1 1058 120 CLINICAL MEASURES OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH FOOD ALLERGY, DEPRESSION, OR ANXIETY. PURPOSE: SUSTAINED HIGH STRESS EXPOSURE RESULTS IN CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE STRESS RESPONSE SYSTEM, DYSREGULATED STRESS RESPONSES, HIGH ALLOSTATIC LOAD, AND POOR LATER-LIFE HEALTH. CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS FACE STRESSORS RELATED TO THEIR CONDITION IN ADDITION TO THOSE TYPICAL OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, PLACING THEM AT RISK OF HIGH ALLOSTATIC LOAD. THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECONDARY ANALYSIS WAS TO EXAMINE WHETHER YOUTH WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS DIFFER FROM CONTROLS ON CLINICAL MEASURES OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD. DESIGN AND METHODS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF TWO DATASETS, THE ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD OF A TERTIARY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL AND DATA FROM THE SURVEY OF THE HEALTH OF WISCONSIN, COMPARED YOUTH WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS TO CONTROLS ON CLINICAL MEASURES OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD. ADDITIONAL ANALYSES EXPLORED WHETHER PARENTAL STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH INFLUENCED THESE RELATIONSHIPS. RESULTS: ANALYSES IDENTIFIED DIFFERENCES IN BMI, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE BETWEEN YOUTH WITH FOOD ALLERGY, ANXIETY, OR DEPRESSION, AND CONTROLS. THESE RELATIONSHIPS DIFFERED FOR MALES AND FEMALES AND FOR THOSE WITH COMORBID MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS, AND WERE INFLUENCED BY PARENT STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH. CONCLUSIONS: RESULTS SUPPORT FUTURE STUDIES EXPLORING WHETHER HIGH STRESS IN YOUTH WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS LEADS TO INCREASED ALLOSTATIC LOAD. INCORPORATING BIOMARKERS AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS WILL PROVIDE CRITICAL INSIGHTS. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: YOUTH WITH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CHCS MAY BE AT INCREASED RISK OF HIGH ALLOSTATIC LOAD, REFLECTED IN CLINICAL MEASURES OF METABOLISM, AND SHOULD HAVE REGULAR ASSESSMENTS OF THEIR METABOLIC HEALTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2 2677  28 EVALUATING THE CHALLENGES AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF STUDIES INVESTIGATING DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF A WIDE RANGE OF NEGATIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES. STUDIES HAVE BEEN COMPLETED TO DETERMINE IF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OCCUR IN THE HUMAN BRAIN BECAUSE OF STRESS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND DISEASE, BUT RESULTS HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT. HUMAN CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES (150) AND EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (67) WERE SYSTEMATICALLY EVALUATED TO ASSESS HOW DNA METHYLATION IS IMPACTED BY STRESS DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION OF NR3C1 EXON 1F AND CHILD MALTREATMENT AND EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY WAS WELL DEMONSTRATED, BUT OTHER GENES DID NOT EXHIBIT A CLEAR ASSOCIATION. THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES IN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES WAS ALSO POOR. HOWEVER, BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING STRESS RESPONSE, BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNITY, HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED ACROSS DIFFERENT STRESSORS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN. FUTURE STUDIES WOULD BENEFIT FROM THE INCREASED SAMPLE SIZE, LONGITUDINAL DESIGN, STANDARDIZED METHODOLOGY, OPTIMAL QUALITY CONTROL, AND IMPROVED STATISTICAL PROCEDURES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3 1931  27 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, THE EPIGENOME, AND AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S HEALTH. STRESS IS A COMMON FEATURE OF MODERN LIFE, BUT BOTH THE EXTENT OF EXPOSURE TO STRESSORS AND THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF THESE STRESS EXPOSURES CAN VARY CONSIDERABLY AMONG INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES, AND POPULATIONS. WHEN INDIVIDUALS ARE EXPOSED TO REPEATED OR CHRONIC STRESS, WEAR AND TEAR ON THE BODY CAN ACCUMULATE AND MANIFEST IN MANY WAYS. THE TERM "ALLOSTATIC LOAD" REPRESENTS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF REPEATED OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND IS LINKED TO FLUCTUATING AND/OR HEIGHTENED NEURAL OR NEUROENDOCRINE RESPONSES. AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN ARE ONE POPULATION SUBGROUP THAT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS POTENTIALLY HAVING BOTH AN ELEVATED ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND AN ENHANCED RESILIENCE TO EXTERNAL FACTORS. ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS MAY IMPACT HUMAN HEALTH IS VIA EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF THE GENOME. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS MAY AFFECT THE EPIGENOME AND EXPLORE LINKS BETWEEN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND ALTERED ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND RESILIENCE AS IT PERTAINS TO AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN'S HEALTH.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4   92  38 A PILOT STUDY INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF GENDER IN THE INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GENE EXPRESSION, CHRONIC PAIN, AND ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN A CLINICAL SAMPLE OF YOUTH WITH CHRONIC PAIN. CHRONIC PAIN IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT AND COSTLY ISSUE THAT OFTEN EMERGES DURING CHILDHOOD OR ADOLESCENCE AND PERSISTS INTO ADULTHOOD. ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES) INCREASE RISK FOR SEVERAL ADVERSE HEALTH CONDITIONS, INCLUDING CHRONIC PAIN. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT PARENTAL TRAUMA (ACES, POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) SYMPTOMS) CONFERS RISK OF POOR HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THEIR CHILDREN. INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARENTAL TRAUMA AND CHILD CHRONIC PAIN MAY BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. A CLINICAL SAMPLE OF YOUTH WITH CHRONIC PAIN AND THEIR PARENTS COMPLETED PSYCHOMETRICALLY SOUND QUESTIONNAIRES ASSESSING ACES, PTSD SYMPTOMS, AND CHRONIC PAIN, AND PROVIDED A SALIVA SAMPLE. THESE WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOUR EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS (COMT, DRD2, GR, AND SERT), TRAUMA, AND CHRONIC PAIN. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS WERE DEPENDENT UPON THE GENDER OF THE CHILD, WHEREIN PARENTAL ACES SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN DRD2 EXPRESSION IN FEMALE CHILDREN AND ALTERED COMT EXPRESSION IN THE PARENTS OF MALE CHILDREN. ADDITIONALLY, THE NATURE OF THE ACE (MALTREATMENT VS. HOUSEHOLD DYSFUNCTION) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THERE MAY BE DIFFERENT PATHWAYS THROUGH WHICH PARENTAL ACES CONFER RISK FOR POOR OUTCOMES FOR MALES AND FEMALES, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILD GENDER IN FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5 2021  30 EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRESSORS AND SUICIDE. STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS EPIGENETIC CHANGES. SOME STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE HIGHLY DYNAMIC, WHEREAS OTHERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LASTING MARKS ON THE EPIGENOME. IN OUR STUDY, A COMPREHENSIVE NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE WAS PERFORMED BY INVESTIGATING THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR WITH ACUTE STRESS, CHRONIC STRESS, EARLY CHILDHOOD STRESS, AND TRAUMATIC STRESS EXPOSURES, ALONG WITH EXAMINING THOSE OBSERVED IN POST-MORTEM BRAINS OR BLOOD SAMPLES OF SUICIDE COMPLETERS AND ATTEMPTERS. IN ADDITION, THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF THESE CHANGES ARE REPORTED. FOR ALL TYPES OF STRESS STUDIES EXAMINED, THE GENES NR3C1, OXTR, SLC6A4, AND BDNF REPRODUCIBLY SHOWED EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WITH SOME MODIFICATIONS OBSERVED TO BE PASSED DOWN TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS FOLLOWING STRESS EXPOSURES. THE AFOREMENTIONED GENES ARE KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND HORMONAL REGULATION AND ARE ALL ASSOCIATED WITH SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS INCLUDING DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, PERSONALITY DISORDERS, AND PTSD (POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER). FURTHER RESEARCH IS WARRANTED IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE SCOPE OF EPIGENETIC ACTIONABLE TARGETS