1 1061 179 CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL T-REGULATORY CELL POLARIZED TOWARDS T-BET AND TIGIT. BACKGROUND: NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS CAN CAUSE CHRONIC RELAPSING AND REMITTING OCULAR INFLAMMATION, WHICH MAY REQUIRE HIGH DOSE SYSTEMIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSION TO PREVENT SEVERE SIGHT LOSS. IT HAS BEEN CLASSICALLY DESCRIBED AS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, MEDIATED BY PRO-INFLAMMATORY TH1 AND TH17 T-CELL SUBSETS. STUDIES SUGGEST THAT NATURAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T-REGULATORY CELLS (TREGS) ARE INVOLVED IN RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CLINICAL REMISSION. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THERE IS A PERIPHERAL BLOOD IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS BY COMPARING PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEVELS OF TREG, TH1, AND TH17, AND ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION AND CYTOKINE LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE, CONTROL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS (WITH PREVIOUSLY ACTIVE DISEASE) IN CLINICAL REMISSION INDUCED BY IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS. METHODS: ISOLATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES FROM PROSPECTIVELY RECRUITED SUBJECTS WERE ANALYZED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY FOR CD3, CD4, FOXP3, TIGIT, T-BET, AND RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR GAMMAT. EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF FOXP3 TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), FOXP3 PROMOTER, TBX21, RORC2, AND TIGIT LOCI WERE DETERMINED IN CRYOPRESERVED PBMC USING A NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING APPROACH. RELATED CYTOKINES WERE MEASURED IN BLOOD SERA. FUNCTIONAL SUPPRESSIVE CAPACITY OF TREG WAS ASSESSED USING T-CELL PROLIFERATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: FIFTY PATIENTS WITH UVEITIS (INTERMEDIATE, POSTERIOR, AND PANUVEITIS) AND 10 CONTROL SUBJECTS WERE RECRUITED. THE FREQUENCY OF CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) TREG, TIGIT(+) TREG, AND T-BET(+) TREG AND THE RATIO OF TREG TO TH1 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN REMISSION PATIENTS COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE; AND TIGIT(+) TREGS WERE A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF CLINICAL REMISSION. TREG FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION DEMONSTRATED A HIGH LEVEL OF IN VITRO SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION COMPARED WITH TREG FROM CONTROL SUBJECTS AND FROM PATIENTS WITH UNTREATED ACTIVE DISEASE. PBMC FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER METHYLATION LEVELS AT THE FOXP3 TSDR, FOXP3 PROMOTER, AND TIGIT LOCI AND HIGHER LEVELS AT RORC LOCI THAN THOSE WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CLINICAL REMISSION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER SERUM LEVELS OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA AND IL-10, WHICH POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH TREG LEVELS, AND LOWER SERUM LEVELS OF IFNGAMMA, IL-17A, AND IL-22 COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CONCLUSION: CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS HAS AN IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL TREG, POLARIZED TOWARD T-BET AND TIGIT. THESE FINDINGS MAY ASSIST WITH INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY OF UVEITIS, BY INFORMING WHETHER DRUG THERAPY HAS INDUCED PHENOTYPICALLY STABLE TREG ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM CLINICAL REMISSION.	2018	

2 3454  54 HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE REGULATORY T CELL-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION IN CD25HI T CELLS IS DECOUPLED FROM FOXP3 EXPRESSION AT THE INFLAMED SITE IN CHILDHOOD ARTHRITIS. THE MAINTENANCE OF FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN CD25(HI) REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS) IS CRUCIAL TO THE CONTROL OF INFLAMMATION AND ESSENTIAL FOR SUCCESSFUL TREG TRANSFER THERAPIES. COEXPRESSION OF CD25 AND FOXP3 IN COMBINATION WITH A HYPOMETHYLATED REGION WITHIN THE FOXP3 GENE, CALLED THE TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), IS CONSIDERED THE HALLMARK OF STABLE TREGS. THE TSDR IS AN EPIGENETIC MOTIF THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR STABLE FOXP3 EXPRESSION AND IS USED AS A BIOMARKER TO MEASURE TREG LINEAGE COMMITMENT. IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT, UNLIKE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, CD4(+) T CELL EXPRESSION OF CD25 AND FOXP3 IS FREQUENTLY DISSOCIATED AT THE INFLAMED SITE IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS, WHICH LED US TO QUESTION THE STABILITY OF HUMAN TREGS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENTS. WE DESCRIBE A NOVEL CD4(+)CD127(LO)CD25(HI) HUMAN T CELL POPULATION THAT EXHIBITS EXTENSIVE TSDR AND PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION IN THE ABSENCE OF STABLE FOXP3 EXPRESSION. THIS POPULATION EXPRESSES HIGH LEVELS OF CTLA-4 AND CAN SUPPRESS T CONVENTIONAL CELL PROLIFERATION IN VITRO. THESE DATA COLLECTIVELY SUGGEST THAT THIS POPULATION MAY REPRESENT A CHRONICALLY ACTIVATED FOXP3(LO) TREG POPULATION. WE SHOW THAT THESE CELLS HAVE DEFECTS IN IL-2 SIGNALING AND REDUCED EXPRESSION OF A DEUBIQUITINASE IMPORTANT FOR FOXP3 STABILITY. CLINICALLY, THE PROPORTIONS OF THESE CELLS WITHIN THE CD25(HI) T CELL SUBSET ARE INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH THE MORE SEVERE COURSES OF DISEASE. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES, THEREFORE, THAT HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE TSDR CAN BE DECOUPLED FROM FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN T CELLS AND THAT ENVIRONMENT-SPECIFIC BREAKDOWN IN FOXP3 STABILITY MAY COMPROMISE THE RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION IN JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3 5908  43 TARGETED DE-METHYLATION OF THE FOXP3-TSDR IS SUFFICIENT TO INDUCE PHYSIOLOGICAL FOXP3 EXPRESSION BUT NOT A FUNCTIONAL TREG PHENOTYPE. CD4+ REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS) ARE KEY MEDIATORS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE AND PROMISING EFFECTOR CELLS FOR IMMUNO-SUPPRESSIVE ADOPTIVE CELLULAR THERAPY TO FIGHT AUTOIMMUNITY AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THEIR FUNCTIONAL STABILITY IS CRITICAL FOR THEIR CLINICAL UTILITY AND HAS BEEN CORRELATED TO THE DEMETHYLATED STATE OF THE TSDR/CNS2 ENHANCER ELEMENT IN THE TREG LINEAGE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3. HOWEVER, PROOF FOR A CAUSAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE TSDR DE-METHYLATION TO FOXP3 STABILITY AND TREG INDUCTION IS SO FAR LACKING. WE HERE ESTABLISHED A POWERFUL TRANSIENT-TRANSFECTION CRISPR-CAS9-BASED EPIGENETIC EDITING METHOD FOR THE SELECTIVE DE-METHYLATION OF THE TSDR WITHIN THE ENDOGENOUS CHROMATIN ENVIRONMENT OF A LIVING CELL. THE INDUCED DE-METHYLATED STATE WAS STABLE OVER WEEKS IN CLONAL T CELL PROLIFERATION CULTURES EVEN AFTER EXPRESSION OF THE EDITING COMPLEX HAD CEASED. EPIGENETIC EDITING OF THE TSDR RESULTED IN FOXP3 EXPRESSION, EVEN IN ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL ISOFORM DISTRIBUTION, PROVING A CAUSAL ROLE FOR THE DE-METHYLATED TSDR IN FOXP3 REGULATION. HOWEVER, SUCCESSFUL FOXP3 INDUCTION WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A SWITCH TOWARDS A FUNCTIONAL TREG PHENOTYPE, IN CONTRAST TO WHAT HAS BEEN REPORTED FROM FOXP3 OVEREXPRESSION APPROACHES. THUS, TSDR DE-METHYLATION IS REQUIRED, BUT NOT SUFFICIENT FOR A STABLE TREG PHENOTYPE INDUCTION. THEREFORE, TARGETED DEMETHYLATION OF THE TSDR MAY BE A CRITICAL ADDITION TO PUBLISHED IN VITRO TREG INDUCTION PROTOCOLS WHICH SO FAR LACK FOXP3 STABILITY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4 1500  47 DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF CD4+ T CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY ABERRANT CROSS-TALK BETWEEN KERATINOCYTES AND IMMUNE CELLS SUCH AS CD4+ T CELLS, RESULTING IN KERATINOCYTE HYPERPROLIFERATION IN THE EPIDERMIS. DNA METHYLATION, ONE OF SEVERAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT CHANGING THE DNA SEQUENCE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN SKIN LESIONS FROM PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF CD4+ T CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS COMPARED WITH HEALTHY SUBJECTS USING METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (MEDIP-SEQ). THE RESULTS OF MEDIP-SEQ SHOWED THAT THE GLOBAL METHYLATION VALUES OF CD4+ T CELLS ARE HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS THAN IN HEALTHY CONTROLS, PARTICULARLY IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS. AMONG THE MOST HYPERMETHYLATED GENES IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS, WE SELECTED THE GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION IS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN THE CD4+ T CELLS OF PSORIASIS PATIENTS. STUDIES USING THE METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE IN VITRO METHYLATION ASSAYS HAVE SHOWN THAT THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE METHYLATION STATUS OF EACH GENE. BISULFITE SEQUENCING OF THE TRANSCRIPTION START REGION OF PHOSPHATIDIC ACID PHOSPHATASE TYPE 2 DOMAIN CONTAINING 3 (PPAPDC3), ONE OF THE SELECTED GENES, SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION IN THE CD4+ T CELLS OF PSORIASIS PATIENTS. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS, WHICH IS IDENTIFIED BY MEDIP-SEQ OF THE GENES, WAS CORRELATED WITH THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVEL OF THE GENES. COLLECTIVELY, THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN CD4+ T CELLS MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5 3634  50 INCREASED CD4(+) T CELL LINEAGE COMMITMENT DETERMINED BY CPG METHYLATION CORRELATES WITH BETTER PROGNOSIS IN URINARY BLADDER CANCER PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: URINARY BLADDER CANCER IS A COMMON MALIGNANCY WORLDWIDE. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ARE CORRELATED WITH THE DISEASE RISK. DIAGNOSIS IS PERFORMED BY TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE BLADDER, AND PATIENTS WITH MUSCLE INVASIVE DISEASE PREFERABLY PROCEED TO RADICAL CYSTECTOMY, WITH OR WITHOUT NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY. THE ANTI-TUMOUR IMMUNE RESPONSES, KNOWN TO BE INITIATED IN THE TUMOUR AND DRAINING LYMPH NODES, MAY PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN FUTURE TREATMENT STRATEGIES. THUS, INCREASING THE KNOWLEDGE OF TUMOUR-ASSOCIATED IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IS IMPORTANT. ACTIVATED CD4(+) T CELLS DIFFERENTIATE INTO FOUR MAIN SEPARATE LINEAGES: TH1, TH2, TH17 AND TREG, AND THEY ARE RECOGNIZED BY THEIR EFFECTOR MOLECULES IFN-GAMMA, IL-13, IL-17A, AND THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3, RESPECTIVELY. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED SIGNATURE CPG SITES PREDICTIVE FOR LINEAGE COMMITMENT OF THESE FOUR MAJOR CD4(+) T CELL LINEAGES. HERE, WE INVESTIGATE THE LINEAGE COMMITMENT SPECIFICALLY IN TUMOUR, LYMPH NODES AND BLOOD AND RELATE THEM TO THE DISEASE STAGE AND RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY. RESULTS: BLOOD, TUMOUR AND REGIONAL LYMPH NODES WERE OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS AT TIME OF TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE BLADDER AND AT RADICAL CYSTECTOMY. TUMOUR-INFILTRATING CD4(+) LYMPHOCYTES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HYPOMETHYLATED IN ALL FOUR INVESTIGATED LINEAGE LOCI COMPARED TO CD4(+) LYMPHOCYTES IN LYMPH NODES AND BLOOD (LYMPH NODES VS TUMOUR-INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES: IFNG -4229 BP P < 0.0001, IL13 -11 BP P < 0.05, IL17A -122 BP P < 0.01 AND FOXP3 -77 BP P > 0.05). EXAMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL LYMPH NODES DISPLAYED DIFFERENT METHYLATION SIGNATURES, SUGGESTING POSSIBLE CORRELATION WITH FUTURE SURVIVAL. MORE ADVANCED POST-CYSTECTOMY TUMOUR STAGES CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH INCREASED METHYLATION AT THE IFNG -4229 BP LOCUS. PATIENTS WITH COMPLETE RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY DISPLAYED SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION IN CD4(+) T CELLS FOR ALL FOUR INVESTIGATED LOCI, MOST PROMINENTLY IN IFNG P < 0.0001. NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY SEEMED TO RESULT IN A RELOCATION OF TH1-COMMITTED CD4(+) T CELLS FROM BLOOD, PRESUMABLY TO THE TUMOUR, INDICATED BY SHIFTS IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS, WHEREAS NO SUCH SHIFTS WERE SEEN FOR LINEAGES CORRESPONDING TO IL13, IL17A AND FOXP3. CONCLUSION: INCREASED LINEAGE COMMITMENT IN CD4(+) T CELLS, AS DETERMINED BY DEMETHYLATION IN PREDICTIVE CPG SITES, IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER POST-CYSTECTOMY TUMOUR STAGE, COMPLETE RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY AND OVERALL BETTER OUTCOME, SUGGESTING EPIGENETIC PROFILING OF CD4(+) T CELL LINEAGES AS A USEFUL READOUT FOR CLINICAL STAGING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  556  54 AZACYTIDINE TREATMENT INHIBITS THE PROGRESSION OF HERPES STROMAL KERATITIS BY ENHANCING REGULATORY T CELL FUNCTION. OCULAR INFECTION WITH HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1 (HSV-1) SETS OFF AN INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN THE CORNEA WHICH LEADS TO BOTH VIRUS CLEARANCE AND CHRONIC LESIONS THAT ARE ORCHESTRATED BY CD4 T CELLS. APPROACHES THAT ENHANCE THE FUNCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS (TREG) AND DAMPEN EFFECTOR T CELLS CAN BE EFFECTIVE TO LIMIT STROMAL KERATITIS (SK) LESION SEVERITY. IN THIS REPORT, WE EXPLORE THE NOVEL APPROACH OF INHIBITING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY USING 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA; A CYTOSINE ANALOG) TO LIMIT HSV-1-INDUCED OCULAR LESIONS. WE SHOW THAT THERAPY BEGUN AFTER INFECTION WHEN VIRUS WAS NO LONGER ACTIVELY REPLICATING RESULTED IN A PRONOUNCED REDUCTION IN LESION SEVERITY, WITH MARKEDLY DIMINISHED NUMBERS OF T CELLS AND NONLYMPHOID INFLAMMATORY CELLS, ALONG WITH REDUCED CYTOKINE MEDIATORS. THE REMAINING INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS HAD A CHANGE IN THE RATIO OF CD4 FOXP3(+) TREG TO EFFECTOR TH1 CD4 T CELLS IN OCULAR LESIONS AND LYMPHOID TISSUES, WITH TREG BECOMING PREDOMINANT OVER THE EFFECTORS. IN ADDITION, COMPARED TO THOSE FROM CONTROL MICE, TREG FROM AZA-TREATED MICE SHOWED MORE SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITY IN VITRO AND EXPRESSED HIGHER LEVELS OF ACTIVATION MOLECULES. ADDITIONALLY, CELLS INDUCED IN VITRO IN THE PRESENCE OF AZA SHOWED EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR) OF FOXP3 AND WERE MORE STABLE WHEN EXPOSED TO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT THERAPY WITH AZA IS AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF CONTROLLING A VIRUS-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY REACTION AND MAY ACT MAINLY BY THE EFFECTS ON TREG.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 INFECTION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INITIATE AN INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN THE CORNEA THAT LEADS TO TISSUE DAMAGE AND LOSS OF VISION. THE INFLAMMATORY REACTION IS ORCHESTRATED BY GAMMA INTERFERON (IFN-GAMMA)-SECRETING TH1 CELLS, AND REGULATORY T CELLS PLAY A PROTECTIVE ROLE. HENCE, NOVEL THERAPEUTICS THAT CAN REBALANCE THE RATIO OF REGULATORY T CELLS TO EFFECTORS ARE A RELEVANT ISSUE. THIS STUDY OPENS UP A NEW AVENUE IN TREATING HSV-INDUCED SK LESIONS BY INCREASING THE STABILITY AND FUNCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS USING THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA). AZA INCREASED THE FUNCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS, LEADING TO ENHANCED SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY AND DIMINISHED LESIONS. HENCE, THERAPY WITH AZA, WHICH ACTS MAINLY BY ITS EFFECTS ON TREG, CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE MEANS TO CONTROL VIRUS-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY LESIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7 1566  44 DNA METHYLATION OF TH1/TH2 CYTOKINE GENES AFFECTS SENSITIZATION AND PROGRESS OF EXPERIMENTAL ASTHMA. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION HAVE RECENTLY BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE INVOLVED IN EFFECTOR T-CELL POLARIZATION, RESULTING IN DIFFERENTIAL SECRETION OF T(H)1 AND T(H)2 CYTOKINES. HOWEVER, THE CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE REMAINS STILL UNCLEAR. OBJECTIVE: WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN MARKER GENES OF T-CELL SUBSETS DURING ALLERGEN SENSITIZATION/CHALLENGE AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALLERGIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. METHODS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND PHENOTYPE DEVELOPMENT WERE EXAMINED IN A WELL-ESTABLISHED MODEL OF EXPERIMENTAL ASTHMA. DNA METHYLATION WAS INVESTIGATED AT GENOMIC LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH T(H)1 (IFNG PROMOTER) OR T(H)2 (CONSERVED NONCODING SEQUENCE 1 [CNS1]) CYTOKINE PRODUCTION BY USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: ANALYSIS OF CD4(+) T CELLS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION AT THE IFNG PROMOTER AFTER ALLERGEN SENSITIZATION/CHALLENGE, WHICH CORRELATED WITH DECREASED IFN-GAMMA CYTOKINE EXPRESSION, WHEREAS ONLY MINOR CHANGES WERE OBSERVED AT THE CNS1 LOCUS. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION AT THE IFNG PROMOTER COULD BE REVERSED WITH A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITOR IN VITRO AND IN VIVO WITH BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON SENSITIZATION STATUS AND ALLERGIC PHENOTYPE. THE SPECIFIC IMPORTANCE OF THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN CD4(+) T CELLS COULD BE CONFIRMED BY USING ADOPTIVE TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS. CONCLUSION: WE HERE REPORT THE NOVEL FINDING THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN T CELLS CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ASTHMA AND CAN BE TARGETED PHARMACOLOGICALLY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8 2400  53 EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF IMMUNE CELLS IN WOMEN WITH PCOS IMPACT GENES CONTROLLING REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION. CONTEXT: POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) IS A CHRONIC DISEASE AFFECTING REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION AND WHOLE-BODY METABOLISM. ALTHOUGH THE ETIOLOGY IS UNCLEAR, EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE EPIGENETICS MAY BE A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR. OBJECTIVE: TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF GLOBAL AND GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN SPECIFIC IMMUNE CELLS IN PCOS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND WHETHER THESE COULD BE RELATED TO CLINICAL FEATURES OF PCOS. DESIGN: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. PARTICIPANTS: WOMEN WITH (N = 17) OR WITHOUT PCOS (N = 17). SETTING: RECRUITED FROM THE GENERAL COMMUNITY. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ISOLATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS WERE ANALYZED USING MULTICOLOR FLOW CYTOMETRY METHODS TO DETERMINE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN A CELL-SPECIFIC FASHION. TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED ON T HELPER CELLS USING RNA SEQUENCING AND REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING. RESULTS: WOMEN WITH PCOS HAD LOWER GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN MONOCYTES (P = 0.006) AND IN T HELPER (P = 0.004), T CYTOTOXIC (P = 0.004), AND B CELLS (P = 0.03). SPECIFIC GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF T HELPER CELLS FROM WOMEN WITH PCOS IDENTIFIED 5581 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES. FUNCTIONAL GENE ONTOLOGY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT GENES LOCATED AT THE PROXIMITY OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES BELONG TO PATHWAYS RELATED TO REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION AND IMMUNE CELL FUNCTION. HOWEVER, THESE GENES WERE NOT ALTERED AT THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC LEVEL. CONCLUSIONS: IT WAS SHOWN THAT PCOS IS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION REMODELING IN A CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC MANNER. FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS WARRANTED TO DETERMINE WHETHER EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF IMMUNE CELLS IS IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING THE DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF PCOS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 1307  42 DEFINING A METHYLATION SIGNATURE ASSOCIATED WITH OPERATIONAL TOLERANCE IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS. OPERATIONAL TOLERANCE AFTER KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION IS DEFINED AS STABLE GRAFT ACCEPTANCE WITHOUT THE NEED FOR IMMUNOSUPPRESSION THERAPY. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR WHICH CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PATHWAYS ARE DRIVING TOLERANCE IN THESE PATIENTS. WE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS WITH CHRONIC REJECTION AND OPERATIONAL TOLERANCE FROM THE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE (GAMBIT) STUDY. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT BOTH CLINICAL STAGES DIVERGE IN 2737 GENES, INDICATING THAT EACH ONE HAS A SPECIFIC METHYLATION SIGNATURE ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSPLANT OUTCOME. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT TOLERANCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH DEMETHYLATION IN GENES INVOLVED IN IMMUNE FUNCTION, INCLUDING B AND T CELL ACTIVATION AND TH17 DIFFERENTIATION, WHILE IN CHRONIC REJECTION IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING AND UBIQUITINATION PATHWAYS. USING CO-EXPRESSION NETWORK ANALYSIS, WE SELECTED 12 GENOMIC REGIONS THAT ARE SPECIFICALLY HYPOMETHYLATED OR HYPERMETHYLATED IN TOLERANT PATIENTS. ANALYSIS OF THESE GENES IN TRANSPLANTED PATIENTS WITH LOW DOSE OF STEROIDS SHOWED THAT THESE HAVE A SIMILAR METHYLATION SIGNATURE TO THAT OF TOLERANT RECIPIENTS. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT METHYLATION ANALYSIS CAN MIRROR THE IMMUNE STATUS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSPLANT OUTCOME AND PROVIDES A STARTING POINT FOR UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH TOLERANCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10 5393  44 REDUCED CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY TO CD4 T CELL SUPER-ENHANCERS ENCOMPASSING SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. BACKGROUND: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS AN INFLAMMATORY DISEASE THAT MANIFESTS AS A PRECLINICAL STAGE OF SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNITY FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE SYNOVITIS. DISEASE-ASSOCIATED GENETIC SNP VARIANTS PREDOMINANTLY MAP TO NON-CODING, REGULATORY REGIONS OF FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE IN CD4 T CELLS, IMPLICATING THESE CELLS AS KEY REGULATORS. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENOME OF CD4 T CELLS HOLDS THE PROMISE OF PROVIDING INFORMATION ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND EXOGENOUS FACTORS. METHODS: WE MAPPED REGIONS OF CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY USING ATAC-SEQ IN PERIPHERAL CD4 T CELL SUBSETS OF PATIENTS WITH RA (N=18) AND COMPARED THEM TO T CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS (N=11) AND AGE-MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS (N=10). TRANSCRIPTS OF SELECTED GENES WERE QUANTIFIED USING QPCR. FINDINGS: RA-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES WERE IDENTIFIED THAT IN PART OVERLAPPED BETWEEN CENTRAL AND EFFECTOR MEMORY CD4 T CELLS AND THAT WERE TO A LESSER EXTENT ALREADY PRESENT IN NAIVE CELLS. SITES MORE ACCESSIBLE IN RA WERE HIGHLY ENRICHED FOR THE MOTIF OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (TF) CTCF SUGGESTING DIFFERENCES IN THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. UNEXPECTEDLY, SITES WITH REDUCED CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY WERE ENRICHED FOR MOTIFS OF TFS PERTINENT FOR T CELL FUNCTION. MOST STRIKINGLY, SUPER-ENHANCERS ENCOMPASSING RA-ASSOCIATED SNPS WERE LESS ACCESSIBLE. ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TRANSCRIPTS AND PUBLISHED DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE CONSISTENT WITH THIS FINDING. THE PREFERENTIAL LOSS IN ACCESSIBILITY AT THESE SUPER-ENHANCERS WAS SEEN IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH AND LOW DISEASE ACTIVITY AND ON A VARIETY OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT MODALITIES. INTERPRETATION: DISEASE-ASSOCIATED GENES ARE EPIGENETICALLY LESS POISED TO RESPOND IN CD4 T CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH ESTABLISHED RA. FUNDING: THIS WORK WAS SUPPORTED BY I01 BX001669 FROM THE VETERANS ADMINISTRATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11 6311  40 THE RELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS AND SERUM CYTOKINE LEVELS IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULTS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. BACKGROUND: THE LEVELS OF CIRCULATING CYTOKINES FLUCTUATE WITH AGE, ACUTE ILLNESS, AND CHRONIC DISEASE, AND ARE PREDICTIVE OF MORTALITY; THIS IS ALSO TRUE FOR PATTERNS OF DNA (CPG) METHYLATION. GIVEN THAT IMMUNE CELLS ARE PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF CYTOKINES IN THEIR MICROENVIRONMENT, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT SERUM LEVELS OF TNF, IL-6, IL-8 AND IL-10 WOULD CORRELATE WITH GENOME-WIDE ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF BLOOD LEUKOCYTES. TO TEST THIS, WE EVALUATED COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULTS (N = 14; 48-78 YEARS OLD) RECRUITED TO A PILOT STUDY FOR THE CANADIAN LONGITUDINAL STUDY ON AGING (CLSA), EXAMINING DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS USING THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION 450 K BEADCHIP. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT, APART FROM AGE, SERUM IL-10 LEVELS EXHIBITED THE MOST SUBSTANTIAL ASSOCIATION TO DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, FOLLOWED BY TNF, IL-6 AND IL-8. FURTHERMORE, WHILE THE LEVELS OF THESE CYTOKINES WERE HIGHER IN ELDERLY ADULTS, NO ASSOCIATIONS WITH EPIGENETIC ACCELERATED AGING, DERIVED USING THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK, WERE OBSERVED. CONCLUSIONS: AS A PRELIMINARY STUDY WITH A SMALL SAMPLE SIZE, THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THIS WORK MUST BE VIEWED WITH CAUTION; HOWEVER, OUR OBSERVATIONS ARE ENCOURAGING AND CERTAINLY WARRANT MORE SUITABLY POWERED STUDIES OF THIS RELATIONSHIP.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12 5902  55 T-HELPER 17 CELL POLARIZATION IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. BACKGROUND: INFLAMMATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (PAH). DECIPHERING THE PAH FINGERPRINT ON THE INFLAMMATION ORCHESTRATED BY DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) AND T CELLS, KEY DRIVER AND EFFECTOR CELLS, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, MAY ALLOW THE IDENTIFICATION OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC APPROACHES TO PAH MANAGEMENT. METHODS: USING FLOW CYTOMETRY, WE PERFORMED IMMUNOPHENOTYPING OF MONOCYTE-DERIVED DCS (MODCS) AND CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC PAH AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. WITH THE SAME TECHNIQUE, WE PERFORMED CYTOKINE PROFILING OF BOTH POPULATIONS FOLLOWING STIMULATION, COCULTURE, OR BOTH. WE TESTED THE IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF A GLUCOCORTICOID (DEXAMETHASONE [DEX]) ON THIS IMMUNOPHENOTYPE AND CYTOKINE PROFILE. USING AN EPIGENETIC APPROACH, WE CONFIRMED THE IMMUNE POLARIZATION IN BLOOD DNA OF PATIENTS WITH PAH. RESULTS: THE PROFILE OF MEMBRANE COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES OF PAH MODCS WAS SIMILAR TO THAT OF CONTROL SUBJECTS. HOWEVER, PAH MODCS RETAINED HIGHER LEVELS OF THE T-CELL ACTIVATING MOLECULES CD86 AND CD40 AFTER DEX PRETREATMENT THAN DID CONTROL MODCS. THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF IL-12P40 AND A REDUCED MIGRATION TOWARD CHEMOKINE (C-C MOTIF) LIGAND 21. MOREOVER, BOTH WITH AND WITHOUT DEX, PAH MODCS INDUCED A HIGHER ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATION OF CD4+ T CELLS, ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED EXPRESSION OF IL-4 (T HELPER 2 RESPONSE) AND A HIGHER EXPRESSION OF IL-17 (T HELPER 17 RESPONSE). PURIFIED PAH CD4+ T CELLS EXPRESSED A HIGHER LEVEL OF IL-17 AFTER ACTIVATION THAN DID THOSE OF CONTROL SUBJECTS. LASTLY, THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE IL-17 PROMOTER IN THE PAH BLOOD DNA AS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL BLOOD. CONCLUSIONS: WE HAVE HIGHLIGHTED T HELPER 17 CELL IMMUNE POLARIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH PAH, AS HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED IN OTHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13 6020  44 THE ATTENUATION OF RENAL FIBROSIS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PLASTICITY OF FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS. BACKGROUND: THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, WHICH HAS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, HAD BEEN REPORTED TO ATTENUATE RENAL FIBROSIS. CD4(+) FORKHEAD BOX P3 (FOXP3)(+) T REGULATORY (TREG) CELLS MAY BE CONVERTED TO INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED T HELPER 17 CELLS (TH17) WITH TISSUE FIBROSIS PROPERTIES. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS AND THE ATTENUATION OF RENAL FIBROSIS BY THE HDAC INHIBITOR IS NOT CLEAR. METHODS: THIS STUDY EVALUATED THE ROLES OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR, TREG CELLS AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION INTO TH17 CELLS, WHICH AGGRAVATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RENAL FIBROSIS IN A UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MOUSE MODEL. THE STUDY GROUPS INCLUDED CONTROL AND UUO MICE THAT WERE MONITORED FOR 7, 14 OR 21 DAYS. RESULTS: JUXTAGLOMERULAR (JG) HYPERPLASIA, ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR (AT1R) EXPRESSION AND LYMPHOCYTE INFILTRATION WERE OBSERVED IN RENAL TISSUES AFTER UUO BUT WERE DECREASED AFTER TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT, A HDAC INHIBITOR. THE NUMBER OF CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T CELLS INCREASED PROGRESSIVELY, ALONG WITH THE NUMBER OF FOXP3(+)INTERLEUKIN (IL)-17(+) T CELLS, AFTER 14 DAYS, AND THEIR NUMBERS THEN PROGRESSIVELY DECREASED WITH INCREASING CD4(+)IL-17(+) T CELL NUMBERS, AS DEMONSTRATED BY DOUBLE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. PROGRESSIVE RENAL FIBROSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF CD4(+)FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS IN SPLENIC SINGLE-CELL SUSPENSIONS. FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS EXPRESSED TGF-BETA1 BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, AND TGF-BETA1 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY KNOCKDOWN BY IL-17 SIRNA IN VITRO. THESE CELLS WERE FOUND TO PLAY A ROLE IN CONVERTING TREGS INTO IL-17- AND TGF-BETA1-PRODUCING CELLS. CONCLUSIONS: TSA TREATMENT DECREASED JG HYPERPLASIA, THE PERCENTAGE OF FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) CELLS AND THE DEGREE OF FIBROSIS, SUGGESTING THAT THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS MAY RESULT FROM EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14 3440  34 HYPERMETHYLATION AND LOW TRANSCRIPTION OF TLR2 GENE IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. PERIODONTITIS IS AN INFLAMMATORY DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS AND HOST'S IMMUNE RESPONSE. EPIGENETIC MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND OUTCOME BY INFLUENCING THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLR) PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE RESPONSE TO PERIODONTOPATHIC BACTERIA. THE AIM OF STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION STATUS AND THE EXPRESSION OF TLR2 GENE IN GINGIVAL SAMPLES FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT PERIODONTITIS. DNA WAS ANALYZED USING THE METHYL PROFILER DNA METHYLATION QPCR ASSAY. DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE EVALUATED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE PERIODONTITIS GROUP SHOWED A HYPERMETHYLATED PROFILE AND A LOW EXPRESSION OF GENE. POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TLR2 METHYLATION FREQUENCY AND PROBING DEPTH WAS OBSERVED. THIS STUDY GIVES THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF METHYLATION FREQUENCY IN INFLAMED PERIODONTAL TISSUES AND OF THE POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION OF METHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTITIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15 2766  41 EXPRESSION, POLYMORPHISM AND METHYLATION PATTERN OF INTERLEUKIN-6 IN PERIODONTAL TISSUES. PERIODONTITIS IS CONSIDERED AN INFLAMMATORY DISORDER OF BACTERIAL ETIOLOGY THAT RESULTS IN PERIODONTAL TISSUE DESTRUCTION, AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS, HOST AND IMMUNE RESPONSE. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY MODULATE THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE SINCE IT IS ABLE TO INFLUENCE THE GENE EXPRESSION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF -174 G/C POLYMORPHISM AND THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF IL-6 GENE ON THE EXPRESSION OF IL-6 IN GINGIVAL SAMPLES FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. GINGIVAL BIOPSIES WERE COLLECTED FROM 21 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND 21 CONTROLS. HISTOLOGIC SECTIONS STAINED BY HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN WERE USED FOR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION. THE IL-6 GENE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. THE POLYMORPHISM IL-6 -174 C/G WAS STUDIED BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AMPLIFICATION AND RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE DIGESTION (HSPII). METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS USED TO VERIFY THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN. THE NUMBER OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN TISSUE FRAGMENTS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS WAS HIGHER THAN IN THE CONTROL GROUP AND THE INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE WAS PREDOMINANTLY MONONUCLEAR. THE EXPRESSION OF IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN THE GROUP WITH PERIODONTITIS. IN POLYMORPHISM ASSAY, NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF GENOTYPES AND ALLELES IN BOTH GROUPS WERE OBSERVED. THE MOST OF SAMPLES WERE PARTIALLY METHYLATED. NO DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED IN METHYLATION PATTERN FROM TWO DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE IL-6 GENE AMONG GROUPS. THE HIGH EXPRESSION