1 1106 174 COMBINED TOXICITY OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS: A REVIEW. THE COMBINED TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROVIDES A REALISTIC APPROACH FOR HAZARD EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL COCKTAILS THAT CO-EXISTED IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES A HOLISTIC INSIGHT INTO THE STUDIES HIGHLIGHTING THE MIXTURE TOXICITY OF THE ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS), ESPECIALLY FOCUSING ON THE SCREENING OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS AND OTHER TOXICOGENETIC ENDPOINTS. REVIEWED LITERATURE SHOWED THAT NUMEROUS MULTIPLEXED TOXICOGENOMIC TECHNIQUES WERE APPLIED TO DETERMINE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATES, BUT LIMITED STUDIES WERE FOUND IN NON-MAMMALIAN SPECIES AFTER MIXTURE CHEMICAL EXPOSURE. FURTHER, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND CONCENTRATION SELECTION ARE THE TWO IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN MIXTURE TOXICITY STUDIES THAT SHOULD BE TIME- AND COST-EFFECTIVE, HIGHLY PRECISE, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT. A SUMMARY OF EDC MIXTURES AFFECTING THE THYROID AXIS, ESTROGEN AXIS, ANDROGEN AXIS, GROWTH STRESS, AND IMMUNE SYSTEM VIA IN VIVO BIOASSAYS WAS ALSO PRESENTED. IT IS INTERESTING TO MENTION THAT MAJORITY OF ESTROGENIC EFFECTS OF THE MIXTURES WERE SEX-DEPENDENT, PARTICULARLY OBSERVED IN MALE FISH AS COMPARED TO FEMALE FISH. FURTHER, THE ANDROGEN AXIS WAS PERTURBED WITH SERIOUS MALFORMATIONS IN MALE RAT TESTIS (EPIDIDYMAL OR GUBERNACULAR LESIONS, AND DECIDUOUS SPERMATIDS). ALSO, TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS WERE PROMOTED IN THE F(3) AND F(4) GENERATIONS IN THE FORM OF DNA METHYLATION EPIMUTATIONS IN SPERM, INCREASING POLYCYSTIC OVARIES AND REDUCING THE OFFSPRING. SIMILARLY, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, HIGH ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES, DISTURBED ESTROUS CYCLE, AND DECREASED STEROIDOGENESIS WERE THE COMMONLY FOUND EFFECTS AFTER ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO EDC MIXTURES. IMPORTANTLY, THE CONCENTRATION ADDITION (CA) AND INDEPENDENT ACTION (IA) MODELS BECAME MORE PREVALENT AND SUITABLE PREDICTIVE MODELS TO UNVEIL THE PROMINENCE OF SYNERGISTIC ESTROGENIC AND ANTI-ANDROGENIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MIXTURES. MORE IMPORTANTLY, THIS REVIEW ENCOMPASSES THE RESEARCH CHALLENGES AND GAPS IN THE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND SPECIFIC FUTURE RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ON COMBINED TOXICITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2 5450  72 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF COMBINED EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION. CONFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC, AND LIFESTYLE VARIABLES IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DETERIORATION OF HUMAN FECUNDITY. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS OR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) MAY BE FOUND IN A VARIETY OF FOODS, WATER, AIR, BEVERAGES, AND TOBACCO SMOKE. IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS THAT A WIDE RANGE OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS HAVE NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION. HOWEVER, EVIDENCE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS IS SPARSE AND/OR CONFLICTING IN THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. THE COMBINED TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IS A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE HAZARDS OF COCKTAILS OF CHEMICALS, CO-EXISTING IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THE CURRENT REVIEW PROVIDES A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF STUDIES EMPHASIZING THE COMBINED TOXICITY OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER TO DISRUPT THE DIFFERENT ENDOCRINE AXES, RESULTING IN SEVERE GONADAL DYSFUNCTIONS. TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS HAVE ALSO BEEN INDUCED IN GERM CELLS, MOSTLY THROUGH DNA METHYLATION AND EPIMUTATIONS. SIMILARLY, AFTER ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS COMBINATIONS, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS (OS), ELEVATED ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY, DISRUPTED REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE, AND REDUCED STEROIDOGENESIS ARE OFTEN REPORTED CONSEQUENCES. THE ARTICLE ALSO DISCUSSES THE CONCENTRATION ADDITION (CA) AND INDEPENDENT ACTION (IA) PREDICTION MODELS, WHICH REVEAL THE IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS SYNERGISTIC ACTIONS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS MIXTURES. MORE CRUCIALLY, THIS EVIDENCE-BASED STUDY ADDRESSES THE RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION GAPS, AS WELL AS PARTICULARLY PRESENTS THE FUTURE RESEARCH VIEWS ON COMBINED ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS TOXICITY ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3 3632  41 INCORPORATING TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE INTO ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORKS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS CAN INDUCE HERITABLE "TRANSGENERATIONAL" MODIFICATIONS TO ORGANISMS, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING FUTURE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AND FUNCTIONALITY. INCORPORATING TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC