RESPIRATORY AND KIDNEY DISEASES AND BREAST CANCER. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT THE HIGHLIGHTED EVIDENCES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE AND HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES AND WE DISCUSS ITS EVENTUAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION, ESPECIALLY GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION MECHANISMS WITH THE POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND CELL SIGNALING.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 2849  36 FROM AIR POLLUTION TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: THE EMERGING ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND A WIDE-RANGING SPECTRUM OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISORDERS-INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES-IS WIDELY ACKNOWLEDGED. EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS TRIGGERS HARMFUL MECHANISMS SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH LEAD TO INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, STROKE, AND HEART FAILURE. SUSTAINED EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN RECENT YEARS TO DISCOVER HOW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH THROUGH EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNA-MEDIATED GENE REGULATION. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT EVIDENCES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND CARDIOVASCULAR IMPACT, IN VIEW OF PRESENT IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 3710  51 INFLUENCES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON ON THE EPIGENOME TOXICITY AND ITS APPLICABILITY IN HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT. THE EXISTENCE OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN AMBIENT AIR IS AN ESCALATING CONCERN WORLDWIDE BECAUSE OF THEIR ABILITY TO CAUSE CANCER AND INDUCE PERMANENT CHANGES IN THE GENETIC MATERIAL. GROWING EVIDENCE IMPLIES THAT DURING EARLY LIFE-SENSITIVE STAGES, THE RISK OF PROGRESSION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES DEPENDS ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES INITIATED BY THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CUES. SEVERAL REPORTS DECIPHERED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AND EPIGENETICS, AND HAVE KNOWN TOXICANTS THAT ALTER THE EPIGENETIC STATES. AMONGST PAHS, BENZO[A]PYRENE (B[A]P) IS ACCEPTED AS A GROUP 1 CANCER-CAUSING AGENT BY THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR THE RESEARCH ON CANCER (IARC). B[A]P IS A WELL-STUDIED PRO-CARCINOGEN THAT IS METABOLICALLY ACTIVATED BY THE ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR (AHR)/CYTOCHROME P450 PATHWAY. CYTOCHROME P450 PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE STIMULATION STEP, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR DNA ADDUCT FORMATION. ACCRUING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSUME A FUNDAMENTAL PART IN PAH-PROMOTED CARCINOGENESIS. THIS INTERACTION BETWEEN PAHS AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS RESULTS IN AN ALTERED PROFILE OF THESE MARKS, GLOBALLY AND LOCUS-SPECIFIC. SOME OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES DUE TO EXPOSURE TO PAHS LEAD TO INCREASED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND PROGRESSION. IT IS WELL UNDERSTOOD THAT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS, SUCH AS PAH TRIGGERS DISEASE PATHWAYS THROUGH CHANGES IN THE GENOME. SEVERAL EVIDENCE REPORTED DUE TO THE EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, THAT EARLY LIFE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS MAY TRIGGER WIDESPREAD AND PERSISTENT VARIATIONS IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING. MOREOVER, THESE VARIATIONS RESPOND TO DNA DAMAGE AND/OR A CONSEQUENCE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT NEED FURTHER INVESTIGATION. GROWING EVIDENCE HAS ASSOCIATED PAHS WITH EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS INVOLVING ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND MICRO RNA (MIRNA) REGULATION. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS TO PAH EXPOSURE WERE RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS PULMONARY DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR, NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDER, AND CANCER. THIS HORMETIC RESPONSE GIVES A NOVEL PERCEPTION CONCERNING THE TOXICITY OF PAHS AND THE BIOLOGICAL REACTION THAT MAY BE A DISTINCT RELIANCE ON EXPOSURE. THIS REVIEW SHEDS LIGHT ON UNDERSTANDING THE LATEST EVIDENCE ABOUT HOW PAHS CAN ALTER EPIGENETIC PATTERNS AND HUMAN HEALTH. IN CONCLUSION, AS SEVERAL EPIGENETIC CHANGE MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR YET, FURTHER ANALYSES DERIVED FROM PAHS EXPOSURE MUST BE PERFORMED TO FIND NEW TARGETS AND DISEASE BIOMARKERS. IN SPITE OF THE CURRENT LIMITATIONS, NUMEROUS EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE PERCEPTION THAT EPIGENETICS GRIPS SUBSTANTIAL POTENTIAL FOR ADVANCING OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS, ALSO FOR PREDICTING HEALTH-ASSOCIATED RISKS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CIRCUMSTANCES EXPOSURE AND INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10 1453  28 DISCOVERING HOW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ALTER GENES COULD LEAD TO NEW TREATMENTS FOR CHRONIC ILLNESSES. EMERGING RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES THAT DIET, POLLUTION, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS CAN ALTER BOTH THE FUNCTION AND EXPRESSION OF HUMAN GENES AND LEAD TO A HEIGHTENED DISEASE RISK. THESE ENVIRONMENT-GENE INTERACTIONS CAN CAUSE SO-CALLED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION-PATTERNS OF WHICH GENES ARE SWITCHED "ON" OR "OFF"-THAT MAY ACCOUNT FOR THE RISING MORTALITY FROM CHRONIC DISEASES IN INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS. IN THIS PAPER, WE CALL FOR A NEW TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO PUBLIC HEALTH THAT WOULD EXAMINE HOW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, BOTH PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL, INFLUENCE GENE EXPRESSION AND A PERSON'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASE. THIS INITIATIVE COULD LEAD TO NEW WAYS TO PREVENT AND TREAT SUCH ILLNESSES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11 2690  32 EVOLUTION OF DOHAD: THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES HAVE A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON THE CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS PLAGUING CHILDREN AND ADULTS. ALTHOUGH THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) PARADIGM HISTORICALLY HAS FOCUSED ON NUTRITION, AN EXPANDING BODY OF RESEARCH SPECIFICALLY COMMUNICATES THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES ON EARLY-LIFE DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROPAGATION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. THIS PAPER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF 20 YEARS OF RESEARCH EFFORTS AIMED AT IDENTIFYING CRITICAL WINDOWS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND THE SIGNALING CHANGES AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION. DOHAD GRANTS FUNDED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES (NIEHS) IN 1991, 2001 AND 2011 ARE IDENTIFIED BY GRANT-ANALYSIS SOFTWARE, AND EACH PORTFOLIO IS ANALYZED FOR EXPOSURES, DISEASE ENDPOINTS, WINDOWS OF EXPOSURE, STUDY DESIGN AND IMPACT ON THE FIELD BASED ON PUBLICATION DATA. RESULTS SHOW THAT THE 1991 AND 2001 PORTFOLIOS COMPRISED METALS, PCBS AND AIR POLLUTANTS; HOWEVER, BY 2011, THE PORTFOLIO HAS EVOLVED TO INCLUDE OR EXPAND THE VARIETY OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, PESTICIDES/PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AND METALS. AN ASSORTMENT OF BRAIN-HEALTH ENDPOINTS IS MOST TARGETED ACROSS THE PORTFOLIOS, WHEREAS REPRODUCTION AND CANCER INCREASE STEADILY OVER THE SAME TIME PERIOD, AND NEW ENDPOINTS LIKE OBESITY ARE INTRODUCED BY 2011. WITH MOUNTING EVIDENCE CONNECTING EARLY-LIFE EXPOSURES TO LATER-LIFE DISEASE, WE CONCLUDE THAT IT IS CRITICAL TO EXPAND THE ORIGINAL DOHAD CONCEPT TO INCLUDE ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURES, AND TO CONTINUE A RESEARCH AGENDA THAT EMPHASIZES DEFINING SENSITIVE WINDOWS OF EXPOSURE AND THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12 6683  35 UV RADIATION AND AIR POLLUTION AS DRIVERS OF MAJOR AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES COMPRISE A VERY HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY DISRUPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST SELF-ANTIGENS, CHRONIC MORBIDITY AND INCREASED MORTALITY. THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF MAJOR AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS ARE PARTICULARLY HIGH IN THE WESTERN WORLD, AT NORTHERN LATITUDES, AND IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. THIS STUDY WILL MAINLY FOCUS ON FIVE MAJOR AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS, NAMELY TYPE 1 DIABETES, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, AND AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISORDERS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE ON THE ETIOLOGY OF MAJOR AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS MEDIATED BY THE ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN D AND NITRIC OXIDE. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE SHOWS HOW THE RISE OF ANTHROPOGENIC AIR POLLUTANTS IS TEMPORALLY ASSOCIATED WITH DRAMATIC INCREASES IN INCIDENCE OF THESE CONDITIONS. THE SCATTERING CAUSED BY AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE PRESENCE OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE CAN REDUCE THE ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN D AND NITRIC OXIDE, WHICH ARE IMPLICATED IN MAINTAINING THE IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS. AIR POLLUTANTS HAVE DIRECT DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY AND ARE DEEMED RESPONSIBLE OF AN INCREASINGLY HIGHER PORTION OF THE ANNUAL BURDEN OF HUMAN MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. AIR POLLUTION CONTRIBUTES IN SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, ACTIVATES OXIDATIVE PATHWAYS, INDUCES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AND MODULATES THE FUNCTION AND PHENOTYPE OF DENDRITIC CELLS, TREGS, AND T-CELLS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS REGARDING THE ROLE OF UV-MEDIATED EFFECTS IN IMMUNITY AND HOW ANTHROPIC-DERIVED AIR POLLUTION MAY AFFECT MAJOR AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS THROUGH DIRECT AND INDIRECT MECHANISMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13 6876  45 [PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION AND MORTALITY FROM RESPIRATORY CAUSES]. DIFFERENT DESIGNS CAN BE USED TO ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RESPIRATORY MORTALITY AND LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES (COHORT, PREVALENCE STUDY) DEMONSTRATE THE REALITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES EXPLAIN IT. COHORT STUDIES HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF BEING ABLE TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT MANY CONFOUNDING FACTORS AND THUS AVOID BIASES (WHICH IS NOT THE CASE WITH PREVALENCE STUDIES), BUT REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT HUMAN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES. THEY WERE FIRST ADOPTED IN THE US, BUT ARE NOW MORE OFTEN APPLIED IN EUROPE. THE RESULTS ARE RELATIVELY CONSISTENT, AS THEY ALL SHOW A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AN INCREASE IN PARTICULATE POLLUTION AND CARDIOPULMONARY MORTALITY. MORTALITY FROM LUNG CANCER IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH LONG TERM EXPOSITION TO PARTICLES AND SOMETIMES TO OZONE OR NITROGEN OXIDES. CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES AND SUDDEN DEATH OF YOUNG CHILDREN HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICULATE POLLUTION. THE RELATIONSHIPS ARE MORE POWERFUL FOR LONG TERM THAN SHORT TERM EXPOSURE BUT ARE ALSO LINEAR AND WITHOUT THRESHOLD. IN ORDER TO EXPLAIN THESE EFFECTS (TODAY THE CAUSALITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP IS CERTAIN) THERE ARE MANY POSSIBLE FACTORS, PARTICULARLY REGARDING PARTICULATE EXPOSURES: AN INCREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK BIOMARKERS (FIBRINOGEN, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, AND PLATELETS), ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF LUNG TISSUES INCREASED BY ACUTE EXPOSURE, ETC. MORE AND MORE STUDIES ADDRESS THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENE AND ENVIRONMENT AND EVEN EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA WHICH COULD BE RESPONSIBLE OF THESE EFFECTS. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT COULD BE QUANTIFIED. THE EUROPEAN E&H SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM APHEIS, FOR EXAMPLE, ESTIMATED THAT IF PM2.5 LEVELS REMAINED BELOW 15 MICROG/M(3), A 30 YEAR OLD PERSON COULD SEE HIS LIFE EXPECTANCY INCREASED BY 1 MONTH TO 2 YEARS, DEPENDING ON THE STUDIED CITY. FINALLY, MORTALITY IS NOT THE ONLY RELEVANT INDICATOR FOR HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. ISAAC STUDIES ADDRESS ASTHMA, ALLERGIC RHINITIS AND ECZEMA AMONG CHILDREN.