IN INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM THE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6 6065  31 THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION: BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS TRIGGERED BY EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY. LONGITUDINAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH BIRTH COHORTS HAVE SHOWN THAT PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN HUMANS DOES NOT APPEAR SUDDENLY IN ADOLESCENCE AS COMMONLY THOUGHT. IN FACT, PHYSICALLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IS OBSERVED AS EARLY AS 12 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH, ITS FREQUENCY PEAKS AROUND 2-4 YEARS OF AGE AND DECREASES IN FREQUENCY UNTIL EARLY ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, A MINORITY OF CHILDREN (3-7%) MAINTAIN A HIGH FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADOLESCENCE AND DEVELOP SERIOUS SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS DURING ADULTHOOD. GENETIC FACTORS AND EARLY SOCIAL EXPERIENCES, AS WELL AS THEIR INTERACTION, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR. HOWEVER, THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE ASSOCIATIONS ARE JUST BEGINNING TO BE UNCOVERED. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE RESPONSIVE TO ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTS AND COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC AGGRESSION. USING BOTH GENE CANDIDATE AND GENOMIC APPROACHES, RECENT STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC MARKS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN GENES INVOLVED IN THE STRESS RESPONSE AND THE SEROTONIN AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS TO BE PARTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF EARLY ADVERSITY. FURTHER LONGITUDINAL STUDIES WITH BIOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL ASSESSMENTS FROM BIRTH ONWARDS ARE NEEDED TO ELUCIDATE THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT LEADS TO THESE LONG-LASTING EPIGENETIC MARKS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY ADVERSITY AND AGGRESSION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7 6478  31 TOPICAL REVIEW: THE EMERGING FIELD OF EPIGENETICS: INFORMING MODELS OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. OBJECTIVE: TRAUMA EXPERIENCED DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE HAS BEEN LINKED TO A NUMBER OF CHRONIC MEDICAL CONCERNS. WE HIGHLIGHT MAJOR FINDINGS FROM THE PEDIATRIC TRAUMA LITERATURE TO PROVIDE A MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING THIS ASSOCIATION. METHODS: STUDIES EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA WERE SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEWED AND SYNTHESIZED INTO A MODEL PROPOSING A CENTRAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS IN THE WAYS THAT CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES CAN AFFECT HEALTH. RESULTS: EARLY HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS RESPONSE MAY IMPACT INITIAL TRAUMA EXPERIENCE, WITH DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS ON POSTTRAUMA ADJUSTMENT REFLECTED IN POSTTRAUMA NEUROBIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH, AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. CONCLUSIONS: PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS EXPOSED TO TRAUMA IS NEEDED TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ON THE COURSE OF HPA AND IMMUNE PROCESSES AS RELATED TO POSTTRAUMA PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8  247  36 ADULTHOOD ASTHMA AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF EPIGENETICALLY AFFECTED GENES. THERE IS AN ACCUMULATING DATA THAT SHOWS RELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND VULNERABILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASES AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES THAT IN TURN GIVE RISE TO THESE DISEASES. ASTHMA IS ONE OF THE CHRONIC DISEASES THAT IS INFLUENCED FROM GENETIC REGULATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY BIOMOLECULES AND THEREFORE THE HYPOTHESIS IN THIS RESEARCH WAS CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY MIGHT HAVE CAUSED EPIGENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN THE ASTHMA-RELATED GENES IN THE POPULATION WHO HAD CHILDHOOD TRAUMA. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, THE LITERATURE WAS SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEWED TO EXTRACT EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED GENE DATA OF THE ADULTS WHO HAD CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, AND AFFECTED GENES WERE FURTHER EVALUATED FOR THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH ASTHMA. PRISMA GUIDELINES WERE ADOPTED AND PUBMED AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR WERE INCLUDED IN THE SEARCHED DATABASES, TO EVALUATE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN ASTHMA-RELATED GENES OF PHYSICALLY, EMOTIONALLY OR SEXUALLY ABUSED CHILDREN. AFTER RETRIEVING A TOTAL OF 5245 ARTICLES, 36 OF THEM WERE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY. SEVERAL GENES AND PATHWAYS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT, INCREASED INFLAMMATION, OR RESPONSE TO ASTHMA TREATMENT WERE FOUND EPIGENETICALLY AFFECTED BY CHILDHOOD TRAUMAS. CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, CAUSING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DNA, MAY LEAD TO ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT OR INFLUENCE THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE AND THEREFORE SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR THE PROLONGED HEALTH CONSEQUENCES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9 6822  36 [GENDER MEDICINE. SEX- AND GENDER-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF CLINICAL MEDICINE]. GENDER MEDICINE STUDIES SEX- AND GENDER-BASED DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES, THE AWARENESS AND PRESENTATION OF SYMPTOMS, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY. GENDER MEDICINE IS PART OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, CONSIDERING DIFFERENCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INDIVIDUALLY. THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN GENES, CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, AND METABOLISM AS WELL AS DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIETY. LIFELONG INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS WILL INFLUENCE THE HEALTH AND ILL-HEALTH OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DIFFERENT WAYS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE DURING VULNERABLE PHASES ON BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, EFFECTING FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DURING PREGNANCY CAN IMPACT THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING IN LATER LIFE ALREADY IN UTERO IN A SEX-SPECIFIC WAY. PAIN, STRESS, AND COPING STYLES DIFFER BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE DRAMATIC PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING THEIR LIFETIME, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC BURDENS AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ALTERATIONS. WOMEN WITH MULTIPLE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES SUFFERING FROM STRESS DEVELOP DEPRESSION MORE FREQUENTLY. HOWEVER, MEN ARE OFTEN NOT DIAGNOSED AND TREATED APPROPRIATELY IN CASES OF DEPRESSION OR OSTEOPOROSIS, DISEASES THAT ARE TYPICALLY CONSIDERED "FEMALE." THERE ARE PROMINENT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN MEDICINE REGARDING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, INFLAMMATION, AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE OFTEN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND SUFFER MORE FREQUENTLY FROM (CHRONIC) PAIN, NEURODEGENERATIVE CHANGES, AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITIES. MEN HAVE SHORTER LIFE EXPECTANCY BUT RELATIVELY MORE HEALTHY YEARS OF LIFE, WHICH IS IN GREATER PART ASCRIBED TO PSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS. STATE-OF-THE-ART CLINICAL MEDICINE COMPRISES INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS BASED ON SEX- AND GENDER-SENSITIVE HEALTH PROGRAMS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE FOR MEN AND WOMEN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10 1765  30 EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY-INDUCED LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY ONSET OF CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION: STUDIES IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS. OBJECTIVES: TO EXAMINE WHETHER CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION (CPA) IN ADULTHOOD CAN BE EPIGENETICALLY PROGRAMMED EARLY IN LIFE DUE TO EXPOSURE TO EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY. METHODS: LITERATURE SEARCH OF PUBLIC DATABASES SUCH AS PUBMED/MEDLINE AND SCOPUS. RESULTS: CHILDREN/ADOLESCENTS SUSCEPTIBLE FOR CPA AND EXPOSED TO EARLY-LIFE ABUSE FAIL TO EFFICIENTLY COPE WITH STRESS THAT