HERITABILITY INTO RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY SUGGESTED. HOWEVER, A CRITICAL REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE YIELDED NUMEROUS STUDIES CLAIMING TRANSGENERATIONAL IMPACTS, WITH LITTLE COMPELLING EVIDENCE. THEREFORE, CONTAMINANT-INDUCED EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE MAY BE LESS COMMON THAN IS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE. WE IDENTIFIED A NEED FOR MULTIGENERATION EPIGENETIC STUDIES THAT EXTEND BEYOND WHAT COULD BE DEEMED "DIRECT EXPOSURE" TO F1 AND F2 GAMETES AND ALSO INCLUDE SUBSEQUENT MULTIPLE NONEXPOSED GENERATIONS TO ADEQUATELY EVALUATE TRANSGENERATIONAL RECOVERY TIMES. ALSO, INCREASED EXPERIMENTAL REPLICATION IS REQUIRED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE HIGHLY VARIABLE NATURE OF EPIGENETIC RESPONSES AND APPARENT IRREPRODUCIBILITY OF CURRENT STUDIES. FURTHER, EPIGENETIC END POINTS NEED TO BE CORRELATED WITH OBSERVABLE DETRIMENTAL ORGANISM CHANGES BEFORE A NEED FOR RISK MANAGEMENT CAN BE PROPERLY DETERMINED. WE SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC-BASED CONTAMINANT STUDIES INCLUDE CONCENTRATIONS LOWER THAN CURRENT "EC(10-20)" OR "LOWEST OBSERVABLE EFFECT CONCENTRATIONS" FOR THE ORGANISM'S MOST SENSITIVE PHENOTYPIC END POINT, AS HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS ARE LIKELY ALREADY REGULATED. FINALLY, WE PROPOSE A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND OPTIMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN THAT ENABLES TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS TO BE ASSESSED AND INCORPORATED INTO CONVENTIONAL ECOTOXICOLOGICAL TESTING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
4 4805  40 OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES: ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES? OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES REPRESENT INCREASING HEALTH PROBLEMS. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS (EDCS) ARE EXOGENOUS AGENTS THAT CHANGE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AND CAUSE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. MOST EDCS ARE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS; SOME ARE NATURAL FOOD COMPONENTS AS PHYTOESTROGENS. PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO COMPLEX MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. EDCS IMPACT HORMONE-DEPENDENT METABOLIC SYSTEMS AND BRAIN FUNCTION. LABORATORY AND HUMAN STUDIES PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT HUMAN CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION CAN PLAY A ROLE IN OBESITY EPIDEMIC. CHEMICAL EXPOSURES MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF OBESITY BY ALTERING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOCYTES. EDCS CAN ALTER METHYLATION PATTERNS AND NORMAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN CELLS. OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE INDUCED BY MANY OF THESE CHEMICALS, AND ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT IT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY TO CHEMICALS IS VARIABLE, DEPENDING ON ENVIRONMENT AND ABILITY TO METABOLIZE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS. A NUMBER OF GENES, ESPECIALLY THOSE REPRESENTING ANTIOXIDANT AND DETOXIFICATION PATHWAYS, HAVE POTENTIAL APPLICATION AS BIOMARKERS OF RISK ASSESSMENT. THE POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMBINED EXPOSURES MAKE THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS MORE COMPLEX COMPARED TO THE ASSESSMENT OF SINGLE CHEMICALS. TECHNIQUES AND METHODS NEED TO BE FURTHER DEVELOPED TO FILL DATA GAPS AND INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE ON HARMFUL EXPOSURE COMBINATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  266  52 ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAYS FOR IONIZING RADIATION AND BREAST CANCER INVOLVE DIRECT AND INDIRECT DNA DAMAGE, OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, GENOMIC INSTABILITY, AND INTERACTION WITH HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE BREAST. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ESTABLISHED BREAST CARCINOGENS CAN SUPPORT IMPROVED AND MODERNIZED TOXICOLOGICAL TESTING METHODS BY IDENTIFYING KEY MECHANISTIC EVENTS. IONIZING RADIATION (IR) INCREASES THE RISK OF BREAST CANCER, ESPECIALLY FOR WOMEN AND FOR EXPOSURE AT YOUNGER AGES, AND EVIDENCE OVERALL SUPPORTS A LINEAR DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP. WE USED THE ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAY (AOP) FRAMEWORK TO OUTLINE AND EVALUATE THE EVIDENCE LINKING IONIZING RADIATION WITH BREAST CANCER FROM MOLECULAR INITIATING EVENTS TO THE ADVERSE OUTCOME THROUGH INTERMEDIATE KEY EVENTS, CREATING A QUALITATIVE AOP. WE IDENTIFIED KEY EVENTS BASED ON REVIEW ARTICLES, SEARCHED PUBMED FOR RECENT LITERATURE ON KEY EVENTS AND IR, AND IDENTIFIED ADDITIONAL PAPERS USING REFERENCES. WE MANUALLY CURATED PUBLICATIONS AND EVALUATED DATA QUALITY. IONIZING RADIATION DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY CAUSES DNA DAMAGE AND INCREASES PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES (RONS). RONS LEAD TO DNA DAMAGE AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES LEADING TO MUTATIONS AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY (GI). PROLIFERATION AMPLIFIES THE EFFECTS OF DNA DAMAGE AND MUTATIONS LEADING TO THE AO OF BREAST CANCER. SEPARATELY, RONS AND DNA DAMAGE ALSO