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14 1924  39 ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS AND ITS IMPLICATION ON DISEASE RISK AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON HOW ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THROUGH EPIGENETICS MODIFY DISEASE RISK AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. MAJOR EPIGENETIC EVENTS, SUCH AS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, DNA METHYLATION, AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION, ARE DESCRIBED. THE FUNCTION OF DOSE, DURATION, COMPOSITION, AND WINDOW OF EXPOSURE IN REMODELING THE INDIVIDUAL'S EPIGENETIC TERRAIN AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY ARE ADDRESSED. THE IDEAS OF LIFELONG EDITING OF EARLY-LIFE EPIGENETIC MEMORIES, TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS THROUGH GERMLINE TRANSMISSION, AND THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF HYDROXYLMETHYLATION OF CYTOSINE IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING ARE DISCUSSED. FINALLY, THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF SEVERAL MAJOR CLASSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE REVIEWED IN THE CONTEXT OF PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE. THESE INCLUDE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, TOBACCO SMOKE, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, INFECTIOUS PATHOGENS, PARTICULATE MATTER, DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES, DUST MITES, FUNGI, HEAVY METALS, AND OTHER INDOOR AND OUTDOOR POLLUTANTS. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE SUMMATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, ACCUMULATED OVER TIME, REPRESENTED AS BROAD OR NARROW, ACUTE OR CHRONIC, DEVELOPMENTAL OR LIFELONG, MAY PROVIDE A MORE PRECISE ASSESSMENT OF RISK AND CONSEQUENCES. FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS MAY FOCUS ON THEIR USE AS READOUTS OR BIOMARKERS OF THE TOTALITY OF PAST EXPOSURE FOR THE PREDICTION OF FUTURE DISEASE RISK AND THE PRESCRIPTION OF EFFECTIVE COUNTERMEASURES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15 6781  52 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

16  421  33 ANIMAL MODELS IN EPIGENETIC RESEARCH: INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE CONSIDERATIONS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. THE RAPID EXPANSION AND EVOLUTION OF EPIGENETICS AS A CORE SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE HAVE RAISED NEW QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW ENDOGENOUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN INFORM THE MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH BIOLOGICAL FORM AND FUNCTION ARE REGULATED. EXISTING AND PROPOSED ANIMAL MODELS USED FOR EPIGENETIC RESEARCH HAVE TARGETED A MYRIAD OF HEALTH AND DISEASE ENDPOINTS THAT MAY BE ACUTE, CHRONIC, AND TRANSGENERATIONAL IN NATURE. INITIATING EVENTS AND OUTCOMES MAY EXTEND ACROSS THE ENTIRE LIFESPAN TO ELICIT UNANTICIPATED PHENOTYPES THAT ARE OF PARTICULAR CONCERN TO INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEES (IACUCS). THE DYNAMICS AND PLASTICITY OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PRODUCE EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES THAT ARE MANIFEST DIFFERENTIALLY WITHIN DISCREET SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONTEXTS, INCLUDING PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, STEM CELLS, ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES, PRODUCTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISMS, SENESCENCE, AND OTHERS. MANY DIETARY AND NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS HAVE ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITIES THROUGH ALTERED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING. THE ENVIRONMENTAL, CHEMICAL, TOXIC, THERAPEUTIC, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS USED IN ANIMAL STUDIES TO ELICIT EPIGENETIC CHANGES CAN BECOME EXTREME AND SHOULD RAISE IACUC CONCERNS FOR THE WELL-BEING AND PROPER CARE OF ALL RESEARCH ANIMALS INVOLVED. EPIGENETICS RESEARCH IS RAPIDLY BECOMING AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SEARCH FOR MECHANISMS IN EVERY MAJOR AREA OF BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH AND WILL FOSTER THE CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANIMAL MODELS. FROM THE IACUC PERSPECTIVE, CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE PARTICULAR NEEDS AND CONCERNS CREATED BY SUPERIMPOSITION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OVER DIVERSE FIELDS OF INVESTIGATION TO ENSURE THE PROPER CARE AND USE OF ANIMALS WITHOUT IMPEDING SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 5254  44 PROGRAMMING OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH IN CHILDHOOD: INFLUENCE OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: THIS OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS RECENT EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE PROGRAMMING EFFECTS OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT ON LUNG FUNCTION AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISORDERS, SUCH AS ASTHMA AND RELATED ALLERGIC DISORDERS. RECENT FINDINGS: AIR POLLUTANTS MAY IMPACT ANATOMY AND/OR PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF THE LUNG AND INTERRELATED SYSTEMS. PROGRAMMING EFFECTS MAY RESULT FROM POLLUTANT-INDUCED SHIFTS IN A NUMBER OF MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES AND THEIR INTERACTING SYSTEMS. SPECIFIC KEY REGULATORY SYSTEMS SUSCEPTIBLE TO PROGRAMMING MAY INFLUENCE LUNG DEVELOPMENT AND VULNERABILITY TO RESPIRATORY DISEASES, INCLUDING BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS OF NEUROENDOCRINE PATHWAYS AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) FUNCTIONING WHICH, IN TURN, INFLUENCE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. STARTING IN UTERO, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING AIR POLLUTANTS, MAY PERMANENTLY ORGANIZE THESE SYSTEMS TOWARD TRAJECTORIES OF ENHANCED PEDIATRIC (E.G., ASTHMA, ALLERGY) AS WELL AS ADULT DISEASE RISK (E.G., CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE). EVIDENCE SUPPORTS A CENTRAL ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH SUGGESTS XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM AND SUBCELLULAR COMPONENTS, SUCH AS MITOCHONDRIA ARE TARGETS OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND PLAY A ROLE IN ASTHMA AND ALLERGY PROGRAMMING. MECHANISMS OPERATING AT THE LEVEL OF THE PLACENTA ARE BEING ELUCIDATED. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE AT THE ROOTS OF ADAPTIVE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. SUMMARY: OPTIMAL COORDINATED FUNCTIONING OF MANY COMPLEX PROCESSES AND THEIR NETWORKS OF INTERACTION ARE NECESSARY FOR NORMAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH. OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN EARLY PROGRAMMING OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH AND IS POTENTIALLY AMENABLE TO INTERVENTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 5434  27 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN CHILDREN AND ADULT LUNG DISEASE: THE CASE FOR OUTDOOR EXPOSURES. THERE IS A GROWING UNDERSTANDING THAT CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN ADULTS HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES OCCURRING IN VULNERABLE PERIODS DURING LUNG GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE FETAL PERIOD AND IN EARLY CHILDHOOD THAT ALTER LUNG STRUCTURE AND LIMIT THE GROWTH IN LUNG FUNCTION MAY HAVE LIFELONG CONSEQUENCES. EVIDENCE IS INCREASING THAT EXPOSURE TO THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING AIR POLLUTANTS, PERSISTENT TOXIC SUBSTANCES, WATER POLLUTANTS AND RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS, CAN INHIBIT LUNG FUNCTION GROWTH AND PREDISPOSE TO CHRONIC NON-MALIGNANT LUNG DISEASES. THESE EXPOSURES GENERALLY INTERACT WITH A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS AND EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA ARE ATTRACTING CONSIDERABLE STUDY. AN UNDERSTANDING OF HOW AMBIENT EXPOSURES IMPACT ON NORMAL LUNG GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT WILL AID IN UNDERSTANDING OF HOW CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES OF ADULTS DEVELOP AND MAY LEAD TO NEW PREVENTATIVE STRATEGIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19 6853  39 [NEUROBIOLOGY OF EARLY LIFE TRAUMATIC STRESS AND TRAUMA: PROLONGED NEUROENDOCRINE DYSREGULATION AS A NEURODEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTOR]. EARLY LIFE STRESSORS DISPLAY A HIGH UNIVERSAL PREVALENCE AND CONSTITUTE A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WITH TWO THIRDS OF YOUTH BEING EXPOSED TO POTENTIALLY TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES BY THE AGE OF 17. TRAUMATIC STRESS EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT MAY HAVE ESSENTIAL AND LONG-LASTING EFFECTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS AND REPRESENTS A DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTOR MEDIATING RISK FOR DISEASE. EARLY-LIFE STRESS (ELS) AND CHILDHOOD TRAUMA (CT) CAN BOTH HAVE AN IMPACT ON SENSITIVE NEURONAL BRAIN NETWORKS INVOLVED IN STRESS REACTIONS, AND COULD EXERT A PROGRAMMING EFFECT ON GLUCOCORTICOID SIGNALING LEADING TO CHRONIC HYPER- OR HYPO-ACTIVATION OF THE STRESS SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, ALTERATIONS