IN TURN RESULTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CPA LATER IN LIFE. THIS PHENOMENON WAS OBSERVED IN HUMANS AND ANIMAL MODELS OF AGGRESSION. THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AGGRESSION IS A COMPLEX TRAIT THAT IS REGULATED BY THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MEDIATE THIS INTERACTION. SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO STRESS EARLY IN LIFE EXHIBITED LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING THAT CAN INFLUENCE THEIR BEHAVIOUR IN ADULTHOOD. THIS PROGRAMMING AFFECTS EXPRESSION OF MANY GENES NOT ONLY IN THE BRAIN BUT ALSO IN OTHER SYSTEMS SUCH AS NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE. CONCLUSIONS: THE PROPENSITY TO ADULT CPA BEHAVIOUR IN SUBJECTS EXPERIENCED TO EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY IS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING THAT INVOLVES LONG-TERM SYSTEMIC EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN A WHOLE GENOME.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11 1203  29 COULD EPIGENETICS HELP EXPLAIN RACIAL DISPARITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN? AFRICAN AMERICANS DISPROPORTIONATELY SUFFER MORE SEVERE AND DEBILITATING MORBIDITY FROM CHRONIC PAIN THAN DO NON-HISPANIC WHITES. THESE DIFFERENCES MAY ARISE FROM DIFFERENTIAL EXPOSURE TO PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND DEPRESSION, ALL OF WHICH HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN. RACE, AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT, MAKES IT SUCH THAT AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT EARLY LIFE CONDITIONS, WHICH MAY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT SUSTAIN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC PAIN. EPIGENETICS IS ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS CHILDHOOD STRESS, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC HARDSHIP, AND DEPRESSION CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING THE UNDERLYING GENETIC SEQUENCE. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON EPIGENETICS AS A MECHANISM BY WHICH DIFFERENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE COULD EXPLAIN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC PAIN EXAMINE DNA METHYLATION. DNA METHYLATION IS ALTERED IN THE GLUCOCORTICOID (STRESS RESPONSE) RECEPTOR GENE, NR3C1, WHICH HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION, CHILDHOOD STRESS, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND CHRONIC PAIN. SIMILARLY, DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF IMMUNE CYTOKINE GENES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS STATES. THUS, DNA METHYLATION CHANGES MAY PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF CHRONIC PAIN IN DIFFERENT RACES WITH A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CONTRIBUTING TO MORE SEVERE AND DISABLING CHRONIC PAIN IN AFRICAN AMERICANS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12 2075  31 EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN INFLAMMATION GENES OF MONOZYGOTIC TWINS ARE RELATED TO PARENT-CHILD EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AND HEALTH. THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IS AN IMMUNE DEFENSE ENGAGED IMMEDIATELY AFTER INJURY OR INFECTION. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAN BE DELETERIOUS FOR VARIOUS HEALTH OUTCOMES AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY HIGH LEVELS OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS SUCH AS C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6), AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA). A LARGE BODY OF RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES THESE INFLAMMATORY MARKERS ARE RESPONSIVE TO STRESS AND QUALITY OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN. FOR EXAMPLE, THE QUALITY OF THE EARLY PARENTAL BOND PREDICTS VARIOUS HEALTH OUTCOMES AND MAY BE DRIVEN BY CHANGES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, MAY BE ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH EARLY SOCIAL EXPERIENCES SHAPE IMMUNE FUNCTIONING. THE PRESENT STUDY USED A MONOZYGOTIC TWIN DIFFERENCE DESIGN TO ASSESS IF MOTHER-REPORTED EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AT 1 YEAR AND 2.5 YEARS PREDICTED IMMUNE GENE METHYLATION AT 8 YEARS OF AGE. FURTHER, WE ASSESSED IF INFLAMMATION GENE METHYLATION WAS RELATED TO GENERAL HEALTH PROBLEMS (E.G. INFECTIONS, ALLERGIES, ETC.). WE FOUND THAT MOTHER-REPORTED EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AT 1 YEAR, BUT NOT 2.5 YEARS, WAS RELATED TO METHYLATION OF VARIOUS IMMUNE GENES IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS. FURTHERMORE, TWIN PAIRS DISCORDANT IN HEALTH PROBLEMS HAVE MORE DIFFERENCE IN IMMUNE GENE METHYLATION COMPARED TO TWIN PAIRS CONCORDANT FOR HEALTH PROBLEMS, SUGGESTING THAT METHYLATION OF IMMUNE GENES MAY HAVE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES FOR GENERAL HEALTH. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EMOTIONAL COMPONENT OF ATTACHMENT QUALITY DURING INFANCY CONTRIBUTES TO IMMUNE EPIGENETIC PROFILES IN CHILDHOOD, WHICH MAY INFLUENCE GENERAL HEALTH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13 1911  32 ENVIRONMENT IN CHILDREN'S HEALTH: A NEW CHALLENGE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT. IN THE LAST FEW YEARS, MANY STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD OR INFANCY AS PREDICTORS OF HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE FUTURE. IN THESE TIME WINDOWS, DUE TO THEIR RAPID GROWTH, AND PHYSIOLOGIC AND METABOLIC DEVELOPMENT, WE CAN OBSERVE A HIGHER VULNERABILITY TO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT, WITH RESPECT TO ADULTHOOD. THE EVIDENCE OF POSSIBLE INFLUENCES, PARTLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INVOLVE NEUROBEHAVIORAL RESPONSES AND IMMUNE, ENDOCRINE, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS, ACTING DIRECTLY ON THE CHILD OR INDIRECTLY WHEN MEDIATED BY PLACENTAL TRANSFER OR BREAST FEEDING. IN PARTICULAR, DUE TO A GREATER INTAKE OF AIR, FOOD, AND FLUIDS RELATIVE TO BODY WEIGHT, CRAWLING BEHAVIORS AND SHORT STATURE, THE RISK OF EXCESSIVE EXPOSURE IS GREATER IN CHILDREN. HOWEVER, DATA ON THE LONG-TERM IMPLICATIONS OF EARLY EXPOSURES ARE SCARCE. ADDITIONALLY, SO THAT PHYSICIANS AND INSTITUTIONS FOR CHILD CARE AND ASSISTANCE OF PREGNANT WOMEN CAN TAKE ACTIONS TO COUNTERACT THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION (I.E., BY EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES), A RISK ASSESSMENT PERSPECTIVE THAT RESPONDS TO THE BIOCOMPLEXITY OF THE HUMAN BEING IS NEEDED. THE PRESENT PAPER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING THE PERINATAL PERIOD AND IN CHILDHOOD, SUGGESTING IN A MORE INTEGRATED WAY, THE NEED OF A NEW RISK-ASSESSMENT APPROACH TO MANAGING CHRONIC DISEASE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14  120  31 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND DNA METHYLATION: CANDIDATE GENE AND EPIGENOME-WIDE APPROACHES. CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC AND SEVERE MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MALTREATMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT MAY SUBSEQUENTLY SERVE AS MECHANISMS OF DISEASE. THE CURRENT REVIEW USES A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO IDENTIFY AND SUMMARIZE THE LITERATURE RELATED TO CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION IN HUMANS. A TOTAL OF 100 EMPIRICAL ARTICLES WERE IDENTIFIED IN OUR SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RESEARCH PUBLISHED PRIOR TO OR DURING MARCH 2020, INCLUDING STUDIES THAT FOCUSED ON CANDIDATE GENES AND STUDIES THAT LEVERAGED EPIGENOME-WIDE DATA IN BOTH CHILDREN AND ADULTS. THEMES ARISING FROM THE LITERATURE, INCLUDING CONSISTENT AND INCONSISTENT PATTERNS OF RESULTS, ARE PRESENTED. SEVERAL DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH, INCLUDING IMPORTANT METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY DESIGN, ARE DISCUSSED. TAKEN TOGETHER, THE LITERATURE ON CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND DNA METHYLATION UNDERSCORES THE COMPLEXITY OF TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND BIOLOGY ACROSS DEVELOPMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 6781  42 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

16 6234  36 THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT ON GROWTH AND METABOLISM. PEOPLE WHO WERE SMALL AT BIRTH AND HAD POOR INFANT GROWTH HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF ADULT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, PARTICULARLY IF THEIR RESTRICTED EARLY GROWTH WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED CHILDHOOD WEIGHT GAIN. THESE RELATIONS EXTEND ACROSS THE NORMAL RANGE OF BIRTH SIZE IN A GRADED MANNER, SO REDUCED SIZE IS NOT A PREREQUISITE. IN ADDITION, LARGER BIRTH SIZE IS ASSOCIATED WITH RISKS OF OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. THE ASSOCIATIONS APPEAR TO REFLECT DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTIC RESPONSES MADE BY THE