INCREASE INFLAMMATION. INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS (EFFECTS IN CELLS NOT DIRECTLY REACHED BY IR) VIA POSITIVE FEEDBACK TO RONS AND DNA DAMAGE, AND SEPARATELY INCREASES PROLIFERATION AND BREAST CANCER THROUGH PRO-CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS ON CELLS AND TISSUE. FOR EXAMPLE, GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES ALTER INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, RESULTING IN IMPROVED SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF CANCER CELLS AND A MORE HOSPITABLE TISSUE ENVIRONMENT. ALL OF THESE EVENTS OVERLAP AT MULTIPLE POINTS WITH EVENTS CHARACTERISTIC OF "BACKGROUND" INDUCTION OF BREAST CARCINOGENESIS, INCLUDING HORMONE-RESPONSIVE PROLIFERATION, OXIDATIVE ACTIVITY, AND DNA DAMAGE. THESE OVERLAPS MAKE THE BREAST PARTICULARLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO IONIZING RADIATION AND REINFORCE THAT THESE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES ARE IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF CARCINOGENS. AGENTS THAT INCREASE THESE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED POTENTIAL BREAST CARCINOGENS, AND PREDICTIVE METHODS ARE NEEDED TO IDENTIFY CHEMICALS THAT INCREASE THESE PROCESSES. TECHNIQUES ARE AVAILABLE TO MEASURE RONS, DNA DAMAGE AND MUTATION, CELL PROLIFERATION, AND SOME INFLAMMATORY PROTEINS OR PROCESSES. IMPROVED ASSAYS ARE NEEDED TO MEASURE GI AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS THE INTERACTION WITH HORMONALLY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT AND PROLIFERATION. SEVERAL METHODS MEASURE DIVERSE EPIGENETIC CHANGES, BUT IT IS NOT CLEAR WHICH CHANGES ARE RELEVANT TO BREAST CANCER. IN ADDITION, MOST TOXICOLOGICAL ASSAYS ARE NOT CONDUCTED IN MAMMARY TISSUE, AND SO IT IS A PRIORITY TO EVALUATE IF RESULTS FROM OTHER TISSUES ARE GENERALIZABLE TO BREAST, OR TO CONDUCT ASSAYS IN BREAST TISSUE. DEVELOPING AND APPLYING THESE ASSAYS TO IDENTIFY EXPOSURES OF CONCERN WILL FACILITATE EFFORTS TO REDUCE SUBSEQUENT BREAST CANCER RISK.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6 1919  33 ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS: NEW DIABETOGENS? THE PREVALENCE OF TYPE-2 DIABETES HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED WORLDWIDE DURING THE LAST FEW DECADES. WHILE LIFESTYLE FACTORS (SEDENTARINESS, NOXIOUS FOOD), TOGETHER WITH GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, ARE WELL-KNOWN ACTORS, THERE IS ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) MAY ALSO PLAY A PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE IN THE OCCURRENCE OF METABOLIC DISEASES. BOTH EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORT A ROLE FOR EARLY AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS WITH ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISRUPTING EFFECTS. MOST ARE PRESENT IN THE FOOD CHAIN AND ACCUMULATE IN THE FAT MASS AFTER ABSORPTION. IN RODENTS, BISPHENOL A STIMULATES SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF PANCREATIC BETA CELLS AND DISTURBS INSULIN SIGNALING IN LIVER, MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGES LEADING TO INSULIN RESISTANCE AND BETA CELL IMPAIRMENT. IN HUMANS, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORTS SHOW STATISTICAL LINK BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES, POLYCHLORINATED BISPHENYLS, BISPHENOL A, PHTHALATES, DIOXINS OR AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBIDES OR HEAVY METALS AND DT2 AFTER ACUTE ACCIDENTAL RELEASES OR EARLY IN LIFE AND/OR CHRONIC, LOW DOSES EXPOSURE. MORE PROSPECTIVE, LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE IMPORTANCE OF SUCH ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7 2901  37 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN GERM-CELL MUTAGENESIS AND GENETIC RISK. CURRENT INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR CHEMICAL MUTAGENS ARE HAZARD-BASED RATHER THAN AIMED AT ASSESSING RISKS QUANTITATIVELY. IN THE PAST, GERM-CELL TESTS HAVE BEEN MAINLY PERFORMED WITH A LIMITED NUMBER OF SOMATIC CELL MUTAGENS, AND RARELY UNDER CONDITIONS AIMED AT COMPARING GENDER-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MUTAGEN EXPOSURES. THERE ARE PROFOUND DIFFERENCES IN THE GENETIC CONSTITUTION, AND IN HORMONAL, STRUCTURAL, AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF DIFFERENTIATION AND CONTROL OF GAMETOGENESIS BETWEEN THE SEXES. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE SUGGESTS THAT THESE DIFFERENCES MAY HAVE A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY, STAGE OF HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND THE RELATIVE RISK FOR THE GENESIS OF GENE MUTATION, AS WELL AS STRUCTURAL AND NUMERICAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE GERM CELLS. TRANSMISSION OF GERM-CELL MUTATIONS TO THE OFFSPRING MAY ALSO ENCOUNTER GENDER-SPECIFIC INFLUENCES. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHEMICALLY DERIVED ALTERATIONS IN IMPRINTING PATTERNS MAY POSE A THREAT FOR THE HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING AND MAY ALSO BE TRANSMITTED TO FUTURE GENERATIONS. RECENT REPORTS ON DIFFERENT GENETIC EFFECTS FROM HIGH ACUTE AND FROM CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURES CHALLENGE THE VALIDITY OF CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM STANDARD METHODS OF MUTAGENICITY TESTING. IN CONCLUSION, RESEARCH IS URGENTLY NEEDED TO IDENTIFY GENETIC HAZARDS FOR A LARGER RANGE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING THOSE SUSPECTED TO DISTURB PROPER CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION. ALTERATIONS IN EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING AND THEIR HEALTH CONSEQUENCES WILL HAVE TO BE INVESTIGATED. MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO GENDER-SPECIFIC GENETIC EFFECTS. FINALLY, THE DATABASE FOR GERM-CELL MUTAGENS SHOULD BE ENLARGED USING MOLECULAR METHODOLOGIES, AND GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES SHOULD BE PERFORMED WITH THESE TECHNIQUES TO VERIFY HUMAN GENETIC RISK.