1 1137 126 COMPREHENSIVE PHENOTYPING IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: SEARCH FOR BIOMARKER ALGORITHMS IN THE TRANSKINGDOM INTERACTIONS CONTEXT. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH A DYSREGULATED IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE TO THE COMMENSAL MICROBIOTA IN A GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE HOST. IBD INCLUDES ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC) AND CROHN'S DISEASE (CD), BOTH OF WHICH ARE REMARKABLY HETEROGENEOUS IN THEIR CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. THIS TRANSLATES INTO A NOTABLE DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE, ESPECIALLY IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES WHERE IBD IS ON THE RISE AND ACCESS TO DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT IS NOT ALWAYS ACCESSIBLE FOR CHRONIC DISEASES. THE PRESENT WORK CHARACTERIZED, FOR THE FIRST TIME IN OUR REGION, EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS AND GUT MICROBIAL PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH UC AND CD PATIENTS IN THE BUENOS AIRES METROPOLITAN AREA AND REVEALED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NON-IBD CONTROLS AND IBD PATIENTS. GENERAL METABOLIC FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GUT MICROBIOTA, AS WELL AS CORE MICROORGANISMS WITHIN GROUPS, WERE ALSO ANALYZED. ADDITIONALLY, THE GUT MICROBIOTA ANALYSIS WAS INTEGRATED WITH RELEVANT CLINICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS CONSIDERED IN THE FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH IBD, WITH THE AIM OF GENERATING MORE POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS TO DISCRIMINATE PHENOTYPES. OVERALL, OUR STUDY PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO DATA ANALYSIS ALGORITHMS TO PROMOTE COMPREHENSIVE PHENOTYPING TOOLS USING QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS IN A TRANSKINGDOM INTERACTIONS NETWORK CONTEXT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2 4283  35 MICRORNA BIOMARKERS IN IBD-DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND PREDICTION OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) INCLUDES CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC). THESE ARE CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY AFFECTING THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. THE IBD POPULATION INCLUDES A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF PATIENTS WITH VARYING DISEASE COURSES REQUIRING PERSONALIZED TREATMENT PROTOCOLS. THE COMPLEXITY OF THE DISEASE OFTEN DELAYS THE DIAGNOSIS AND THE INITIATION OF APPROPRIATE TREATMENTS. IN A SUBSET OF PATIENTS, IBD LEADS TO COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER (CAC). MICRORNAS ARE SINGLE-STRANDED REGULATORY NONCODING RNAS OF 18 TO 22 NUCLEOTIDES WITH PUTATIVE ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD AND COLORECTAL CANCER. THEY HAVE BEEN EXPLORED AS BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. BOTH TISSUE-DERIVED AND CIRCULATING MICRORNAS HAVE EMERGED AS PROMISING BIOMARKERS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND IN THE PROGNOSIS OF DISEASE SEVERITY OF IBD AS WELL AS PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS IN DRUG RESISTANCE. IN ADDITION, KNOWLEDGE OF THE CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MICRORNAS IS A PREREQUISITE FOR DECIPHERING THE BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF THESE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS AND THE CELLULAR LOCALIZATION MAY EVEN CONTRIBUTE TO AN ALTERNATIVE REPERTOIRE OF BIOMARKERS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS FINDINGS BASED ON RT-QPCR, MICROARRAY PROFILING, NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING AND IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION OF MICRORNA BIOMARKERS IDENTIFIED IN THE CIRCULATION AND IN TISSUE BIOPSIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3 3690  44 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND PATHOGENESIS. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBDS) ARE COMPLEX, MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC RELAPSING INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH ETIOLOGY REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN, RECENT RESEARCH HAS SUGGESTED THAT GENETIC FACTORS, ENVIRONMENT, MICROBIOTA, AND IMMUNE RESPONSE ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR A GENETIC CONTRIBUTION IS DEFINED: 15% OF PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) HAVE AN AFFECTED FAMILY MEMBER WITH IBD, AND TWIN STUDIES FOR CD HAVE SHOWN 50% CONCORDANCE IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS COMPARED TO <10% IN DIZYGOTICS. THE MOST RECENT AND LARGEST GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES, WHICH EMPLOYED GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION DATA FOR OVER 75,000 PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, IDENTIFIED 163 SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI FOR IBD. MORE RECENTLY, A TRANS-ETHNIC ANALYSIS, INCLUDING OVER 20,000 INDIVIDUALS, IDENTIFIED AN ADDITIONAL 38 NEW IBD LOCI. ALTHOUGH MOST CASES ARE CORRELATED WITH POLYGENIC CONTRIBUTION TOWARD GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, THERE IS A SPECTRUM OF RARE GENETIC DISORDERS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO EARLY-ONSET IBD (BEFORE 5 YEARS) OR VERY EARLY ONSET IBD (BEFORE 2 YEARS). GENETIC VARIANTS THAT CAUSE THESE DISORDERS HAVE A WIDE EFFECT ON GENE FUNCTION. THESE VARIANTS ARE SO RARE IN ALLELE FREQUENCY THAT THE GENETIC SIGNALS ARE NOT DETECTED IN GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF PATIENTS WITH IBD. WITH RECENT ADVANCES IN SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES, ~50 GENETIC DISORDERS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND ASSOCIATED WITH IBD-LIKE IMMUNOPATHOLOGY. MONOGENIC DEFECTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO ALTER INTESTINAL IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS THROUGH MANY MECHANISMS. CANDIDATE GENE RESEQUENCING SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT IN EARLY-ONSET PATIENTS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. THE EVIDENCE THAT GENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTE IN SMALL PART TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS CONFIRMS THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICROBIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. EPIGENETIC FACTORS CAN MEDIATE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND GENOME. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS COULD AFFECT DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF IBD. EPIGENOMICS IS AN EMERGING FIELD, AND FUTURE STUDIES COULD PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4 6821  29 [GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS IN IMMUNODEFICIENCIES WITH MONOGENIC ORIGIN]. ALTHOUGH VERY EARLY ONSET INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE THAT DEVELOPS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD (BEFORE THE AGE OF 6 YEARS) HAS A DIFFERENT ETIOLOGY FROM CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS, IT IS ALSO CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. BASICALLY, VERY EARLY ONSET INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS AN IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH MONOGENIC ORIGIN WHERE BOTH GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS AND SYMPTOMS OF IMMUNODEFICIENCIES MAY DEVELOP IN VARIABLE COMBINATIONS. HOWEVER, IN THE FUTURE, THE EVALUATION OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE BACKGROUND OF THE DISEASE WILL PROBABLY BE PERFORMED BY NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY; ONE SHOULD ALSO CONSIDER THAT THE SEQUENCE OF THE DNA STANDS IN CONTINUOUS INTERACTION WITH A WIDE VARIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, AMONG WHICH NUTRITION SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED BY ALL MEANS. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT ARE INDUCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES THAT DEVELOP DURING CHILDHOOD, THEREFORE, THEY SHOULD ALSO BE IDENTIFIED DURING FURTHER RESEARCH. IT HAS A KEY SIGNIFICANCE TO ESTABLISH THE DIAGNOSIS OF VERY EARLY ONSET INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE, BECAUSE THIS COULD GIVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO START THE ADEQUATE TREATMENT WHICH IS BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN THE CASE OF MONOGENIC IMMUNODEFICIENCIES. ORV HETIL. 2018; 159(49): 2050-2056.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5 3541  41 IMMUNOEPIGENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: CURRENT INSIGHTS INTO NOVEL EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS OF THE SYSTEMIC IMMUNE RESPONSE. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN VARIOUS DISEASES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), THROUGH THEIR EFFECT ON GENETICS, WHICH MODULATES IMMUNE CELLS. IBD ENCOMPASSES TWO MAIN PHENOTYPES, CROHN'S DISEASE, AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS, WHICH ARE MANIFESTED AS CHRONIC AND SYSTEMIC RELAPSE-REMITTING GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS WITH RISING GLOBAL INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBD IS COMPLEX AND NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. EPIGENETIC RESEARCH HAS RESULTED IN VALUABLE INFORMATION FOR UNRAVELING THE ETIOLOGY OF THIS IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASE. THUS, THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT FINDINGS ON THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN IBD TO SHED LIGHT ON THEIR POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE LATEST EVIDENCE REGARDING PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATION, DNA METHYLATION, AND TELOMERE SHORTENING IN IBD. THE VARIOUS IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC DNA PROFILES WITH CLINICAL VALUE IN IBD COULD BE USED AS BIOMARKERS FOR MORE ACCURATELY PREDICTING DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, TREATMENT RESPONSE, AND THERAPY-RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS. ULTIMATELY, THE INFORMATION PRESENTED HERE COULD BE OF POTENTIAL RELEVANCE FOR FUTURE CLINICAL PRACTICE IN DEVELOPING MORE EFFICIENT AND PRECISE MEDICINE TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR PATIENTS WITH IBD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6 3016  29 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF IBD. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHRONIC INTERMITTENT INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY BUT A CLEAR GENETIC PREDISPOSITION. PROMPTED BY THE FIRST INVESTIGATIONS ON IBD FAMILIES AND TWINS, THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES HAVE PRODUCED AN UNPRECEDENTED AMOUNT OF INFORMATION IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER IMMUNE-MEDIATED OR COMPLEX DISEASES. NEW INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION HAVE BEEN DISCLOSED, POTENTIALLY LEADING TO NEW-TARGETED THERAPY. HOWEVER, THE IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC MARKERS DUE TO THE GREAT DISEASE HETEROGENEITY AND THE OVERWHELMING CONTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS HAS NOT MODIFIED YET THE DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THE POSSIBILITY FOR THE FUTURE OF A BETTER PREDICTION OF DISEASE COURSE, RESPONSE TO THERAPY AND THERAPY-RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS MAY ALLOW A MORE EFFICIENT AND PERSONALIZED STRATEGY. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON MORE RECENT DISCOVERIES THAT MAY POTENTIALLY BE OF RELEVANCE IN DAILY CLINICAL PRACTICE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7 5783  30 SPONTANEOUS AND TRANSGENIC RODENT MODELS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER WITH MANY DIFFERENT PUTATIVE INFLUENCES MEDIATING DISEASE ONSET, SEVERITY, PROGRESSION AND DIMINUTION. SPONTANEOUS NATURAL IBD IS CLASSICALLY EXPRESSED AS CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC) COMMONLY FOUND IN PRIMATES; LYMPHOPLASMOCYTIC ENTERITIS, EOSINOPHILIC GASTRITIS AND COLITIS, AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS WITH NEURONAL HYPERPLASIA IN DOGS; AND COLITIS IN HORSES. SPONTANEOUS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE HAS BEEN NOTED IN A NUMBER OF RODENT MODELS WHICH DIFFER IN GENETIC STRAIN BACKGROUND, INDUCED MUTATION, MICROBIOTA INFLUENCES AND IMMUNOPATHOGENIC PATHWAYS. HISTOLOGICAL LESIONS IN CROHN'S DISEASE FEATURE NONCASEATING GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION WHILE UC LESIONS TYPICALLY EXHIBIT ULCERATION, LAMINA PROPRIA INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATES AND LACK OF GRANULOMA DEVELOPMENT. INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY CD AND UC IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED INCIDENCE OF INTESTINAL NEOPLASIA. TRANSGENIC MURINE MODELS HAVE DETERMINED UNDERLYING ETIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES AND APPROPRIATE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN IBD. THIS LITERATURE REVIEW WILL DISCUSS CURRENT OPINION AND FINDINGS IN SPONTANEOUS IBD, HIGHLIGHT SELECTED TRANSGENIC RODENT MODELS OF IBD AND DISCUSS THEIR RESPECTIVE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO PROVIDE ACCOMMODATION OF INDUCED PUTATIVE DEFICITS IN ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING AND TO