FETUS AND INFANT BASED ON CUES ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT, INFLUENCED BY MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDING DIET, BODY COMPOSITION, STRESS, AND EXERCISE LEVELS. THESE RESPONSES INVOLVE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES THAT MODIFY THE OFFSPRING'S PHENOTYPE. VULNERABILITY TO ILL HEALTH RESULTS IF THE ENVIRONMENT IN INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND LATER LIFE IS MISMATCHED TO THE PHENOTYPE INDUCED IN DEVELOPMENT, INFORMED BY THE DEVELOPMENTAL CUES. THIS MISMATCH MAY ARISE THROUGH UNBALANCED DIET OR BODY COMPOSITION OF THE MOTHER OR A CHANGE IN LIFESTYLE FACTORS BETWEEN GENERATIONS. THESE INSIGHTS OFFER NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17 1971  24 EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. OBJECTIVES: MULTIPLE, CHRONIC AND REPEATED TRAUMA EXPOSURE IN CHILDHOOD IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES IN ADULTHOOD. IN THIS PAPER WE SYNTHESISE THE LITERATURE ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA (CT) AND THE MEDIATING EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CT AND THE LATER ONSET OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS.METHODS: WE REVIEWED THE LITERATURE UP TO MARCH 2018 IN FOUR DATABASES: PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE, EBSCOHOST AND SCOPUS. NON-HUMAN STUDIES WERE EXCLUDED. ALL STUDIES INVESTIGATING CT EXPOSURE BOTH IN HEALTHY ADULTS (18 YEARS AND OLDER) AND ADULTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS WERE INCLUDED.RESULTS: THIRTY-SIX PUBLICATIONS WERE INCLUDED. FOR MOOD DISORDERS, METHYLATION OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR NR3C1 GENE, SPECIFICALLY AT THE NGFI-A BINDING SITE IN EXON 1F, AND CORRELATION WITH CT WAS A ROBUST FINDING. SEVERAL STUDIES DOCUMENTED DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF SLC6A4, BDNF, OXTR AND FKBP5 IN ASSOCIATION WITH CT. COMMON PATHWAYS IDENTIFIED INCLUDE NEURONAL FUNCTIONING AND MAINTENANCE, IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES, CHROMATIN AND HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING.CONCLUSIONS: A VARIETY OF EPIGENETIC MEDIATORS THAT LIE ON A COMMON PATHWAY BETWEEN CT AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, ALTHOUGH LONGITUDINAL STUDIES AND CONSISTENCY IN METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ARE NEEDED TO DISENTANGLE CAUSE AND EFFECT ASSOCIATIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  682  30 BRAIN ON STRESS: HOW THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT GETS UNDER THE SKIN. STRESS IS A STATE OF THE MIND, INVOLVING BOTH BRAIN AND BODY AS WELL AS THEIR INTERACTIONS; IT DIFFERS AMONG INDIVIDUALS AND REFLECTS NOT ONLY MAJOR LIFE EVENTS BUT ALSO THE CONFLICTS AND PRESSURES OF DAILY LIFE THAT ALTER PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO PRODUCE A CHRONIC STRESS BURDEN THAT, IN TURN, IS A FACTOR IN THE EXPRESSION OF DISEASE. THIS BURDEN REFLECTS THE IMPACT OF NOT ONLY LIFE EXPERIENCES BUT ALSO GENETIC VARIATIONS AND INDIVIDUAL HEALTH BEHAVIORS SUCH AS DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE; IT ALSO REFLECTS STABLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN DEVELOPMENT THAT SET LIFELONG PATTERNS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR THROUGH BIOLOGICAL EMBEDDING OF EARLY ENVIRONMENTS INTERACTING WITH CUMULATIVE CHANGE FROM EXPERIENCES OVER THE LIFESPAN. HORMONES ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHRONIC STRESS BURDEN PROTECT THE BODY IN THE SHORT RUN AND PROMOTE ADAPTATION (ALLOSTASIS), BUT IN THE LONG RUN, THE BURDEN OF CHRONIC STRESS CAUSES CHANGES IN THE BRAIN AND BODY THAT CAN LEAD TO DISEASE (ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND OVERLOAD). BRAIN CIRCUITS ARE PLASTIC AND REMODELED BY STRESS TO CHANGE THE BALANCE BETWEEN ANXIETY, MOOD CONTROL, MEMORY, AND DECISION MAKING. SUCH CHANGES MAY HAVE ADAPTIVE VALUE IN PARTICULAR CONTEXTS, BUT THEIR PERSISTENCE AND LACK OF REVERSIBILITY CAN BE MALADAPTIVE. HOWEVER, THE CAPACITY OF BRAIN PLASTICITY TO EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES IN ADULT LIFE HAS ONLY BEGUN TO BE EXPLORED ALONG WITH THE EFFICACY OF TOP-DOWN STRATEGIES FOR HELPING THE BRAIN CHANGE ITSELF, SOMETIMES AIDED BY PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS AND OTHER TREATMENTS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19 2918  36 GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN MAJOR MENTAL DISORDERS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC. BACKGROUND: MENTAL DISORDERS AFFECT ABOUT ONE?