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8 3210  33 HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PRE- AND PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED HUMAN CARCINOGEN, ABLE TO INDUCE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. MORE THAN 200 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE ARE EXPOSED TO ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS IN DRINKING WATER EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED WHO THRESHOLD (10MUG/L). ADDITIONALLY, CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LEVELS BELOW THIS THRESHOLD IS KNOWN TO RESULT IN LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS. THE ARSENIC-RELATED HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION PROCESS, WHEREBY THE RESULTING METABOLITES CAN INDUCE MOLECULAR DAMAGE THAT ACCUMULATES OVER TIME. THE EFFECTS DERIVED FROM THESE ALTERATIONS INCLUDE GENOMIC INSTABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, ALTERATION OF GENE EXPRESSION (INCLUDING CODING AND NON-CODING RNAS), GLOBAL AND LOCALIZED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, AND HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. THESE ALTERATIONS DIRECTLY AFFECT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF MANY CONDITIONS THAT CAN ARISE EVEN DECADES AFTER THE EXPOSURE OCCURS. IMPORTANTLY, ARSENIC METABOLITES GENERATED DURING ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION CAN ALSO PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTAL BARRIER, RESULTING IN FETAL EXPOSURE TO THIS CARCINOGEN AT SIMILAR LEVELS TO THOSE OF THE MOTHER. AS SUCH, MORE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE ARSENIC-INDUCED MOLECULAR DAMAGE CAN BE OBSERVED AS DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT, PREGNANCY, AND BIRTH OUTCOMES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DAMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF ARSENIC, PARTICULARLY THOSE AFFECTING EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES. WE ALSO PRESENT HOW THESE ALTERATIONS OCCURRING DURING EARLY LIFE CAN IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN DISEASES IN ADULT LIFE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9  652  35 BISPHENOL A AS EPIGENETIC MODULATOR: SETTING THE STAGE FOR CARCINOGENESIS? BACKGROUND: BISPHENOL A (BPA) IS ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY PRODUCED CHEMICALS WORLDWIDE AND IS OFTEN USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CONTAINERS. AS A RESULT OF BPA CONTACT WITH FOOD, DRINK AND TOILETRIES, ITS INGESTION AND ABSORPTION BY HUMANS HAS BEEN GROWING. THE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERN LIFESTYLES BROUGHT A CONSTANT EXPOSURE TO SEVERAL HEALTH-DISTURBING COMPOUNDS AND USHERED A NEW ERA OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR POTENTIAL OF BPA IS WELL KNOWN, BUT THE RESEARCH AROUND ITS EPIGENOTOXIC EFFECTS RAISED FURTHER CONCERNS WHETHER CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO BPA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC HUMAN ILLNESS, INCLUDING CANCER IN HORMONE-SENSITIVE ORGANS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: FOCUSING ON COMPUTERIZED DATABASES, WE REVIEWED ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES WHICH ELUCIDATE AND LINK SOME OF THE INFORMATION ALREADY AVAILABLE ABOUT BPA AND RELATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. RESULTS: A NUMBER OF STUDIES INDICATE THAT SHORT-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF LOW OR HIGH-DOSES OF BPA MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCREASING THE RISK FOR CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, IT IS CLEAR THAT MORE STUDIES CONSIDERING REAL DAILY EXPOSURES ARE ESSENTIAL TO DEFINE A REAL TOLERABLE DAILY INTAKE AND TO TIGHTEN UP MANUFACTORY REGULATIONS. CONCLUSION: IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT SOME EVIDENCES SUGGESTING A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH MAY PRIME FOR CARCINOGENESIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  301  34 AIR POLLUTION ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS: TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE AND UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. AIR POLLUTION IS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATHS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES INCLUDING INDIA. EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS AFFECTS VITAL CELLULAR MECHANISMS AND IS INTIMATELY LINKED WITH THE ETIOLOGY OF A NUMBER OF CHRONIC DISEASES. EARLIER WORK FROM OUR LABORATORY HAS SHOWN THAT AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER DISTURBS THE MITOCHONDRIAL MACHINERY AND CAUSES SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO THE EPIGENOME. MITOCHONDRIAL REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES POSSESS THE ABILITY TO TRIGGER REDOX-SENSITIVE SIGNALING MECHANISMS