ASSESS DISCOMFORT AND PAIN LEVELS IN THE FACE OF SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND/OR MORTALITY IN THESE MODELS. EPIGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL (MICROBIOME, METABOLOME) AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS ARE IMPORTANT IN IBD PATHOGENESIS, AND EVALUATING WAYS IN WHICH THEY INFLUENCE DISEASE EXPRESSION REPRESENT POTENTIAL INVESTIGATIVE APPROACHES WITH THE GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR NEW DISCOVERIES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8 4692  54 NEWS FROM THE "5TH INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES" CAPRI 2010. AT THE "5TH INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES SELECTED TOPICS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), INCLUDING THE ENVIRONMENT, GENETICS, THE GUT FLORA, THE CELL RESPONSE AND IMMUNOMODULATION WERE DISCUSSED IN ORDER TO BETTER UNDERSTAND SPECIFIC CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS. THE INCIDENCE OF IBD CONTINUES TO RISE, BOTH IN LOW AND IN HIGH-INCIDENCE AREAS. IT IS BELIEVED THAT FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH 'WESTERNIZATION' MAY BE CONDITIONING THE EXPRESSION OF THESE DISORDERS. THE INCREASED INCIDENCE OF IBD AMONG MIGRANTS FROM LOW-INCIDENCE TO HIGH-INCIDENCE AREAS WITHIN THE SAME GENERATION SUGGESTS A STRONG ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION SCANNING (GWAS) TECHNOLOGIES HAS LEAD TO THE DISCOVERY OF MORE THAN 100 IBD LOCI. SOME, AS THE TH 17 PATHWAY GENES, ARE SHARED BETWEEN CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC), WHILE OTHER ARE IBD SUBTYPE-SPECIFIC (AUTOPHAGY GENES, EPITHELIAL BARRIER GENES). DISEASE-SPECIFIC THERAPIES TARGETING THESE PATHWAYS SHOULD BE DEVELOPED. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ALSO APPEARS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD. THE IMPORTANCE OF GUT FLORA IN INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS AND INFLAMMATION WAS REINFORCED, THE CONCEPTS OF EUBIOSIS AND DYSBIOSIS WERE INTRODUCED, AND SOME STRATEGIES FOR REVERTING DYSBIOSIS TO A HOMEOSTATIC STATE OF EUBIOSIS WERE PROPOSED. THE CURRENT STATUS OF STUDIES ON THE HUMAN GUT MICROBIOTA METAGENOME, METAPROTOME, AND METABOLOME WAS ALSO PRESENTED. THE CELL RESPONSE IN INFLAMMATION, INCLUDING ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS RESPONSES, AUTOPHAGY AND INFLAMMASOME-DEPENDENT EVENTS WERE RELATED TO IBD PATHOGENESIS. IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED ER STRESS RESPONSES MAY BE A COMMON TRAIT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS CHRONIC IMMUNE AND METABOLIC DISEASES. HOW INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY SIGNALING EVENTS CAN PERPETUATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WAS DISCUSSED EXTENSIVELY. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS PROVIDE INTRACELLULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH CELLS RESPOND AND ADAPT TO MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THESE SIGNALS HAS LED TO A GREATER MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF IBD PATHOGENESIS AND POINTED TO POTENTIALLY NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL TRIALS AND OF RISK-BENEFIT OF BIOLOGICAL THERAPY WAS PRESENTED. THE PROBLEM OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) AND LYMPHOMA IN IBD WAS EXTENSIVELY DISCUSSED. LYMPHOMAS CAN DEVELOP IN INTESTINAL SEGMENTS AFFECTED BY IBD AND ARE IN MOST CASES ASSOCIATED WITH EBV. THE REASONS OF TREATMENT FAILURE WERE ALSO ANALYZED BOTH FROM BASIC AND CLINICAL POINTS OF VIEW. TWO VERY INTERESTING PRESENTATIONS ON THE INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH AND CLINICAL CARE IN THE NEAR FUTURE CLOSED THE MEETING. THESE PRESENTATIONS WERE FOCUSED ON MACROTRENDS AFFECTING HEALTHCARE DELIVERY AND RESEARCH, AND THE NEED TO INNOVATE TRADITIONAL INFRASTRUCTURES TO DEAL WITH THESE CHANGING TRENDS AS WELL AS NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO ACCELERATE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.	2010	