OF IL-6 IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR RELATED TO CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS, BUT WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION STATUS OR THE -174 (G/C) GENETIC POLYMORPHISM, SUGGESTING THAT OTHER MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THIS GENE TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16 5223  37 PRIMARY MURINE CD4+ T CELLS FAIL TO ACQUIRE THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE EFFECTOR CYTOKINES WHEN ACTIVE RAS IS PRESENT DURING TH1/TH2 DIFFERENTIATION. CONSTITUTIVE RAS SIGNALING HAS BEEN SHOWN TO AUGMENT IL-2 PRODUCTION, REVERSE ANERGY, AND FUNCTIONALLY REPLACE MANY ASPECTS OF CD28 CO-STIMULATION IN CD4+ T CELLS. THESE DATA RAISE THE POSSIBILITY THAT INTRODUCTION OF ACTIVE RAS INTO PRIMARY T CELLS MIGHT RESULT IN IMPROVED FUNCTIONALITY IN PATHOLOGIC SITUATIONS OF T CELL DYSFUNCTION, SUCH AS CANCER OR CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION. TO TEST THE BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF ACTIVE RAS IN PRIMARY T CELLS, CD4+ T CELLS FROM COXSACKIE-ADENOVIRUS RECEPTOR TRANSGENIC MICE WERE TRANSDUCED WITH AN ADENOVIRUS ENCODING ACTIVE RAS. AS EXPECTED, ACTIVE RAS AUGMENTED IL-2 PRODUCTION IN NAIVE CD4+ T CELLS. HOWEVER, WHEN CELLS WERE CULTURED FOR 4 DAYS UNDER CONDITIONS TO PROMOTE EFFECTOR CELL DIFFERENTIATION, ACTIVE RAS INHIBITED THE ABILITY OF CD4+ T CELLS TO ACQUIRE A TH1 OR TH2 EFFECTOR CYTOKINE PROFILE. THIS DIFFERENTIATION DEFECT WAS NOT DUE TO DEFICIENT STAT4 OR STAT6 ACTIVATION BY IL-12 OR IL-4, RESPECTIVELY, NOR WAS IT ASSOCIATED WITH DEFICIENT INDUCTION OF T-BET AND GATA-3 EXPRESSION. IMPAIRED EFFECTOR CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN ACTIVE RAS-TRANSDUCED CELLS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DEFICIENT DEMETHYLATION OF THE IL-4 GENE LOCUS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT, DESPITE AUGMENTING ACUTE ACTIVATION OF NAIVE T CELLS, CONSTITUTIVE RAS SIGNALING INHIBITS THE ABILITY OF CD4+ T CELLS TO PROPERLY DIFFERENTIATE INTO TH1/TH2 EFFECTOR CYTOKINE-PRODUCING CELLS, IN PART BY INTERFERING WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF EFFECTOR GENE LOCI. ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES TO POTENTIATE RAS PATHWAY SIGNALING IN T CELLS IN A MORE REGULATED FASHION SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO IMPROVE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN VIVO.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17 5058  42 PHENOTYPIC ALTERATION OF CD8+ T CELLS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IS A PREVALENT CLINICAL FEATURE IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) PATIENTS, WITH MANY PATIENTS DEMONSTRATING INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIONS AS WELL AS INCREASED FAILURE OF AN ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE. HOWEVER, MUCH IS CURRENTLY NOT UNDERSTOOD REGARDING THE PRECISE MECHANISMS THAT ATTRIBUTE TO THIS IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE PHENOTYPE IN CLL. TO PROVIDE FURTHER CLARITY TO THIS PARTICULAR PHENOMENON, WE ANALYZED THE T-CELL PROFILE OF CLL PATIENT SAMPLES WITHIN A LARGE COHORT AND OBSERVED THAT PATIENTS WITH AN INVERTED CD4/CD8 RATIO HAD A SHORTER TIME TO FIRST TREATMENT AS WELL AS OVERALL SURVIVAL. THESE OBSERVATIONS COINCIDED WITH HIGHER EXPRESSION OF THE IMMUNE CHECKPOINT RECEPTOR PD-1 IN CLL PATIENT CD8+ T CELLS WHEN COMPARED TO AGE-MATCHED HEALTHY DONORS. INTERESTINGLY, WE DISCOVERED THAT INCREASED PD-1 EXPRESSION IN CD8+ T CELLS CORRESPONDS WITH DECREASED DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN A DISTAL UPSTREAM LOCUS OF THE PD-1 GENE PDCD1. FURTHER ANALYSIS USING LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAYS SUGGESTS THAT THE IDENTIFIED PDCD1 DISTAL UPSTREAM REGION ACTS AS AN ENHANCER FOR PDCD1 TRANSCRIPTION AND THIS REGION BECOMES DEMETHYLATED DURING ACTIVATION OF NAIVE CD8+ T CELLS BY ANTI-CD3/ANTI-CD28 ANTIBODIES AND IL2. FINALLY, WE CONDUCTED A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS COMPARING CD8+ T CELLS FROM CLL PATIENTS AGAINST HEALTHY DONORS AND IDENTIFIED ADDITIONAL DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES WITH KNOWN IMMUNE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS INCLUDING CCR6 AND KLRG1. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS REVEAL THE OCCURRENCE OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING TAKING PLACE WITHIN CLL PATIENT CD8+ T CELLS AND HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL MECHANISM OF HOW IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IS ACCOMPLISHED IN CLL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18 2008  41 EPIGENETIC BASIS FOR MONOCYTE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: SEVERE FORMS OF ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIONS WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS. THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS ALTERED HOST DEFENSE ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: WE PERFORMED WHOLE BLOOD PHENOTYPIC ANALYSIS AND EX VIVO STIMULATION WITH VARIOUS PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPS). WE INCLUDED 34 PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOL-RELATED CIRRHOSIS (18 OF WHOM HAD BIOPSY-PROVEN SEVERE ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS [SAH]), 12 HEALTHY CONTROLS AND 11 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT LIVER DISEASE. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC (RNA-SEQ) AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY (ATAC-SEQ) PROFILES OF CD14(+) MONOCYTES FROM A SUBSET OF PATIENTS. RESULTS: CIRCULATING MONOCYTES AND CONVENTIONAL DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) FROM PATIENTS WITH SAH DISPLAYED COMPLEX ALTERATIONS CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF BOTH ACTIVATING AND INHIBITORY SURFACE MARKERS AND AN IMPAIRED PRO-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE UPON STIMULATION WITH PAMPS REPRESENTATIVE OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA (LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE, PAM3CSK4) OR FUNGAL PATHOGENS (ZYMOSAN). THEIR DECREASED ABILITY TO PRODUCE MORE THAN 1 CYTOKINE (POLYFUNCTIONALITY) UPON PAMP STIMULATION CORRELATED WITH THE RISK OF DEVELOPING INFECTION AT 28 DAYS OR MORTALITY AT 90 DAYS. THE PRESENCE OF ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE IN PATIENTS WITH SAH DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY MODIFY THE IMMUNE PROFILE OF MONOCYTES AND DCS. MOREOVER, CD14(+) MONOCYTES OF PATIENTS WITH SAH DISPLAYED ALTERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENOMIC PROFILES CHARACTERIZED BY DOWNREGULATION OF KEY INNATE IMMUNE AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND UPREGULATION OF IMPORTANT IMMUNOMODULATORY FACTORS. CONCLUSIONS: IN PATIENTS WITH SAH, THE ALTERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF MONOCYTES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO PATIENTS' SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION HAVE STRONG EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS. LAY SUMMARY: PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS ARE AT INCREASED RISK OF INFECTIONS, WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE POOR PROGNOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE. HEREIN, WE SHOW THAT EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS UNDERLY THE IMMUNE CELL DYSFUNCTION AND INAPPROPRIATE RESPONSES TO PATHOGENS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19 1739  48 EARLY DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN CHILDREN DEVELOPING BETA CELL AUTOIMMUNITY AT A YOUNG AGE. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: TYPE 1 DIABETES IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE OF COMPLEX AETIOLOGY, INCLUDING A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION. PREVIOUS EPIGENOMIC STUDIES FOCUSED MAINLY ON CLINICALLY DIAGNOSED INDIVIDUALS. THE AIM OF THE STUDY WAS TO ASSESS EARLY DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES ALREADY BEFORE THE DIAGNOSIS OR EVEN BEFORE THE APPEARANCE OF AUTOANTIBODIES. METHODS: REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULPHITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) WAS APPLIED TO STUDY DNA METHYLATION IN PURIFIED CD4(+) T CELL, CD8(+) T CELL AND CD4(-)CD8(-) CELL FRACTIONS OF 226 PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL SAMPLES LONGITUDINALLY COLLECTED FROM SEVEN TYPE 1 DIABETES-SPECIFIC AUTOANTIBODY-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS MATCHED FOR AGE, SEX, HLA RISK AND PLACE OF BIRTH. WE ALSO EXPLORED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION USING RNA SEQUENCING DATA FROM THE SAME SAMPLES. TECHNICAL VALIDATION OF RRBS RESULTS WAS PERFORMED USING PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 79, 56 AND 45 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN CD4(+) T CELLS, CD8(+) T CELLS AND CD4(-)CD8(-) CELL FRACTIONS, RESPECTIVELY, BETWEEN TYPE 1 DIABETES-SPECIFIC AUTOANTIBODY-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS AND CONTROL PARTICIPANTS. THE ANALYSIS OF PRE-SEROCONVERSION SAMPLES IDENTIFIED DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES AT THE VERY EARLY STAGE OF DISEASE, INCLUDING DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER OF IRF5 IN CD4(+) T CELLS. FURTHER, WE VALIDATED RRBS RESULTS USING PYROSEQUENCING AT THE FOLLOWING CPG SITES: CHR19:18118304 IN THE PROMOTER OF ARRDC2; CHR21:47307815 IN THE INTRON OF PCBP3; AND CHR14:81128398 IN THE INTERGENIC REGION NEAR TRAF3 IN CD4(+) T CELLS. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: THESE PRELIMINARY RESULTS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENES, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO TYPE 1 DIABETES PATHOGENESIS AT THE VERY EARLY STAGE OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. SHOULD THESE FINDINGS BE VALIDATED, THEY MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL SIGNATURE USEFUL FOR DISEASE PREDICTION AND MANAGEMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20 3135  41 GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION LEVELS IN PBMCS ARE ALTERED IN RRMS PATIENTS TREATED WITH IFN-BETA AND GA-A PRELIMINARY STUDY. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC DISEASE AFFECTING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) DUE TO AN AUTOIMMUNE ATTACK ON AXONAL MYELIN SHEATHS. EPIGENETICS IS AN OPEN RESEARCH TOPIC ON MS, WHICH HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED IN SEARCH OF BIOMARKERS AND TREATMENT TARGETS FOR THIS HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE. IN THIS STUDY, WE QUANTIFIED GLOBAL LEVELS OF EPIGENETIC MARKS USING AN ELISA-LIKE APPROACH IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM 52 PATIENTS WITH MS, TREATED WITH INTERFERON BETA (IFN-BETA) AND GLATIRAMER ACETATE (GA) OR UNTREATED, AND 30 HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE PERFORMED MEDIA COMPARISONS AND CORRELATION ANALYSES OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS WITH CLINICAL VARIABLES IN SUBGROUPS OF PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. WE OBSERVED THAT DNA METHYLATION (5-MC) DECREASED IN TREATED PATIENTS COMPARED WITH UNTREATED AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. MOREOVER, 5-MC AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION (5-HMC) CORRELATED WITH CLINICAL VARIABLES. IN CONTRAST, HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION DID NOT CORRELATE WITH THE DISEASE VARIABLES CONSIDERED. GLOBALLY QUANTIFIED EPIGENETIC DNA MARKS 5-MC AND 5-HMC CORRELATE WITH DISEASE AND WERE ALTERED WITH TREATMENT. HOWEVER, TO DATE, NO BIOMARKER HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT CAN PREDICT THE POTENTIAL RESPONSE TO THERAPY BEFORE TREATMENT INITIATION.	2023