AND INDUCE IRREVERSIBLE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES. THE ELECTROPHILIC NATURE OF REACTIVE METABOLITES CAN DIRECTLY RESULT IN DEPROTONATION OF CYTOSINE AT C-5 POSITION OR INTERFERE WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES ACTIVITY TO CAUSE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. IN ADDITION, IT ALSO PERTURBS LEVEL OF CELLULAR METABOLITES CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES LIKE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONE CODE AND DNA HYPO OR HYPERMETHYLATION. INTERESTINGLY, THESE MODIFICATIONS MAY PERSIST THROUGH DOWNSTREAM GENERATIONS AND RESULT IN THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENOMIC INHERITANCE. THIS PHENOMENON OF SUBSEQUENT TRANSFER OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IS MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE GERM CELLS AND RELIES ON THE GERMLINE STABILITY OF THE EPIGENETIC STATES. OVERALL, THE RECENT LITERATURE SUPPORTS, AND ARGUABLY STRENGTHENS, THE CONTENTION THAT AIR POLLUTION MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO TRANSMISSION OF EPIMUTATIONS FROM GAMETES TO ZYGOTES BY INVOLVING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, PARENTAL ALLELE IMPRINTING, HISTONE WITHHOLDING AND NON-CODING RNAS. HOWEVER, LARGER PROSPECTIVE STUDIES USING INNOVATIVE, INTEGRATED EPIGENOME-WIDE METABOLOMIC STRATEGY ARE HIGHLY WARRANTED TO ASSESS THE AIR POLLUTION INDUCED TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE AND ASSOCIATED HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11 6781  44 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

12 1324  37 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS DEVELOPMENT. AIR POLLUTION IS A SUBSTANTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO CHILDREN AND ACTS AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK FACTORS ALIKE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONCERNING ITS EXPOSURE ACROSS VARIOUS LIFE STAGES. HOWEVER, FINDINGS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS THE CONSEQUENCES OF AIR POLLUTION DURING CHILDHOOD ARE RATHER MINIMAL. THIS REVIEW EVALUATED HIGHLY RELEVANT STUDIES IN THE FIELD TO ANALYZE THE EXISTING LITERATURE REGARDING EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, WITH A FOCUS ON EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING CHILDHOOD AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS. THE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED USING READILY AVAILABLE ELECTRONIC DATABASES (PUBMED AND SCIENCEDIRECT) TO SCREEN FOR CHILDREN'S STUDIES ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOLLOWING EITHER PRE- OR POST-NATAL EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS. STUDIES RELEVANT ENOUGH AND MATCHED THE PREDETERMINED CRITERIA WERE CHOSEN TO BE REVIEWED. NON-ENGLISH ARTICLES AND STUDIES THAT DID NOT REPORT BOTH AIR MONITORING AND EPIGENETIC OUTCOMES IN THE SAME ARTICLE WERE EXCLUDED. THE REVIEW FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS DURING EARLY LIFE WITH EVIDENCE AND REPORTS OF HOW THEY MAY DEREGULATE THE EPIGENOME BALANCE, THUS INDUCING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN THE FUTURE. EPIGENETIC STUDIES EVOLVE AS A PROMISING NEW APPROACH IN DECIPHERING THE UNDERLYING IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) DUE TO LINKS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ILLNESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13 4496  36 MORE THAN GENES: THE ADVANCED FETAL PROGRAMMING HYPOTHESIS. MANY LINES OF DATA, INITIAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES AS WELL AS SUBSEQUENT EXTENSIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, INDICATE THAT EARLY-LIFE EVENTS PLAY A POWERFUL ROLE IN INFLUENCING LATER SUCEPTIBILITY TO CERTAIN CHRONIC DISEASES. SUCH EVENTS MIGHT BE OVER- OR UNDERNUTRITION, EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, BUT ALSO CHANGES IN HORMONES, IN PARTICULAR STRESS HORMONES. TYPICALLY, THOSE EVENTS ARE TRIGGERED BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF THE MOTHER. HOWEVER, RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT PATERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL OR NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AFFECT THE PHENOTYPE OF THE OFFSPRING AS WELL. THE MATERNAL AND PATERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ACT ON THE PHENOTYPE OF THE OFFSPRING VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF ITS GENOME. THE ADVANCED FETAL PROGRAMMING HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES AN ADDITIONAL NON-ENVIRONMENTALLY DRIVEN MECHANISM: MATERNAL AND ALSO PATERNAL GENES MAY INFLUENCE THE MATURATING SPERM, THE OOCYTE, AND LATER THE EMBRYO/FETUS, LEADING TO THEIR EPIGENETIC ALTERATION. THUS, THE OBSERVED PHENOTYPE OF THE OFFSPRING MAY BE ALTERED BY MATERNAL/PATERNAL GENES INDEPENDENT OF THE FETAL GENOME. MEANWHILE, SEVERAL INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN HUMANS DEALING WITH METABOLIC AND NEUROLOGICAL TRAITS ALSO SUGGEST THAT MATERNAL GENES MIGHT AFFECT THE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPE INDEPENDENT OF THE TRANSMISSION OF THAT PARTICULAR GENE TO THE OFFSPRING. CONSIDERING THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS HYPOTHESIS, SOME CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM TRANSGENIC OR KNOCKOUT ANIMAL MODELS AND BASED ON THE CAUSALITY BETWEEN A GENETIC ALTERATION AND A PHENOTYPE, NEED TO BE