-THIRD OF THE HUMAN POPULATION, ARE TYPICALLY CHRONIC AND SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE THE QUALITY OF LIFE. PRESENTLY, THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESSES IS FAR FROM ADEQUATE WITH A SUBSTANTIAL PROPORTION OF THE PATIENTS BEING PHARMACORESISTANT AND SUFFERING FROM RELAPSES. ONE OF THE REASONS FOR THIS COMPLICATED SITUATION IS THAT WE DO NOT PRECISELY KNOW ABOUT THE CAUSES OF MENTAL DISORDERS, SO THEIR TREATMENT CANNOT BE CAUSAL. THE ETIOLOGY OF A MENTAL DISORDER IS TYPICALLY BASED ON A COMBINATION OF MOLECULAR (GENETIC) AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. AIM: THE AIM OF THE PROJECT IS TO DISCOVER THE GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (GXE) IN A WIDE SPECTRUM OF MENTAL DISORDERS. METHODS: THE DESIGN OF OUR STUDY IS INNOVATIVE IN THE SENSE THAT WE INTEND TO STUDY LARGE GROUPS OF ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS AS A WHOLE INSTEAD OF IN ISOLATION. THIS WOULD ENABLE US TO MAP OUT THE POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSAL FACTORS IN DETAIL IN RELATION TO THEIR CHARACTER, MAGNITUDE AND TIMING. THE PROJECT ALSO ALLOWS A STUDY OF GENETICS (INCLUDING EPIGENETICS AND MICROBIOMES) AS WELL AS THE ENVIRONMENT SIMULTANEOUSLY. WE PLAN ON INVOLVING THREE STUDY GROUPS: THE FIRST GROUP ARE PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM SCHIZOPHRENIA OR A MOOD DISORDER SUCH AS MAJOR DEPRESSION, RECURRENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER; THE SECOND GROUP OF PATIENTS HAVE ANXIETY DISORDERS; AND THE THIRD GROUP ARE HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS FROM THE GENERAL POPULATION WHO ARE GENETICALLY UNRELATED. ALL OF THE STUDY SUBJECTS WILL UNDERGO THE FOLLOWING ASSESSMENTS: A PSYCHIATRIC EXAMINATION, THE IDENTIFICATION OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS WITH THE AID OF A QUESTIONNAIRE, THE EXAMINATION OF THEIR REACTION TO STRESS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC (MICRORNA) ASSESSMENTS AND THE ANALYSIS OF ORAL AND GUT MICROBIOME. CONCLUSION: WE EXPECT THAT SOME OF THE GENETIC AS WELL AS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE STUDIED MENTAL DISORDERS ARE SHARED, WHILE SOME OTHERS ARE SPECIFIC. WE ALSO EXPECT THAT THE GXE (GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION) IN SCHIZOPHRENIC AND AFFECTIVE DISORDERS WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM THE GXE IN ANXIETY DISORDERS AND THAT THE GXE IN THE STUDIED MENTAL DISORDERS WILL DIFFER GENERALLY FROM THE GXE IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. OUR RESULTS CAN HELP IN THE PREVENTION AND INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF A RANGE OF MENTAL DISORDERS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 6554  23 TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS ON AGING AND DISEASE INCIDENCE. ADVERSE EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES ARE MAJOR INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES WITH POTENTIALLY LIFE-LONG CONSEQUENCES. PRENATAL OR EARLY POSTNATAL EXPOSURE TO STRESS, UNDERNUTRITION OR ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS MAY REPROGRAM BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASE RISK OF BEHAVIOURAL AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. NOT ONLY EXPERIENCE WITHIN A SINGLE LIFETIME, BUT ALSO ANCESTRAL EXPERIENCE AFFECTS HEALTH TRAJECTORIES AND CHANCES OF SUCCESSFUL AGING. THE CENTRAL MECHANISM IN TRANSGENERATIONAL PROGRAMMING OF A DISEASE MAY BE THE FORMATION OF EPIGENETIC MEMORY. THIS REVIEW EXPLORES TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF EARLY ADVERSE EXPERIENCE ON HEALTH AND DISEASE INCIDENCE IN OLDER AGE. FIRST, WE ADDRESS MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND TRANSGENERATIONAL PROGRAMMING OF DISEASE AND INHERITANCE. SECOND, WE DISCUSS EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL FINDINGS LINKING EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS TO ADVERSE AGING TRAJECTORIES IN ASSOCIATION WITH POSSIBLE PARENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECTS. THIRD, WE OUTLINE THE MAIN MECHANISMS OF AGE-RELATED FUNCTIONAL DECLINE AND SUGGEST POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS TO REVERSE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF TRANSGENERATIONAL PROGRAMMING. THUS, STRATEGIES THAT SUPPORT HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT AND SUCCESSFUL AGING SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE.	2020