1 1124 38 COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE OF MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS STRAIN CCRI-195ME, ISOLATED FROM THE MIDDLE EAR. MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS IS AN IMPORTANT BACTERIAL PATHOGEN THAT CAUSES OTITIS MEDIA AND EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. HERE, WE REPORT THE COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE OF M. CATARRHALIS STRAIN CCRI-195ME, WHICH CONTAINS THE PHASE-VARIABLE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR MODM3.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2 4395 29 MODM DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE METHYLOME ANALYSIS REVEALS A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS PHASEVARIONS IN OTITIS MEDIA. MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS IS A SIGNIFICANT CAUSE OF OTITIS MEDIA AND EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. HERE, WE CHARACTERIZE A PHASE-VARIABLE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (MODM), WHICH CONTAINS 5'-CAAC-3' REPEATS IN ITS OPEN READING FRAME THAT MEDIATE HIGH-FREQUENCY MUTATION RESULTING IN REVERSIBLE ON/OFF SWITCHING OF MODM EXPRESSION. THREE MODM ALLELES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED (MODM1-3), WITH MODM2 BEING THE MOST COMMONLY FOUND ALLELE. USING SINGLE-MOLECULE, REAL-TIME (SMRT) GENOME SEQUENCING AND METHYLOME ANALYSIS, WE HAVE DETERMINED THAT THE MODM2 METHYLATION TARGET IS 5'-GAR(M6)AC-3', AND 100% OF THESE SITES ARE METHYLATED IN THE GENOME OF THE M. CATARRHALIS 25239 MODM2 ON STRAIN. PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF MODM2 ON AND OFF VARIANTS REVEALED THAT MODM2 REGULATES EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE GENES THAT HAVE POTENTIAL ROLES IN COLONIZATION, INFECTION, AND PROTECTION AGAINST HOST DEFENSES. INVESTIGATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MODM ALLELES IN A PANEL OF M. CATARRHALIS STRAINS, ISOLATED FROM THE NASOPHARYNX OF HEALTHY CHILDREN OR MIDDLE EAR EFFUSIONS FROM PATIENTS WITH OTITIS MEDIA, REVEALED A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION OF MODM3 WITH OTITIS MEDIA ISOLATES. THE MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION VIA THE MODM PHASE-VARIABLE REGULON (PHASEVARION), AND THE SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION OF THE MODM3 ALLELE WITH OTITIS MEDIA, SUGGESTS A KEY ROLE FOR MODM PHASEVARIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS ORGANISM.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3 6261 31 THE MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS PHASE-VARIABLE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE MODM3 IS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT AFFECTS BACTERIAL SURVIVAL IN AN IN VIVO MODEL OF OTITIS MEDIA. BACKGROUND: MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS IS A LEADING CAUSE OF OTITIS MEDIA (OM) AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). M. CATARRHALIS CONTAINS A TYPE III DNA ADENINE METHYLTRANSFERASE (MODM) THAT IS PHASE-VARIABLY EXPRESSED (I.E., ITS EXPRESSION IS SUBJECT TO RANDOM, REVERSIBLE ON/OFF SWITCHING). MODM HAS SIX TARGET RECOGNITION DOMAIN ALLELES (MODM1-6), AND WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT MODM2 IS THE PREDOMINANT ALLELE, WHILE MODM3 IS ASSOCIATED WITH OM. PHASE-VARIABLE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES MEDIATE EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND MODULATE PATHOGENESIS IN SEVERAL BACTERIA. MODM2 OF M. CATARRHALIS REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF A PHASEVARION CONTAINING GENES IMPORTANT FOR COLONIZATION AND INFECTION. HERE WE DESCRIBE THE PHASE-VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF MODM3, THE MODM3 METHYLATION SITE AND THE SUITE OF GENES REGULATED WITHIN THE MODM3 PHASEVARION. RESULTS: PHASE-VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF MODM3, MEDIATED BY VARIATION IN LENGTH OF A 5'-(CAAC)(N)-3' TETRANUCLEOTIDE REPEAT TRACT IN THE OPEN READING FRAME WAS DEMONSTRATED IN M. CATARRHALIS STRAIN CCRI-195ME WITH GENESCAN FRAGMENT LENGTH ANALYSIS AND WESTERN IMMUNOBLOT. WE DETERMINED THAT MODM3 IS AN ACTIVE N6-ADENINE METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT METHYLATES THE SEQUENCE 5'-AC(M6)ATC-3'. METHYLATION WAS DETECTED AT ALL 4446 5'-ACATC-3' SITES IN THE GENOME WHEN MODM3 IS EXPRESSED. RNASEQ ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED 31 GENES THAT ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN MODM3 ON AND OFF VARIANTS, INCLUDING FIVE GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS, WITH POTENTIAL ROLES IN BIOFILM FORMATION AND SURVIVAL IN ANAEROBIC ENVIRONMENTS. AN IN VIVO CHINCHILLA (CHINCHILLA LANIGERA) MODEL OF OTITIS MEDIA DEMONSTRATED THAT TRANSBULLAR CHALLENGE WITH THE MODM3 OFF VARIANT RESULTED IN AN INCREASED MIDDLE EAR BACTERIAL LOAD COMPARED TO A MODM3 ON VARIANT. IN ADDITION, CO-INFECTION EXPERIMENTS WITH NTHI AND M. CATARRHALIS MODM3 ON OR MODM3 OFF VARIANTS REVEALED THAT PHASE VARIATION OF MODM3 ALTERED SURVIVAL OF NTHI IN THE MIDDLE EAR DURING EARLY AND LATE STAGE INFECTION. CONCLUSIONS: PHASE VARIATION OF MODM3 EPIGENETICALLY REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF A PHASEVARION CONTAINING MULTIPLE GENES THAT ARE POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT IN THE PROGRESSION OF OTITIS MEDIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4 4494 28 MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS RESTRICTION-MODIFICATION SYSTEMS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PHYLOGENETIC