9 3029  30 GENETICS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES: A COMPARISON BETWEEN WESTERN AND EASTERN PERSPECTIVES. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING INTESTINAL INFLAMMATORY DISORDER WITH UNIDENTIFIED CAUSES. CURRENTLY, STUDIES INDICATE THAT IBD RESULTS FROM A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN VARIOUS GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT PRODUCE INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THESE FACTORS MAY DIFFER FOR ASIANS AND CAUCASIANS. THUS, DIFFERENCES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY, GENETIC VARIANTS, AND CLINICAL PHENOTYPES OF IBD HAVE BEEN OBSERVED BETWEEN THE TWO POPULATIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN DATA FROM POPULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT GENETIC BACKGROUNDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY REVEAL FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF IBD PATHOGENESIS. ACCORDINGLY, THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF IBD GENETICS STUDIED IN ASIAN COUNTRIES AND COMPARE IT WITH THAT FROM WESTERN COUNTRIES, WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON INNATE BACTERIAL SENSING, AUTOPHAGY, AND THE INTERLEUKIN-23 RECEPTOR-T HELPER CELL 17 PATHWAY. THE EPIGENETIC NATURE OF IBD PATHOGENESIS AS WELL AS THE PHARMACOGENETICS RELATED TO THE USE OF IMMUNOMODULATORS WILL ALSO BE BRIEFLY COVERED.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10 3681  36 INFLAMMATION, DNA METHYLATION AND COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER. INFLAMMATION CAN RESULT FROM A RANGE OF SOURCES INCLUDING MICROBIAL INFECTIONS, EXPOSURE TO ALLERGENS AND TOXIC CHEMICALS, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AND OBESITY. A WELL-BALANCED IMMUNE RESPONSE CAN BE ANTI-TUMORIGENIC; HOWEVER, A SUSTAINED OR CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IS GENERALLY HARMFUL AS THE IMMUNE RESPONSE BECOMES DISTORTED. A CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND CANCER IS NOW WELL ACCEPTED AND MANY CHRONICALLY INFLAMED ORGANS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT SHOW THIS ASSOCIATION. FOR EXAMPLE, PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), INCLUDING BOTH ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN'S DISEASE, HAVE A 2- TO 3-FOLD GREATER LIFETIME RISK OF DEVELOPING COLORECTAL CANCER COMPARED WITH THE GENERAL POPULATION. THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER (CAC) IS THOUGHT TO BE MULTIFACETED AND IS PROBABLY DUE TO A COMBINATION OF GENETIC FACTORS, EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND THE DURATION, EXTENT AND SEVERITY OF DISEASE. RECENTLY, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, HAVE BEEN OBSERVED DURING INFLAMMATION AND INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS. THE MEDIATORS OF THIS, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND THE EFFECT THIS HAS ON GENE EXPRESSION AND THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF THE EPITHELIAL CELLS DURING IBD AND CAC ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW. THE RECENT ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGIES TO STUDY GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF UNDERSTANDING THESE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ARE ALSO HIGHLIGHTED.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11 2952  20 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ETIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: AN UPDATE. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC DISEASE WITH PERIODS OF EXACERBATION AND REMISSION OF THE DISEASE. THE ETIOLOGY OF IBD IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. MANY STUDIES POINT TO THE PRESENCE OF GENETIC, IMMUNOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THEM IN THE OCCURRENCE OF IBD. THE REVIEW LOOKS AT GENETIC FACTORS IN THE CONTEXT OF BOTH IBD PREDISPOSITION AND PHARMACOGENETICS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12 3017  34 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. THE RELEVANCE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD. SO FAR, 240 RISK GENE LOCI HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH IBD. THEY ARE MAINLY INVOLVED IN REGULATING INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AS WELL AS MAINTAINING INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION. HOWEVER, THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE IDENTIFIED GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS FOR IBD PATHOGENESIS IN VIVO ARE OFTEN UNKNOWN. EVEN LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN IBD PATHOGENESIS. THOUGH A NUMBER OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS SEEM TO BE CAUSATIVELY INVOLVED IBD PATHOGENESIS, OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF THOSE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IS SCANTY. THIS OPENS UP A BROAD RESEARCH FIELD THAT GENERATES NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE. PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT SERVE NOT ONLY AS BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE ACTIVITY OR DISEASE COURSE, BUT ALSO AS NEW TARGETS IN THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS IN IBD PATIENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13 2027  32 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE DIAGNOSED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES HAS INCREASED NOTEWORTHY IN THE LAST 40 YEARS. SPONDYLOARTHRITIS (SPA), INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD), AND PSORIASIS ARE THE MOST FREQUENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, RESULTING FROM A COMBINATION OF GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND SMALL AND LONG NONCODING RNAS. THEY ARE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE, LIFE-STYLE, AND AGING AND HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO BE ALTERED IN MANY COMPLEX DISEASES INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. WHILE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN WELL CHARACTERIZED IN OTHER DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, KNOWLEDGE ON CHANGES IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES IS LAGGING BEHIND WITH SOME DISEASE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES. WHILE THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES IN PATIENTS WITH IBD HAS BEEN RELATIVELY WELL DESCRIBED, LESS IS KNOWN ON CHANGES IMPLICATED IN PSORIASIS, AND NO SYSTEMATIC GENOME-WIDE STUDIES HAVE SO FAR BEEN PERFORMED IN SPA. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE REVIEW IN DETAIL THE REPORTED CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES HIGHLIGHTING POTENTIAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN DISEASE-ASSOCIATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES SUCH AS THE DYSBIOSIS OF THE MICROBIOME OR GENETIC VARIATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND THE EPIGENOME. WE ALSO DISCUSS IMPORTANT PARAMETERS OF MEANINGFUL EPIGENETIC STUDIES SUCH AS THE USE OF WELL DEFINED, DISEASE-RELEVANT CELL POPULATIONS, AND ELUDE ON THE POTENTIAL FUTURE OF ENGINEERING OF THE EPIGENOME IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14 4670  34 NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE COLONIC MUCOSA. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, GENETICS, INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ARE ALL INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBD. LATELY, ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MARKERS, AND NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION GREATLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENTIRE DISEASE. EPIGENETICS REGULATES MANY FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS MAINTAINING THE HOMEOSTASIS OF THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM AND REGULATING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE IMMUNE CELLS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE SYSTEMATICALLY SUMMARIZED THE LATEST ADVANCES IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF IBD AND HOW EPIGENETICS REVEALS NEW MECHANISMS OF IBD. OUR PRESENT REVIEW PROVIDED NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBD. MOREOVER, EXPLORING THE PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION THROUGH EPIGENETICS CAN NOT ONLY BE USED AS BIOMARKERS OF IBD BUT ALSO AS A NEW TARGET FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN IBD PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 1522  36 DNA METHYLATION CHANGE PROFILING OF COLORECTAL DISEASE: SCREENING TOWARDS CLINICAL USE. COLON CANCER REMAINS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS WORLDWIDE. TRANSFORMATION OF COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS INTO INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMAS HAS BEEN WELL KNOWN TO BE DUE TO THE ACCUMULATION OF MULTIPLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. IN THE PAST DECADE, THE ETIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA, WAS ONLY PARTIALLY EXPLAINED BY GENETIC STUDIES PROVIDING SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI, BUT RECENTLY EPIGENETIC STUDIES HAVE PROVIDED CRITICAL EVIDENCES AFFECTING IBD PATHOGENESIS. OVER THE PAST DECADE, A DEEP UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETICS ALONG WITH TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE LED TO IDENTIFYING NUMEROUS GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN COLORECTAL DISEASES. RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN COLORECTAL DISEASES COULD IMPROVE A MULTITUDE OF POWERFUL DNA METHYLATION-BASED BIOMARKERS, PARTICULARLY FOR USE AS DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND PREDICTION FOR THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE EMERGING POTENTIAL FOR TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS INTO CLINICAL UTILITY AS MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS. MOREOVER, THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES RECENT PROGRESS REGARDING THE IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWN HYPERMETHYLATED GENES IN COLON CANCERS AND IBD, AS WELL AS THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, WHICH WILL HAVE IMPORTANT CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, PARTICULARLY IN THE ERA OF THE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16 5905  31 TACKLING THE HETEROGENEITY OF CVID. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY IS CLINICALLY THE MOST RELEVANT PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY OF THE ADULT. ITS HETEROGENEITY HAS HINDERED PROGRESS IN THE PATHOGENETIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE MAJORITY OF COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY PATIENTS. THIS ABSTRACT SUMMARIZES RECENT ASPECTS OF THE FIELD AND EMPHASIZES THE NEED FOR A COMMONLY ACCEPTED APPROACH TO CLASSIFY COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY. RECENT FINDINGS: IN THE LAST 2 YEARS, THE FIRST GENETIC DEFECTS UNDERLYING COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY, INCLUDING ICOS, TACI, BAFF-R AND CD19, HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED. THE ANALYSIS OF DENDRITIC CELLS DEMONSTRATED ALTERATIONS IN A MAJORITY OF PATIENTS IN ADDITION TO THE DISTURBED T AND B-CELL FUNCTION. SEVERAL CHANGES OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM MIGHT BE SECONDARY TO AN UNDERLYING CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SETTING POSSIBLY DUE TO A HHV8 INFECTION IN A SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS WITH GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, AUTOIMMUNE PHENOMENA AND T-CELL DYSFUNCTION. THE OCCURRENCE OF GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WORSE PROGNOSIS COMPARED WITH COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY PATIENTS WITHOUT GRANULOMA. SUMMARY: THE PATHOGENESIS OF COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY INCLUDES DISTURBANCES OF THE ADAPTIVE AS WELL AS INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM. IDENTIFIED MONOGENIC DEFECTS ACCOUNT FOR ABOUT 10% OF CASES, LEAVING THE MAJORITY OF DEFECTS UNDEFINED AND CERTAINLY IN PART EPIGENETIC. TO COMBINE THE KNOWN ASPECTS OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY TO A CONCLUSIVE PICTURE, THE CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGIC PHENOTYPING OF PATIENTS NEEDS TO BE STANDARDIZED.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17 1935  32 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS IN PSORIASIS. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: PSORIASIS ISA QUITE COMMON, CHRONIC AND IMMUNE-MEDIATED SKIN DISORDER. THE PREVALENCE OF PSORIASIS DIFFERS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES, BUT IT IS SAID TO AFFECT 2% OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION IN GENERAL. PSORIASIS HAS MANY DIFFERENT CLINICAL FEATURES BUT ALL LESIONS HAVE THE SAME CHARACTERISTIC: ERYTHEMA, THICKENING AND SCALE, ALTHOUGH OTHER CLINICAL FEATURES ARE ALSO CONNECTED, SUCH AS PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS, OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. ALL OF THESE MAY LEAD TO CONDITIONS IMPAIRING THE QUALITY OF LIFE. THIS REVIEW IS AN ATTEMPT TO SUMMARIZE RECENT DATA REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, TOGETHER WITH EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND PROCESSES PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PSORIASIS. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: MANY DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PLAY A ROLE IN GENETICALLY PREDISPOSED PATIENTS. THIS IS CAUSES EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS WHICH MAY BE A LINKING PART IN THE WHOLE PROCESS. MANY STUDIES HAVE INDICATED A CONNECTION BETWEEN PSORIASIS AND VARIOUS GENES AND ANTIGENS. THE PRESENCE OF HLA-CW6 IS COMMON AS WELL A STRONG LINK BETWEEN ITS PRESENCE AND THE ONSET OF PSORIASIS BEING OBSERVED. THE MAIN ALTERNATIONS ARE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE'S MODIFICATIONS AND THE ROLE OF MICRORNA. EXCESSIVE REACTION IS USUALLY NOT PRESENT WITHOUT A TRIGGERING FACTOR. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE MOSTLY RATED, SUCH AS DRUGS, LIFE STYLE AND HABITS (SMOKING, ALCOHOL), DIET, PHYSICAL TRAUMA (SKIN INJURY PROVOKING KOEBNER PHENOMENON), STRESS, MICROORGANISM AND INFECTIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, TOGETHER WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS STILL REQUIRE MORE INVESTIGATION. EDUCATION ABOUT DIET HABITS, NUTRITION, WEIGHT LOSS AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLE SEEMS TO BE IMPORTANT DURING THE TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 2875  27 FUNCTIONAL ROLE AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF MICRORNAS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES, PRIMARILY CONSISTING OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN'S DISEASE. THE COMPLEX NATURE OF THE DISEASE, AS WELL AS THE LIMITED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS CHARACTERIZED BY LOW EFFICIENCY AND MAJOR SIDE EFFECTS, HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING NOVEL STRATEGIES OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN IBD. SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI RELATED TO IBD ARE PRESENT ONLY IN A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF IBD PATIENTS, IMPLYING THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS COULD INFLUENCE THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ARE SMALL NONCODING RNAS THAT REGULATE MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN IBD PATHOBIOLOGY. MIRNA INHIBITORS TARGETING THE IBD-ACTIVATED MIRNAS COULD HAVE THERAPEUTIC VALUE FOR IBD PATIENTS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE RECENT ADVANCES IN MIRNA BIOLOGY RELATED TO IBD PATHOGENESIS AND THE PHARMACOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MIRNA-BASED THERAPEUTICS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19 3692  33 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES: THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHRONIC MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASES CHARACTERIZED BY PARTIALLY UNCLEAR PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS INCLUDING CHANGES IN INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA. DESPITE THE MICROBIOTA, ALTERATION IS WELL ESTABLISHED IN IBD PATIENTS, AS REPORTED BY 16RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS, AN IMPORTANT GOAL IS TO DEFINE IF IT IS JUST A CONSEQUENCE OF THE DISEASE PROGRESSION OR A TRIGGER FACTOR OF THE DISEASE ITSELF. TO DATE, GUT MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND GUT MICROBIOTA-RELATED METABOLITES SEEM TO AFFECT THE HOST HEALTHY STATE BOTH BY MODULATING METABOLIC PATHWAYS OR ACTING ON THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THROUGH EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. BECAUSE OF THIS, IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR IBD PATIENTS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE BOTH THE MOST RECENT ACQUISITIONS IN THE FIELD OF GUT MICROBIOTA AND ITS INVOLVEMENT IN INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION TOGETHER WITH THE AVAILABLE STRATEGIES FOR THE MODULATION OF MICROBIOTA, SUCH AS PREBIOTICS AND/OR PROBIOTICS ADMINISTRATION OR FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 5528  28 RNA MODIFICATION IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY DAMAGE TO THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA, WHICH IS CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF FACTORS. THESE INCLUDE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE, MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS, AND IMMUNE CONDITIONS. SOME POPULATIONS WITH IBD SHOW A CANCER-PRONE PHENOTYPE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO THE INVOLVEMENT OF RNA MODIFICATIONS IN THE SPECIFIC PATHOGENESIS OF IBD THROUGH REGULATION OF RNA BIOLOGY IN EPITHELIAL AND IMMUNE CELLS. STUDIES OF SEVERAL RNA MODIFICATION-TARGETING REAGENTS HAVE SHOWN PREFERABLE OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH COLITIS. HERE, WE NOTE A NEW AWARENESS OF RNA MODIFICATION IN THE TARGETING OF IBD AND RELATED DISEASES, WHICH WILL CONTRIBUTE TO EARLY DIAGNOSIS, DISEASE MONITORING, AND POSSIBLE CONTROL BY INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2022