CHALLENGED. POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPY OF HUMAN GENETIC DISEASES HAVE TO BE INVESTIGATED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14 2137  40 EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE AND EVOLUTION: A PATERNAL PERSPECTIVE ON DIETARY INFLUENCES. THE EARLIEST INDICATIONS FOR PATERNALLY INDUCED TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT TO FUTURE GENERATIONS WERE BASED ON A SMALL NUMBER OF LONG-TERM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES AND SOME EMPIRICAL OBSERVATIONS. ONLY RECENTLY HAVE EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS AND A FEW ANALYSES ON HUMAN DATA EXPLORED THE TRANSGENERATIONAL NATURE OF PHENOTYPIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN OFFSPRING. CHANGES INCLUDE MULTIPLE METABOLIC DISORDERS, CANCER AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. THESE PHENOTYPES CANNOT ALWAYS BE EXPLAINED BY MENDELIAN INHERITANCE, DNA MUTATIONS OR GENETIC DAMAGE. HENCE, A NEW COMPELLING THEORY ON EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE IS GAINING INTEREST, PROVIDING NEW CONCEPTS THAT EXTEND DARWIN'S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OR "EPIMUTATIONS" ARE BEING CONSIDERED TO EXPLAIN TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE OF PARENTALLY ACQUIRED TRAITS. THE RESPONSIBLE MECHANISMS FOR THESE EPIMUTATIONS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND RNA-MEDIATED EFFECTS. THIS REVIEW EXPLORES THE LITERATURE ON A NUMBER OF TIME-DEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, SPECIFICALLY THOSE FROM DIETARY EXPOSURES. WE SUGGEST A ROLE FOR THE MALE GERM LINE AS ONE OF NATURE'S TOOLS TO CAPTURE MESSAGES FROM OUR CONTINUOUSLY CHANGING ENVIRONMENT AND TO TRANSFER THIS INFORMATION TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS. FURTHER, WE OPEN THE DISCUSSION THAT THE PATERNALLY INHERITED EPIGENETIC INFORMATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15 4383  44 MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: MAKING A CASE FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS. RECENT STUDIES IMPLICATE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES, WHICH MAY BE PARTIALLY DUE TO MODIFICATIONS IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA). THERE IS ALSO MOUNTING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS TO MTDNA MAY BE AN ADDITIONAL LAYER OF REGULATION THAT CONTROLS MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND FUNCTION. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (EG, SMOKING, AIR POLLUTION) HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED MTDNA METHYLATION IN A HANDFUL OF MECHANISTIC STUDIES AND IN OBSERVATIONAL HUMAN STUDIES. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS UNDERSTOOD ABOUT OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS THAT INDUCE MTDNA EPIGENETIC CHANGES. NUMEROUS ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS). BEYOND THEIR ACTIONS ON HORMONAL PATHWAYS, EDC EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED OXIDATIVE STRESS, WHICH MAY OCCUR THROUGH OR RESULT IN MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION. ALTHOUGH ONLY A FEW STUDIES HAVE ASSESSED THE IMPACTS OF EDCS ON MTDNA METHYLATION, THE CURRENT REVIEW PROVIDES REASONS TO CONSIDER MTDNA EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION AS A MECHANISM OF ACTION OF EDCS AND REVIEWS POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS RELATED TO CURRENTLY AVAILABLE EVIDENCE. FIRST, THERE IS SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE THAT EDCS (INCLUDING BISPHENOLS AND PHTHALATES) DIRECTLY TARGET MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION, AND MORE DIRECT EVIDENCE IS NEEDED TO CONNECT THIS TO MTDNA METHYLATION. SECOND, THESE AND OTHER EDCS ARE POTENT MODULATORS OF NUCLEAR DNA EPIGENETICS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. FINALLY, EDCS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO DISRUPT SEVERAL MODULATORS OF MTDNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND THE MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A/NUCLEAR RESPIRATORY FACTOR 1 PATHWAY. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE STUDIES HIGHLIGHT THE NEED FOR FUTURE RESEARCH EVALUATING MTDNA EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION BY EDCS AND TO DETAIL SPECIFIC MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR SUCH DISRUPTIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16 5194  35 PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO POTENTIALLY TOXIC METALS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GENETIC MATERIAL IN OFFSPRING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. IN RECENT YEARS, THE BACKGROUND LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, INCLUDING METALS, HAS INCREASED. POLLUTANT EXPOSURE DURING THE EARLIEST STAGES OF LIFE MAY DETERMINE CHRONIC DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN ADULTHOOD BECAUSE OF GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO IDENTIFY THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PRENATAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL EXPOSURE TO POTENTIALLY TOXIC METALS (PTMS) AND THEIR ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF OFFSPRING. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS CARRIED OUT FOLLOWING THE COCHRANE METHODOLOGY IN FOUR DATABASES: PUBMED, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, AND THE COCHRANE LIBRARY. ELIGIBLE PAPERS WERE THOSE CONDUCTED IN HUMANS AND PUBLISHED IN ENGLISH BETWEEN 2010/01/01 AND 2021/04/30. A TOTAL OF 57 ARTICLES WERE INCLUDED, MOST OF WHICH EVALUATED PRENATAL EXPOSURE. MOST COMMONLY EVALUATED PTMS WERE AS, CD, AND PB. MAIN ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF NEWBORNS ASSOCIATED WITH PTM PRENATAL EXPOSURE WERE ALTERATIONS IN TELOMERE LENGTH, GENE OR PROTEIN EXPRESSION, MITOCHONDRIAL DNA CONTENT, METABOLOMICS, DNA DAMAGE, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. MANY OF THESE EFFECTS WERE SEX-SPECIFIC, BEING PREDOMINANT IN BOYS. ONE ARTICLE REPORTED A SYNERGISTIC INTERACTION BETWEEN AS AND HG, AND TWO ARTICLES OBSERVED ANTAGONISTIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PTMS AND ESSENTIAL METALS, SUCH AS CU, SE, AND ZN. THE FINDINGS IN THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHT THAT THE PROBLEM OF PTM EXPOSURE PERSISTS, AFFECTING THE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE POPULATIONS, SUCH AS NEWBORNS. SOME OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE OBSERVED AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF PTMS. MOST OF THE STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON SINGLE EXPOSURES; HOWEVER, THREE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ESSENTIAL AND NONESSENTIAL METALS WERE OBSERVED, HIGHLIGHTING THAT METAL MIXTURES NEED MORE ATTENTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17 6426  34 THE TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF THE PATERNAL TYPE 2 DIABETES-INDUCED SUBFERTILITY PHENOTYPE. DIABETES IS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ASSOCIATED WITH MANY HEALTH COMPLICATIONS DUE TO THE LONG-TERM DAMAGE AND DYSFUNCTION OF VARIOUS ORGANS. A CONSEQUENTIAL COMPLICATION OF DIABETES IN MEN IS REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTION, REDUCED FERTILITY, AND POOR REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR DIABETIC ENVIRONMENT-INDUCED SPERM DAMAGE AND OVERALL DECREASED REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES ARE NOT FULLY ESTABLISHED. WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES EXPOSURE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND THE REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES OF MALES AND THEIR MALE OFFSPRING, USING A MOUSE MODEL. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT PATERNAL EXPOSURE TO TYPE 2 DIABETES MEDIATES INTERGENERATIONAL AND TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING, ESPECIALLY ON SPERM QUALITY, AND ON METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS. GIVEN THE TRANSGENERATIONAL IMPAIRMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS THROUGH TWO GENERATIONS, THESE CHANGES LIKELY TAKE THE FORM OF INHERITED EPIGENETIC MARKS THROUGH THE GERMLINE. OUR RESULTS EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVING METABOLIC HEALTH NOT ONLY IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE, BUT ALSO IN POTENTIAL FATHERS, IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF DIABETES ON SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18 1644  31 DOES THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECT MENOPAUSE? A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON MENOPAUSE. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO THESE COMPOUNDS NOT ONLY THROUGH THEIR OCCUPATIONS, BUT ALSO THROUGH DIETARY CONSUMPTION AND EXPOSURE TO CONTAMINATED WATER, PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND TEXTILES. CHEMICALS THAT ARE PERSISTENT IN THE BODY AND IN OUR ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE DIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. NON-PERSISTENT CHEMICALS INCLUDING BISPHENOL A, PHTHALATES AND PARABENS ARE EQUALLY AS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY ARE UBIQUITOUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. HEAVY METALS, INCLUDING LEAD AND CADMIUM, CAN ALSO HAVE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING PROPERTIES. ALTHOUGH DIFFICULT TO STUDY DUE TO THEIR VARIETY OF SOURCES OF EXPOSURES AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION, THESE CHEMICALS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY MENOPAUSE, INCREASED FREQUENCY OF VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS, ALTERED STEROID HORMONE LEVELS AND MARKERS OF DIMINISHED OVARIAN RESERVE. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS OF THESE EXPOSURES IS IMPORTANT GIVEN THE POTENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, WHICH CAN ALTER GENE FUNCTION AND RESULT IN MULTI-GENERATIONAL EFFECTS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES FINDINGS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS OR CELL-BASED MODELS FROM THE PAST DECADE OF RESEARCH. CONTINUED RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS, CHRONIC EXPOSURES AND NEW COMPOUNDS THAT ARE CONTINUOUSLY BEING DEVELOPED AS REPLACEMENTS FOR TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ARE BEING PHASED OUT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 6295  34 THE PROMISES AND CHALLENGES OF TOXICO-EPIGENOMICS: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE EPIGENOME. BACKGROUND: IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF CHRONIC AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES CAN BE CAUSED OR EXACERBATED BY EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS. MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE INDICATE THAT EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AT RELATIVELY LOW CONCENTRATIONS COULD HAVE LASTING EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION HEALTH. ALTHOUGH THE POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS ARE KNOWN TO THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY, REGULATORY AGENCIES, AND THE PUBLIC, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MECHANISTIC BASIS BY WHICH THESE CHEMICALS CAN INDUCE LONG-TERM OR TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE EMERGED AS THE POTENTIAL LINK BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. OBJECTIVES: WE PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND A SUMMARY OF REPORTED EVIDENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS AS EPIGENETIC DISRUPTORS. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF USING EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS AS AN INDICATOR OF TOXICANT EXPOSURE, USING MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN TO IMPROVE RISK ASSESSMENT, AND OUR PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN TOXICOLOGY. DISCUSSION: UNTIL RECENTLY, EFFORTS TO APPLY EPIGENOMIC DATA IN TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT WERE RESTRICTED BY AN INCOMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENOMIC VARIABILITY ACROSS TISSUE TYPES AND POPULATIONS. THIS IS POISED TO CHANGE WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TOOLS AND CONCERTED EFFORTS BY RESEARCHERS ACROSS DISCIPLINES THAT HAVE LED TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND COMPREHENSIVE MAPS OF EPIGENOMIC VARIATION. WITH THE FOUNDATIONS NOW IN PLACE, WE FORESEE THAT UNPRECEDENTED ADVANCEMENTS WILL TAKE PLACE IN THE FIELD IN THE COMING YEARS. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1289/EHP6104.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20 2790  43 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE USE OF STEM CELLS FOR PHARMACEUTIC DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND FOR CHEMICAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT. GIVEN THE REALITY OF THE INADEQUACIES OF CURRENT CONCEPTS OF THE MECHANISMS OF CHEMICAL TOXICITIES, OF THE VARIOUS ASSAYS TO PREDICT TOXICITIES FROM CURRENT MOLECULAR, BIOCHEMICAL, IN VITRO AND ANIMAL BIOASSAYS, AND OF THE FAILURE TO GENERATE EFFICACIOUS AND SAFE CHEMICALS FOR MEDICINES, FOOD SUPPLEMENTS, INDUSTRIAL, CONSUMER AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS, THE RECENT NAS REPORT, "TOXICITY TESTING IN THE 21ST CENTURY: A VISION AND A STRATEGY", HAS DRAWN ATTENTION TO A RENEWED EXAMINATION OF WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE TO IMPROVE OUR CURRENT APPROACH FOR BETTER ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL RISK TO HUMAN HEALTH. THIS "COMMENTARY" PROVIDES A MAJOR PARADIGM CHALLENGE TO THE CURRENT CONCEPTS OF HOW CHEMICALS INDUCE TOXICITIES AND HOW THESE VARIOUS MECHANISMS OF TOXICITIES CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF SOME HUMAN DISEASES, SUCH AS BIRTH DEFECTS AND CANCER. IN CONCORDANCE WITH THE NAS REPORT TO TAKE "... ADVANTAGE OF THE ON-GOING REVOLUTION IN BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY", THIS "COMMENTARY" SUPPORTS THE USE OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC AND ADULT STEM CELLS, GROWN IN VITRO UNDER SIMULATED "IN VIVO NICHE CONDITIONS". THE HUMAN BEING SHOULD BE VIEWED "AS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS". HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL OF THE "EMERGENT PROPERTIES" OF THE HUMAN HIERARCHY, NEEDED TO MAINTAIN HUMAN HEALTH, REQUIRES COMPLEX INTEGRATION OF ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS SIGNALING MOLECULES THAT CONTROL CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, APOPTOSIS AND SENESCENCE OF STEM, PROGENITOR AND DIFFERENTIATED CELLS. CURRENTLY, IN VITRO TOXICITY ASSAYS (MUTAGENESIS, CYTOTOXICITY, EPIGENETIC MODULATION), DONE ON 2-DIMENSIONAL PRIMARY RODENT OR HUMAN CELLS (WHICH ARE ALWAYS MIXTURES OF CELLS), ON IMMORTALIZED OR TUMORIGENIC RODENT OR HUMAN CELL LINES DO NOT REPRESENT NORMAL HUMAN CELLS IN VIVO [WHICH DO NOT GROW ON PLASTIC AND WHICH ARE IN MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS REPRESENTING 3 DIMENSIONS AND CONSTANTLY INTERACTING FACTORS]. IN ADDITION, WITH THE KNOWN GENETIC, GENDER, AND DEVELOPMENTAL STATE OF CELLS IN VIVO, ANY IN VITRO TOXICITY ASSAY WILL NEED TO MIMIC THESE CONDITIONS IN VITRO. MORE SPECIFICALLY, WHILE TISSUES CONTAIN A FEW STEM CELLS, MANY PROGENITOR/TRANSIT CELLS AND TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED CELLS, IT SHOULD BE OBVIOUS THAT BOTH EMBRYONIC AND ADULT STEM CELLS WOULD BE CRITICAL "TARGET" CELLS FOR TOXICITY TESTING. THE ULTIMATE POTENTIAL FOR IN VITRO TESTING OF HUMAN STEM CELLS WILL TO TRY TO MIMIC A 3-D IN VITRO MICRO-ENVIRONMENT ON MULTIPLE "ORGAN-SPECIFIC AND MULTIPLE GENOTYPIC/GENDER "ADULT STEM CELLS. THE ROLE OF STEM CELLS IN MANY CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CANCER, BIRTH DEFECTS, AND POSSIBLY ADULT DISEASES AFTER PRE-NATAL AND EARLY POST-NATAL EXPOSURES (BARKER HYPOTHESIS), DEMANDS TOXICITY STUDIES OF STEM CELLS. WHILE ALTERATION OF GENE EXPRESSION ("TOXICO-EPIGENOMICS") IS A LEGITIMATE ENDPOINT OF THESE TOXICITY STUDIES, ALTERATION OF THE QUANTITY OF STEM CELLS DURING DEVELOPMENT MUST BE SERIOUS CONSIDERED. IF THE FUTURE UTILITY OF HUMAN STEM CELLS PROVES TO BE VALID, THE ELIMINATION OF LESS RELEVANT, EXPENSIVE AND TIME-CONSUMING RODENT AND 2-D HUMAN IN VITRO ASSAYS WILL BE ELIMINATED.	2010