LINEAGE AND DISEASE. MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS IS A HUMAN-ADAPTED PATHOGEN, AND A MAJOR CAUSE OF OTITIS MEDIA (OM) AND EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. THE SPECIES IS COMPRISED OF TWO MAIN PHYLOGENETIC LINEAGES, RB1 AND RB2/3. RESTRICTION-MODIFICATION (R-M) SYSTEMS ARE AMONG THE FEW LINEAGE-ASSOCIATED GENES IDENTIFIED IN OTHER BACTERIAL GENERA AND HAVE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS INCLUDING DEFENSE AGAINST FOREIGN INVADING DNA, MAINTENANCE OF SPECIATION, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. HERE, WE DEFINE THE REPERTOIRE OF R-M SYSTEMS IN 51 PUBLICLY AVAILABLE M. CATARRHALIS GENOMES AND REPORT THEIR DISTRIBUTION AMONG M. CATARRHALIS PHYLOGENETIC LINEAGES. AN ASSOCIATION WITH PHYLOGENETIC LINEAGE (RB1 OR RB2/3) WAS OBSERVED FOR SIX R-M SYSTEMS, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE LINEAGES BY RESTRICTING DNA TRANSFORMATION. IN ADDITION, WE OBSERVED A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE TYPE I R-M SYSTEM AND A TYPE III R-M SYSTEM AT A SINGLE LOCUS CONSERVED THROUGHOUT A GEOGRAPHICALLY AND CLINICALLY DIVERSE SET OF M. CATARRHALIS ISOLATES. THE TYPE III R-M SYSTEM AT THIS LOCUS CONTAINS THE PHASE-VARIABLE TYPE III DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE, MODM, WHICH CONTROLS A PHASEVARION (PHASE-VARIABLE REGULON). WE OBSERVED AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MODM PRESENCE AND OM-ASSOCIATED MIDDLE EAR ISOLATES, INDICATING A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR MODM-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN OM PATHOBIOLOGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 4718 24 NON-TYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE ISOLATES FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE CONTAIN NEW PHASE-VARIABLE MODA METHYLTRANSFERASE ALLELES CONTROLLING PHASEVARIONS. PHASEVARIONS (PHASE-VARIABLE REGULONS) ARE EMERGING AS AN IMPORTANT AREA OF BACTERIAL GENE REGULATION. MANY BACTERIAL PATHOGENS CONTAIN PHASEVARIONS, WITH GENE EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY THE PHASE-VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. NON-TYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE (NTHI) CONTAINS THE PHASE-VARIABLE METHYLTRANSFERASE MODA, OF WHICH MULTIPLE ALLELIC VARIANTS EXIST (MODA1-21). WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED 5 OF 21 THESE MODA ALLELES ARE OVERREPRESENTED IN NTHI STRAINS ISOLATED FROM CHILDREN WITH MIDDLE EAR INFECTIONS. IN THIS STUDY WE INVESTIGATED THE MODA ALLELE DISTRIBUTION IN NTHI STRAINS ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, COPD. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT THE DISTRIBUTION OF MODA ALLELES IN A LARGE PANEL OF COPD ISOLATES IS DIFFERENT TO THE DISTRIBUTION SEEN IN MIDDLE EAR INFECTIONS, SUGGESTING DIFFERENT MODA ALLELES MAY PROVIDE DISTINCT ADVANTAGES IN THE DIFFERING NICHES OF THE MIDDLE EAR AND COPD AIRWAYS. WE ALSO IDENTIFIED TWO NEW PHASE-VARIABLE MODA ALLELES - MODA15 AND MODA18 - AND DEMONSTRATE THAT THESE ALLELES METHYLATE DISTINCT DNA SEQUENCES AND CONTROL UNIQUE PHASEVARIONS. THE MODA15 AND MODA18 ALLELES HAVE ONLY BEEN OBSERVED IN COPD ISOLATES, INDICATING THAT THESE TWO ALLELES MAY BE MARKERS FOR ISOLATES LIKELY TO CAUSE EXACERBATIONS OF COPD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6 1080 29 CLOSED COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCES OF TWO NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE STRAINS CONTAINING NOVEL MODA ALLELES FROM THE SPUTUM OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE (NTHI) IS AN IMPORTANT BACTERIAL PATHOGEN THAT CAUSES OTITIS MEDIA AND EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). HERE, WE REPORT THE COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCES OF NTHI STRAINS 10P129H1 AND 84P36H1, ISOLATED FROM COPD PATIENTS, WHICH CONTAIN THE PHASE-VARIABLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORS MODA15 AND MODA18, RESPECTIVELY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7 2273 21 EPIGENETIC REGULATION ALTERS BIOFILM ARCHITECTURE AND COMPOSITION IN MULTIPLE CLINICAL ISOLATES OF NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE. BIOFILMS PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE COLONIZATION, PERSISTENCE, AND PATHOGENESIS OF MANY HUMAN PATHOGENS. MULTIPLE MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED PATHOGENS HAVE EVOLVED A MECHANISM OF RAPID ADAPTATION, TERMED THE PHASEVARION, WHICH FACILITATES A COORDINATED REGULATION OF NUMEROUS GENES THROUGHOUT THE BACTERIAL GENOME. THIS EPIGENETIC REGULATION OCCURS VIA PHASE VARIATION OF A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE, MOD. THE PHASEVARION OF NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE (NTHI) SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTS THE SEVERITY OF EXPERIMENTAL OTITIS MEDIA AND REGULATES SEVERAL DISEASE-RELATED PROCESSES. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF THE NTHI PHASEVARION IN BIOFILM FORMATION IS UNCLEAR. THE PRESENT STUDY SHOWS THAT THE PHASEVARIONS OF MULTIPLE NTHI CLINICAL ISOLATES REGULATE IN VITRO BIOFILM FORMATION UNDER DISEASE-SPECIFIC MICROENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. THE IMPACT OF PHASEVARION REGULATION WAS GREATEST UNDER ALKALINE CONDITIONS THAT MIMIC THOSE KNOWN TO OCCUR IN THE MIDDLE EAR DURING DISEASE. UNDER ALKALINE CONDITIONS, NTHI STRAINS THAT EXPRESS THE MODA2 METHYLTRANSFERASE FORMED BIOFILMS WITH SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER BIOMASS AND LESS DISTINCT ARCHITECTURE THAN THOSE FORMED BY A MODA2-DEFICIENT POPULATION. THE BIOFILMS FORMED BY NTHI STRAINS THAT EXPRESS MODA2 ALSO CONTAINED LESS EXTRACELLULAR DNA (EDNA) AND SIGNIFICANTLY LESS EXTRACELLULAR HU, A DNABII DNA-BINDING PROTEIN CRITICAL FOR BIOFILM STRUCTURAL STABILITY. STABLE BIOFILM STRUCTURE IS CRITICAL FOR BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS AND PERSISTENCE IN MULTIPLE EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF DISEASE. THESE RESULTS IDENTIFY A ROLE FOR THE PHASEVARION IN REGULATION OF BIOFILM FORMATION, A PROCESS INTEGRAL TO THE CHRONIC NATURE OF MANY INFECTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF THE PHASEVARION IN BIOFILM FORMATION IS CRITICAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR THESE CHRONIC DISEASES.IMPORTANCE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS ARE THE NUMBER ONE REASON FOR A CHILD TO VISIT THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT, AND OTITIS MEDIA (MIDDLE EAR INFECTION) RANKS THIRD OVERALL. BIOFILMS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE CHRONIC NATURE OF BACTERIAL RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, INCLUDING OTITIS MEDIA, AND MAKE THESE DISEASES PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT TO TREAT. SEVERAL MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED HUMAN PATHOGENS UTILIZE A MECHANISM OF RAPID ADAPTATION TERMED THE PHASEVARION, OR PHASEVARIABLE REGULON, TO RESIST ENVIRONMENTAL AND HOST IMMUNE PRESSURES. IN THIS STUDY, WE ASSESSED THE ROLE OF THE PHASEVARION IN REGULATION OF BIOFILM FORMATION BY NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE (NTHI), WHICH CAUSES NUMEROUS RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES. WE FOUND THAT THE NTHI PHASEVARION REGULATES BIOFILM STRUCTURE AND CRITICAL BIOFILM MATRIX COMPONENTS UNDER DISEASE-SPECIFIC CONDITIONS. THE FINDINGS OF THIS WORK COULD BE SIGNIFICANT IN THE DESIGN OF IMPROVED STRATEGIES AGAINST NTHI INFECTIONS, AS WELL AS DISEASES DUE TO OTHER PATHOGENS THAT UTILIZE A PHASEVARION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8 4493 18 MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS INDUCES INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OF BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS VIA MAPK AND NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY REDUCTION. MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF INFECTIOUS EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE (COPD) AND MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT M. CATARRHALIS-BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM INTERACTION. WE INVESTIGATED ACTIVATION OF M. CATARRHALIS INFECTED BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND CHARACTERIZED THE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. MOREOVER, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE M. CATARRHALIS-INDUCED CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY ACETYLATION OF HISTONE RESIDUES AND CONTROLLED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY (HDAC). WE DEMONSTRATED THAT M. CATARRHALIS INDUCED A STRONG TIME- AND DOSE-DEPENDENT INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELL LINE (BEAS-2B), CHARACTERIZED BY THE RELEASE OF IL-8 AND GM-CSF. FOR THIS CYTOKINE LIBERATION ACTIVATION OF THE ERK AND P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN (MAP) KINASES AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NF-KAPPAB WAS REQUIRED. FURTHERMORE, M. CATARRHALIS-INFECTED BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS SHOWED AN ENHANCED ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AND H4 GLOBALLY AND AT THE PROMOTER OF THE IL8 GENE. PREVENTING HISTONE DEACETYLATION BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A AUGMENTED THE M. CATARRHALIS-INDUCED IL-8 RESPONSE. AFTER EXPOSURE TO M. CATARRHALIS, WE FOUND A DECREASE IN GLOBAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT M. CATARRHALIS-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF IL8 GENE TRANSCRIPTION WAS CAUSED BY INTERFERENCE WITH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING IL8 GENE ACCESSIBILITY. OUR FINDINGS PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO IMPORTANT MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF M. CATARRHALIS-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9 1619 20 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE REGULATES NITRIC OXIDE HOMEOSTASIS AND VIRULENCE IN A CHRONICALLY ADAPTED PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA STRAIN. OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS SUCH AS PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ADAPT THEIR GENOMES RAPIDLY DURING CHRONIC INFECTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THEIR EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY PROVIDE BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND REVEAL NOVEL REGULATORY MECHANISMS. WE PERFORMED SINGLE-MOLECULE REAL-TIME SEQUENCING (SMRT-SEQ) TO CHARACTERIZE THE METHYLOME OF A CHRONICALLY ADAPTED P. AERUGINOSA CLINICAL STRAIN, TBCF10839. TWO N(6)-METHYLADENINE (6MA) METHYLATION RECOGNITION MOTIFS (RCCANNNNNNNTGAR AND TRGANNNNNNTGC [MODIFICATION SITES ARE IN BOLD]) WERE IDENTIFIED AND PREDICTED AS NEW TYPE I METHYLATION SITES USING REBASE ANALYSIS. WE CONFIRMED THAT THE MOTIF TRGANNNNNNTGC WAS METHYLATED BY THE METHYLTRANSFERASE (MTASE) M.PAETBCFII, ACCORDING TO METHYLATION SENSITIVITY ASSAYS IN VIVO AND VITRO. TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT A DELTAPAETBCFIIM KNOCKOUT MUTANT SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED NITRIC OXIDE REDUCTASE (NOR) REGULATION AND EXPRESSION OF CODING GENES SUCH AS NOSR AND NORB, WHICH CONTAIN METHYLATED MOTIFS IN THEIR PROMOTERS OR CODING REGIONS. THE DELTAPAETBCFIIM STRAIN EXHIBITED REDUCED INTERCELLULAR SURVIVAL CAPACITY IN NO-PRODUCING RAW264.7 MACROPHAGES AND ATTENUATED VIRULENCE IN A GALLERIA MELLONELLA INFECTION MODEL; THE COMPLEMENTED STRAIN RECOVERED THESE DEFECTIVE PHENOTYPES. FURTHER PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED THAT HOMOLOGS OF M.PAETBCFII OCCUR FREQUENTLY IN P. AERUGINOSA AS WELL AS OTHER BACTERIAL SPECIES. OUR WORK THEREFORE PROVIDED NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION, NO DETOXIFICATION, AND BACTERIAL VIRULENCE, LAYING A FOUNDATION FOR FURTHER EXPLORING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE IN REGULATING THE PATHOGENICITY OF P. AERUGINOSA. IMPORTANCE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IS AN OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN WHICH CAUSES ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFECTIONS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO TREAT. COMPARATIVE GENOMIC ANALYSIS HAS SHOWED BROAD GENOME DIVERSITY AMONG P. AERUGINOSA CLINICAL STRAINS AND REVEALED THEIR DIFFERENT REGULATORY TRAITS COMPARED TO THE LABORATORY STRAINS. WHILE CURRENT INVESTIGATION OF THE EPIGENETICS OF P. AERUGINOSA IS STILL LACKING, UNDERSTANDING EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY PROVIDE BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND FACILITATE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPIES. DENITRIFICATION CAPABILITY IS CRITICAL FOR MICROBIAL VERSATILITY IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CONDITIONS, INCLUDING THE BACTERIAL INFECTION PROCESS, WHERE NITRIC OXIDE (NO) CAN BE GENERATED BY PHAGOCYTIC CELLS. THE DENITRIFICATION REGULATION MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN STUDIED INTENSIVELY AT GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL LEVELS. HOWEVER, THERE IS VERY LITTLE EVIDENCE ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BACTERIAL DENITRIFICATION MECHANISM. P. AERUGINOSA TBCF10839 IS A CHRONICALLY HOST-ADAPTED STRAIN ISOLATED FROM A CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) PATIENT WITH SPECIAL ANTIPHAGOCYTOSIS CHARACTERISTICS. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE REGULATORY EFFECT OF AN ORPHAN DNA MTASE, M.PAETBCFII, IN P. AERUGINOSA TBCF10839. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE DNA MTASE REGULATES THE TRANSCRIPTION OF DENITRIFICATION GENES REPRESENTED BY NOR AND AFFECTS ANTIPHAGOCYTIC ABILITY IN BACTERIA. IN SILICO ANALYSIS SUGGESTED THAT DNA METHYLATION MODIFICATION MAY ENHANCE GENE EXPRESSION BY AFFECTING THE BINDING OF TRANSACTING FACTORS SUCH AS DNR AND RPON. OUR FINDINGS NOT ONLY DEEPEN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF DNA MTASE IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN P. AERUGINOSA BUT ALSO PROVIDE A THEORETICAL FOUNDATION FOR THE IN-DEPTH STUDY OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION ON DENITRIFICATION, VIRULENCE, AND HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION.	2022	

10 3764 13 INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DATA IDENTIFIES EPAS1 AS A KEY REGULATOR OF COPD. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A COMPLEX DISEASE. GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO COPD RISK AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. THEREFORE WE DEVELOPED A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO IDENTIFY KEY REGULATORS OF COPD THAT INTEGRATES GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION, GENE EXPRESSION, AND PHENOTYPE DATA IN LUNG TISSUE FROM COPD AND CONTROL SAMPLES. OUR INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED 126 KEY REGULATORS OF COPD. WE IDENTIFIED EPAS1 AS THE ONLY KEY REGULATOR WHOSE DOWNSTREAM GENES SIGNIFICANTLY OVERLAPPED WITH MULTIPLE GENES SETS ASSOCIATED WITH COPD DISEASE SEVERITY. EPAS1 IS DISTINCT IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER KEY REGULATORS IN TERMS OF METHYLATION PROFILE AND DOWNSTREAM TARGET GENES. GENES PREDICTED TO BE REGULATED BY EPAS1 WERE ENRICHED FOR BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES INCLUDING SIGNALING, CELL COMMUNICATIONS, AND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. WE CONFIRMED THAT EPAS1 PROTEIN LEVELS ARE LOWER IN HUMAN COPD LUNG TISSUE COMPARED TO NON-DISEASE CONTROLS AND THAT EPAS1 GENE EXPRESSION IS REDUCED IN MICE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE. AS EPAS1 DOWNSTREAM GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED FOR HYPOXIA RESPONSIVE GENES IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, WE TESTED EPAS1 FUNCTION IN HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. EPAS1 KNOCKDOWN BY SIRNA IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IMPACTED GENES THAT SIGNIFICANTLY OVERLAPPED WITH EPAS1 DOWNSTREAM GENES IN LUNG TISSUE INCLUDING HYPOXIA RESPONSIVE GENES, AND GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EMPHYSEMA SEVERITY. OUR FIRST INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES ILLUSTRATES THAT NOT ONLY DOES DNA METHYLATION PLAY A 'CAUSAL' ROLE IN THE MOLECULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COPD, BUT IT CAN BE LEVERAGED TO DIRECTLY IDENTIFY NOVEL KEY MEDIATORS OF THIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11 5418 17 REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES ON NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3 PATHWAY GENES AND TET ACTIVITY IN CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT-CHALLENGED CELLS/COPD EXACERBATION MODEL IN VITRO. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. CURRENTLY, THERE IS A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF THIS DISEASE AND AVAILABLE THERAPIES ARE INEFFECTIVE. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF COPD; HOWEVER, NOT ALL SMOKERS DEVELOP COPD. EXACERBATIONS OF COPD CAUSED BY MICROBES ARE COMMON AND DETRIMENTAL. APPROXIMATELY 20-50% OF PATIENT EXACERBATIONS ARE CAUSED BY BACTERIAL COLONIZATION IN THE LOWER AIRWAYS. IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION, PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE DURING PROGRESSION OF COPD. THUS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS VARY SIGNIFICANTLY FOLLOWING SMOKE EXPOSURE AND DURING EXACERBATIONS CAUSED BY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS, WE USED AN IN VITRO STUDY MODEL THAT MIMICS COPD EXACERBATIONS AND PERFORMED EXTENSIVE STUDIES TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF CPG PROMOTER METHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3-MEDIATED PATHWAY GENES. BOTH NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN ORCHESTRATING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES DURING CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE. IN BRIEF, HUMAN LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS WITH TYPE II ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM CHARACTERISTICS (A549) WERE CHALLENGED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) OR DMSO (CONTROL) FOLLOWED BY A 3-H CHALLENGE WITH BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS; FROM PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA) PRIOR TO THE TERMINATION OF CSE EXPOSURE (COPD EXACERBATION GROUP). THE PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES, REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND DNA METHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES WERE THEN ASSESSED. WE ALSO STUDIED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCASES (TETS), THE ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR DNA DEMETHYLATION, AND ASSESSED THEIR ROLE IN REGULATING DNA METHYLATION IN THE CSE-CHALLENGED GROUP. RESULTS: THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES (IL-8, MCP-1, IL-6 AND CCL5) IN THE COPD EXACERBATION GROUP AS COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. HYPOMETHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED PATHWAY GENES CORRELATED WITH THEIR INDUCTION IN OUR COPD EXACERBATION STUDY MODEL. FURTHER, WE OBSERVED AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF TET1/2 IN REGULATING THE DNA METHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB, STAT3, IKK, AND NIK GENES AND CYTOKINE/CHEMOKINE PRODUCTION BY A549 CELLS DURING CSE CHALLENGE. CONCLUSIONS: STUDIES TO FURTHER DEFINE THE ROLE OF TETS IN CSE-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER AND MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR COPD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12 1590 12 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING IN HUMAN LUNG TISSUE IDENTIFIES GENES ASSOCIATED WITH COPD. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A SMOKING-RELATED DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY. ALTHOUGH ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED MULTIPLE GENOMIC REGIONS WITH REPLICATED ASSOCIATIONS TO COPD, GENETIC VARIATION ONLY PARTIALLY EXPLAINS THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO LUNG DISEASE, AND SUGGESTS THE RELEVANCE OF EPIGENETIC INVESTIGATIONS. WE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING IN HOMOGENIZED LUNG TISSUE SAMPLES FROM 46 CONTROL SUBJECTS WITH NORMAL LUNG FUNCTION AND 114 SUBJECTS WITH COPD, ALL FORMER SMOKERS. THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED LOCI WERE INTEGRATED WITH PREVIOUS GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY RESULTS. THE TOP 535 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES, FILTERED FOR A MINIMUM MEAN METHYLATION DIFFERENCE OF 5% BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS, WERE ENRICHED FOR CPG SHELVES AND SHORES. PATHWAY ANALYSIS REVEALED ENRICHMENT FOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. THE TOP DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES FROM THE INTERSECTION WITH PREVIOUS GWAS WERE IN CHRM1, GLT1D1, AND C10ORF11; SORTED BY GWAS P-VALUE, THE TOP SITES INCLUDED FRMD4A, THSD4, AND C10ORF11. EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES COMPLEMENT GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES TO IDENTIFY GENES POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN COPD PATHOGENESIS. ENRICHMENT FOR GENES IMPLICATED IN ASTHMA AND LUNG FUNCTION AND FOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUGGESTS THE POTENTIAL PATHOGENIC RELEVANCE OF GENES IDENTIFIED THROUGH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND THE INTERSECTION WITH A BROADER RANGE OF GWAS ASSOCIATIONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13 4584 15 N6-METHYLADENOSINE-METHYLOMIC LANDSCAPE OF LUNG TISSUES OF MICE WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), A COMMON RESPIRATORY DISEASE, CAN BE DIVIDED INTO STABLE PHASE AND ACUTE EXACERBATION PHASE (AECOPD) AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY INFLAMMATION AND HYPER-IMMUNITY. METHYLATION OF N6-METHYLADENOSINE (M6A) IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT REGULATES THE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTIONS OF GENES BY INFLUENCING POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL RNA MODIFICATIONS. ITS INFLUENCE ON THE IMMUNE REGULATION MECHANISM HAS ATTRACTED GREAT ATTENTION. HEREIN, WE PRESENT THE M6AMETHYLOMIC LANDSCAPE AND OBSERVE HOW THE METHYLATION OF M6A PARTICIPATES IN THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS OF COPD. THE M6A MODIFICATION OF 430 GENES INCREASED AND THAT OF 3995 GENES DECREASED IN THE LUNG TISSUES OF MICE WITH STABLE COPD. THE LUNG TISSUES OF MICE WITH AECOPD EXHIBITED 740 GENES WITH HYPERMETHYLATED M6A PEAK AND 1373 GENES WITH LOW M6A PEAK. THESE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES PARTICIPATED IN SIGNALING PATHWAYS RELATED TO IMMUNE FUNCTIONS. TO FURTHER CLARIFY THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES, RNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (MERIP-SEQ) AND RNA-SEQUENCING DATA WERE JOINTLY ANALYZED. IN THE STABLE COPD GROUP, 119 HYPERMETHYLATED MRNAS (82 UPREGULATED AND 37 DOWNREGULATED MRNAS) AND 867 HYPOMETHYLATED MRNAS (419 UPREGULATED AND 448 DOWNREGULATED MRNAS) WERE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED. IN THE AECOPD GROUP, 87 HYPERMETHYLATED MRNAS (71 UPREGULATED AND 16 DOWNREGULATED MRNAS) AND 358 HYPOMETHYLATED MRNAS (115 UPREGULATED AND 243 DOWNREGULATED MRNAS) SHOWED DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION. MANY MRNAS WERE RELATED TO IMMUNE FUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION. TOGETHER, THIS STUDY PROVIDES IMPORTANT EVIDENCE ON THE ROLE OF RNA METHYLATION OF M6A IN COPD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14 3638 14 INCREASED EXPRESSION OF BETA-DEFENSIN 1 (DEFB1) IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. ON-GOING AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IS CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). HOWEVER, THE KEY FACTORS DETERMINING THE DECREASE IN LUNG FUNCTION, AN IMPORTANT CLINICAL PARAMETER OF COPD, ARE NOT CLEAR. GENOME-WIDE LINKAGE ANALYSES PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR SIGNIFICANT LINKAGE TO AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI ON CHROMOSOME 8P23, THE LOCATION OF THE HUMAN DEFENSIN GENE CLUSTER. MOREOVER, A GENETIC VARIATION IN THE DEFENSIN BETA 1 (DEFB1) GENE WAS FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH COPD. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DEFB1 IS DIFFERENTLY REGULATED AND EXPRESSED IN HUMAN LUNGS DURING COPD PROGRESSION. GENE EXPRESSION OF DEFB1 WAS ASSESSED IN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM AND BAL FLUID CELLS OF HEALTHY CONTROLS AND PATIENTS WITH COPD AND USING BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND CHIP ANALYSIS, THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF DEFB1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS INVESTIGATED. WE CAN DEMONSTRATE THAT DEFB1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN BRONCHOPULMONARY SPECIMEN OF PATIENTS WITH COPD (N = 34) VS. HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 10) (P<0.0001). FURTHERMORE, A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION COULD BE DETECTED BETWEEN DEFB1 AND FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS SUCH AS FEV(1) (P = 0.0024) AND THE FEV(1)/VC RATIO (P = 0.0005). UPREGULATION OF DEFB1 MRNA WAS PARALLELED BY CHANGES IN HDAC1-3, HDAC5 AND HDAC8 MRNA EXPRESSION. WHEREAS BISULFITE SEQUENCING REVEALED NO DIFFERENCES IN THE METHYLATION STATE OF DEFB1 PROMOTER BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH COPD AND CONTROLS, CHIP ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT ENHANCED DEFB1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ACTIVE HISTONE CODE. THUS, EXPRESSION OF HUMAN DEFB1 IS UPREGULATED AND RELATED TO THE DECREASE IN PULMONARY FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15 1591 14 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING IN PERIPHERAL LUNG TISSUES OF SMOKERS AND PATIENTS WITH COPD. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETICS CHANGES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE AFFECTED BY CIGARETTE SMOKING. CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS)-MEDIATED DNA METHYLATION CAN POTENTIALLY AFFECT SEVERAL CELLULAR AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, ACUTE EXACERBATIONS, AND COMORBIDITY IN THE LUNGS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER GENOME-WIDE LUNG DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF SMOKERS AND PATIENTS WITH COPD WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM NON-SMOKERS. WE ISOLATED DNA FROM PARENCHYMAL LUNG TISSUES OF PATIENTS INCLUDING EIGHT LIFELONG NON-SMOKERS, EIGHT CURRENT SMOKERS, AND EIGHT PATIENTS WITH COPD AND ANALYZED THE SAMPLES USING ILLUMINA'S INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP. RESULTS: OUR DATA REVEALED THAT THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES WERE RELATED TO TOP CANONICAL PATHWAYS (E.G., G BETA GAMMA SIGNALING, MECHANISMS OF CANCER, AND NNOS SIGNALING IN NEURONS), DISEASE AND DISORDERS (ORGANISMAL INJURY AND ABNORMALITIES, CANCER, AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE), AND MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR FUNCTIONS (CELL DEATH AND SURVIVAL, CELLULAR ASSEMBLY AND ORGANIZATION, CELLULAR FUNCTION AND MAINTENANCE) IN PATIENTS WITH COPD. THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED SUGGESTIVE GENES, SUCH AS