IN EMOTIONAL AND AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DISRUPTION, FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, AS WELL AS IMMUNE AND METABOLIC DYSREGULATION HAVE BEEN LATELY IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS FOR A CHRONICALLY IMPAIRED HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE AFTER ELS/CT. FURTHERMORE, HUMAN GENETIC BACKGROUND AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THROUGH STRESS-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION COULD INTERACT WITH THESE ALTERATIONS AND EXPLAIN INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN VULNERABILITY OR RESILIENCE TO STRESS. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW PRESENTS RELEVANT EVIDENCE FROM MAINLY HUMAN RESEARCH ON THE MOST ACKNOWLEDGED NEUROBIOLOGICAL ALLOSTATIC PATHWAYS EXERTING ENDURING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ELS/CT EVEN DECADES LATER. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD PROSPECTIVELY INVESTIGATE POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS, THEIR TEMPORAL SEQUENCE AND COMBINED EFFECTS AT THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL, WHILE CONSIDERING THE POTENTIALLY DELAYED TIME-FRAME FOR THE EXPRESSION OF THEIR EFFECTS. FINALLY, SCREENING STRATEGIES FOR ELS/CT AND TRAUMA NEED TO BE IMPROVED. INFORMATION ABOUT ELS/CT HISTORY AND THE NUMBER OF ADVERSE EXPERIENCES COULD HELP TO BETTER IDENTIFY THE INDIVIDUAL RISK FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, PREDICT INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT RESPONSE AND DESIGN PREVENTION STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ELS/CT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20 5737  49 SMOKING AND HEALTH: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TELOMERE LENGTH AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON HUMAN DISEASE, QUALITY OF LIFE AND LIFE SPAN IN A LARGE POPULATION-BASED COHORT UNDER THE EFFECT OF SMOKING DURATION. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) ARE OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE AS THEY CAUSE DAMAGE TO LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND DNA EITHER ENDOGENOUSLY BY CELLULAR MECHANISM, OR THROUGH EXOGENOUS EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INJURY FACTORS, INCLUDING OXIDATION INSULT FACTORS, SUCH AS TOBACCO SMOKE. CURRENTLY 46.3 MILLION ADULTS (25.7 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION) ARE SMOKERS. THIS INCLUDES 24 MILLION MEN (28.1 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL) AND MORE THAN 22 MILLION WOMEN (23.5 PERCENT). THE PREVALENCE IS HIGHEST AMONG PERSONS 25-44 YEARS OF AGE. CIGARETTE SMOKERS HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING SEVERAL CHRONIC DISORDERS. THESE INCLUDE FATTY BUILDUPS IN ARTERIES, SEVERAL TYPES OF CANCER AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (LUNG PROBLEMS). AS PERIPHERAL LEUKOCYTES HAVE BEEN THE MAIN TARGET OF HUMAN TELOMERE RESEARCH, MOST OF WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT HUMAN TELOMERE DYNAMICS IN VIVO IS BASED ON THESE CELLS. LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IS A COMPLEX TRAIT THAT IS SHAPED BY GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE CONSIDER THAT SMOKING MODIFIES LEUKOCYTE TL IN HUMANS AND CONTRIBUTES TO ITS VARIABILITY AMONG INDIVIDUALS, ALTHOUGH THE SMOKING EFFECT ON TL AND ITS RELATION WITH OTHER METABOLIC INDICES MAY ACCELERATE BIOLOGICAL AGING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMOKING-INDUCED CHRONIC DISEASES IN A LARGE HUMAN POPULATION-BASED COHORTS WITH SMOKING BEHAVIOR. RECENT STUDIES CONFIRMED THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH SHORTER TELOMERES PRESENT A HIGHER PREVALENCE OF ARTERIAL LESIONS AND HIGHER RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MORTALITY. THIS STUDY ORIGINALLY SUGGESTS THAT EFFICIENT THERAPEUTIC PROTECTION OF TL AND STRUCTURE IN RESPONSE TO STRESSES THAT ARE KNOWN TO REDUCE TL, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE DAMAGE OR INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH TOBACCO SMOKING, WOULD LEAD TO BETTER TELOMERE MAINTENANCE. RECENTLY, WE HAVE DISCOVERED THE POTENTIAL USE OF TELOMERE-RESTORATIVE IMIDAZOLE-CONTAINING DIPEPTIDE (NON-HYDROLIZED CARNOSINE, CARCININE) BASED THERAPY FOR BETTER SURVIVAL OF SMOKERS. WE CONCLUDE THAT A BETTER THERAPEUTIC OR NUTRITIONAL MAINTENANCE OF TL MAY CONFER HEALTHY AGING IN SMOKERS AND EXCEPTIONAL LONGEVITY IN REGULARLY ROS-EXPOSED HUMAN SURVIVORS.	2011