NOS1AP, TNFAIP2, BID, GABRB1, ATXN7, AND THOC7 WITH DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN COPD LUNG TISSUES THAT WERE FURTHER VALIDATED BY PYROSEQUENCING. PYROSEQUENCING VALIDATION CONFIRMED HYPER-METHYLATION IN SMOKERS AND PATIENTS WITH COPD AS COMPARED TO NON-SMOKERS. HOWEVER, WE DID NOT DETECT SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION FOR TNFAIP2, ATXN7, AND THOC7 GENES IN SMOKERS AND COPD GROUPS DESPITE THE CHANGES OBSERVED IN THE GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT DNA METHYLATION IN SUGGESTIVE GENES, SUCH AS NOS1AP, BID, AND GABRB1 MAY BE USED AS EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES IN SMOKERS AND PATIENTS WITH COPD IF THE SAME IS VALIDATED IN A LARGER COHORT. FUTURE STUDIES ARE REQUIRED TO CORRELATE DNA METHYLATION STATUS WITH TRANSCRIPTOMICS OF SELECTIVE GENES IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY AND ELUCIDATE THEIR ROLE AND INVOLVEMENT IN THE PROGRESSION OF COPD AND ITS EXACERBATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16 3308 14 HIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILING IDENTIFIES NOVEL REGULATORS OF COPD. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ARE STILL WAITING FOR CURATIVE TREATMENTS. CONSIDERING ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT COPD WILL BE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EPIGENETIC SIGNALING IN LUNG CELLS. WE GENERATED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION MAPS AT SINGLE CPG RESOLUTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLASTS (HLFS) ACROSS COPD STAGES. WE SHOW THAT THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE IS CHANGED EARLY IN COPD, WITH DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OCCURRING PREDOMINANTLY IN REGULATORY REGIONS. RNA SEQUENCING OF MATCHED FIBROBLASTS DEMONSTRATED DYSREGULATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN PROLIFERATION, DNA REPAIR, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIZATION. DATA INTEGRATION IDENTIFIED 110 CANDIDATE REGULATORS OF DISEASE PHENOTYPES THAT WERE LINKED TO FIBROBLAST REPAIR PROCESSES USING PHENOTYPIC SCREENS. OUR STUDY PROVIDES HIGH-RESOLUTION MULTI-OMIC MAPS OF HLFS ACROSS COPD STAGES. WE REVEAL NOVEL TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH COPD ONSET AND PROGRESSION AND IDENTIFY NEW CANDIDATE REGULATORS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES. THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS EPIGENETIC FACTORS AMONG THE CANDIDATES DEMONSTRATES THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN COPD IS AN EXCITING RESEARCH FIELD THAT HOLDS PROMISE FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES FOR PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17 5016 17 PERSISTENT BACTERIAL COINFECTION OF A COVID-19 PATIENT CAUSED BY A GENETICALLY ADAPTED PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA CHRONIC COLONIZER. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IS A BIOFILM-FORMING OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN WHICH CAUSES CHRONIC INFECTIONS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS AND LEADS TO HIGH MORTALITY RATE. IT IS IDENTIFIED AS A COMMON COINFECTING PATHOGEN IN COVID-19 PATIENTS CAUSING EXACERBATION OF ILLNESS. IN OUR HOSPITAL, P. AERUGINOSA IS ONE OF THE TOP COINFECTING BACTERIA IDENTIFIED AMONG COVID-19 PATIENTS. WE COLLECTED A STRONG BIOFILM-FORMING P. AERUGINOSA STRAIN DISPLAYING SMALL COLONY VARIANT MORPHOLOGY FROM A SEVERE COVID-19 PATIENT. GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC SEQUENCING ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED WITH PHENOTYPIC VALIDATION TO INVESTIGATE ITS ADAPTATION IN SARS-COV-2 INFECTED ENVIRONMENT. GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION PREDICTED SPECIFIC GENOMIC ISLANDS HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH VIRULENCE, TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, AND DNA RESTRICTION-MODIFICATION SYSTEMS. EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS REVEALED A SPECIFIC N(6)-METHYL ADENINE (M(6)A) METHYLATING PATTERN INCLUDING METHYLATION OF ALGINATE, FLAGELLAR AND QUORUM SENSING ASSOCIATED GENES. DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT THIS ISOLATE FORMED EXCESSIVE BIOFILM BY REDUCING FLAGELLAR FORMATION (7.4 TO 1,624.1 FOLDS) AND OVERPRODUCING EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS INCLUDING CDRA (4.4 FOLDS), ALGINATE (5.2 TO 29.1 FOLDS) AND PEL (4.8-5.5 FOLDS). IN SUMMARY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT P. AEUGINOSA CLINICAL ISOLATES WITH NOVEL EPIGENETIC MARKERS COULD FORM EXCESSIVE BIOFILM, WHICH MIGHT ENHANCE ITS ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND IN VIVO COLONIZATION IN COVID-19 PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 6052 14 THE CROHN'S DISEASE ASSOCIATED SNP RS6651252 IMPACTS MYC GENE EXPRESSION IN HUMAN COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) IS A DEBILITATING INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) THAT ARISES FROM CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) HAVE IDENTIFIED OVER 200 SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A PREDISPOSITION FOR DEVELOPING IBD. FOR THE MAJORITY, THE CAUSAL VARIANT AND TARGET GENES AFFECTED ARE UNKNOWN. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE CD-ASSOCIATED SNP RS6651252 THAT MAPS TO A GENE DESERT REGION ON CHROMOSOME 8. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT RS6651252 RESIDES WITHIN A WNT RESPONSIVE DNA ENHANCER ELEMENT (WRE) AND THAT THE DISEASE ASSOCIATED ALLELE AUGMENTS BINDING OF THE TCF7L2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TO THIS REGION. USING CRISPR/CAS9 DIRECTED GENE EDITING AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION, WE FIND THAT THE RS6651252 ENHANCER REGULATES EXPRESSION OF THE C-MYC PROTO-ONCOGENE (MYC). FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND MYC TRANSCRIPT LEVELS ARE ELEVATED IN PATIENT-DERIVED COLONIC SEGMENTS HARBORING THE DISEASE-ASSOCIATED ALLELE IN COMPARISON TO THOSE CONTAINING THE ANCESTRAL ALLELE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT WNT/MYC SIGNALING CONTRIBUTES TO CD PATHOGENESIS AND THAT PATIENTS HARBORING THE DISEASE-ASSOCIATED ALLELE MAY BENEFIT FROM THERAPIES THAT TARGET MYC OR MYC-REGULATED GENES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19 1708 16 DYSFUNCTION OF ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS FROM SMOKERS AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE PATIENTS DUE TO INCREASED DNA DAMAGE AND SENESCENCE. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH IN SMOKERS, PARTICULARLY IN THOSE WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). CIRCULATING ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS (EPC) ARE REQUIRED FOR ENDOTHELIAL HOMEOSTASIS, AND THEIR DYSFUNCTION CONTRIBUTES TO CVD. TO INVESTIGATE EPC DYSFUNCTION IN SMOKERS, WE ISOLATED AND EXPANDED BLOOD OUTGROWTH ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (BOEC) FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY NONSMOKERS, HEALTHY SMOKERS, AND COPD PATIENTS. BOEC FROM SMOKERS AND COPD PATIENTS SHOWED INCREASED DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS AND SENESCENCE COMPARED TO NONSMOKERS. SENESCENCE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF SIRTUIN-1 (SIRT1), A PROTEIN DEACETYLASE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST DNA DAMAGE AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE. INHIBITION OF DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE BY SILENCING OF ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED (ATM) KINASE RESULTED IN UPREGULATION OF SIRT1 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED SENESCENCE. TREATMENT OF BOEC FROM COPD PATIENTS WITH THE SIRT1 ACTIVATOR RESVERATROL OR AN ATM INHIBITOR (KU-55933) ALSO RESCUED THE SENESCENT PHENOTYPE. USING AN IN VIVO MOUSE MODEL OF ANGIOGENESIS, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT SENESCENT BOEC FROM COPD PATIENTS ARE DYSFUNCTIONAL, DISPLAYING IMPAIRED ANGIOGENIC ABILITY AND INCREASED APOPTOSIS COMPARED TO CELLS FROM HEALTHY NONSMOKERS. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY IDENTIFIES EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF DNA DAMAGE AND SENESCENCE AS PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS LINKED TO ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITORS' DYSFUNCTION IN SMOKERS AND COPD PATIENTS. THESE DEFECTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO VASCULAR DISEASE AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN SMOKERS AND COULD THEREFORE CONSTITUTE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR INTERVENTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20 5422 15 REGULATION OF LUNG EPITHELIAL CELL SENESCENCE IN SMOKING-INDUCED COPD/EMPHYSEMA BY MICROR-125A-5P VIA SP1 MEDIATION OF SIRT1/HIF-1A. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AFFECTS THE HEALTH OF MORE THAN 300 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE; AT PRESENT, THERE IS NO EFFECTIVE DRUG TO TREAT COPD. SMOKING IS THE MOST IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR, BUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM BY WHICH SMOKING CAUSES THE DISEASE IS UNCLEAR. THE SENESCENCE OF LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS IS RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT OF COPD. REGULATION OF MIRNAS IS THE MAIN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM RELATED TO AGING. BETA-GALACTOSE STAINING SHOWED THAT THE LUNG TISSUES OF SMOKERS HAVE A HIGHER DEGREE OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AND THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-125A-5P IS HIGH. THIS EFFECT IS OBVIOUS FOR SMOKERS WITH COPD/EMPHYSEMA, AND THERE IS A NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN MIR-125A-5P LEVELS AND VALUES FOR FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN ONE SECOND (FEV1)/FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC). AFTER BALB/C MICE WERE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS), PLETHYSMOGRAPHY SHOWED THAT LUNG FUNCTION WAS IMPAIRED, LUNG TISSUE SENESCENCE WAS INCREASED, AND THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP) IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID WAS INCREASED. FOR MOUSE LUNG EPITHELIAL (MLE)-12 CELLS TREATED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE), SP1 AND SIRT1 LEVELS WERE LOW, HIF-1ALPHA ACETYLATION LEVELS WERE HIGH, AND CELL SENESCENCE AND SECRETION OF SASP FACTORS WERE ELEVATED. DOWN-REGULATION OF MIR-125A-5P OR UP-REGULATION OF SP1 REVERSED THESE EFFECTS. IN ADDITION, COMPARED WITH MICE EXPOSED TO CS, KNOCKDOWN OF MIR-125A-5P REDUCED LUNG EPITHELIAL CELL SENESCENCE AND COPD/EMPHYSEMA. THEREFORE, IN SMOKING-INDUCED COPD, ELEVATED MIR-125A-5P PARTICIPATES IN THE SENESCENCE OF LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS THROUGH SP1/SIRT1/HIF-1ALPHA. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE EVIDENCE RELATED TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD/EMPHYSEMA CAUSED BY CHRONIC SMOKING.	2022