1 998 150 CHRONIC SUBCONVULSIVE ACTIVITY DURING EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE PRODUCES AUTISTIC BEHAVIOR IN THE ABSENCE OF NEUROTOXICITY IN THE JUVENILE WEANLING PERIOD. THE DIAGNOSIS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) VARIES FROM VERY MILD TO SEVERE SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC SUBCONVULSIVE ACTIVITY IN EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTISTIC BEHAVIOR IN A SEX-RELATED MANNER. LOW DOSES OF KAINIC ACID (KA) (25-100 MUG) WERE ADMINISTERED TO RAT PUPS FOR 15 DAYS BEGINNING ON POSTNATAL (P) DAY 6 TO CHRONICALLY ELEVATE NEURONAL ACTIVITY. A BATTERY OF CLASSICAL AND NOVEL BEHAVIORAL TESTS WAS USED, AND SEX DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED. OUR NOVEL OPEN HANDLING TEST REVEALED THAT ASD MALES NOSE POKED MORE OFTEN AND ASD FEMALES CLIMBED AND ESCAPED MORE FREQUENTLY WITH AGE. IN THE SOCIAL INTERACTION TEST, ASD MALES WERE LESS SOCIAL THAN ASD FEMALES WHO WERE MORE ANXIOUS IN HANDLING AND ELEVATED PLUS MAZE (EPM) TASKS. TO EVALUATE GROUP DYNAMICS, SIBLING AND NON-SIBLING CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS EXPLORED 3 DIFFERENT SHAPED NOVEL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS. CONTROL PUPS HUDDLED QUICKLY AND MORE FREQUENTLY IN ALL ENVIRONMENTS WHETHER THEY SOCIALIZED WITH LITTERMATES OR NON-SIBLINGS COMPARED TO ASD GROUPS. NON-SIBLING ASD PUPS WERE ERRATIC AND HUDDLED IN SMALLER GROUPS. IN THE OBJECT RECOGNITION TEST, ONLY ASD MALES SPENT LESS TIME WITH THE NOVEL OBJECT COMPARED TO CONTROL PUPS. DATA SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC SUBCONVULSIVE ACTIVITY IN EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE LEADS TO AN ASD PHENOTYPE IN THE ABSENCE OF CELL DEATH. MALES WERE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEVELOPING ASOCIAL BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE PATHOLOGIES, WHEREAS FEMALES WERE PRONE TO HIGHER LEVELS OF HYPERACTIVITY AND ANXIETY, VALIDATING OUR POSTNATAL ASD MODEL APPARENT IN THE PRE-JUVENILE PERIOD. 2019 2 5205 25 PRENATAL STRESS CHANGES THE GLYCOPROTEIN GPM6A GENE EXPRESSION AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN RAT OFFSPRING BRAIN. PRENATAL STRESS (PS) EXERTS STRONG IMPACT ON FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND ON ADULT OFFSPRING BRAIN FUNCTIONS. PREVIOUS WORK DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC STRESS ALTERS THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF GPM6A, A NEURONAL GLYCOPROTEIN INVOLVED IN FILOPODIUM EXTENSION. IN THIS WORK, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF PS ON GPM6A EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED. PREGNANT WISTAR RATS RECEIVED RESTRAINT STRESS DURING THE LAST WEEK OF GESTATION. MALE OFFSPRING WERE SACRIFICED ON POSTNATAL DAYS 28 AND 60. HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FOR GENE EXPRESSION (QPCR FOR MRNAS AND MICRORNAS), METHYLATION STATUS (BISULFITE CONVERSION) AND PROTEIN LEVELS. HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS IN CULTURE WERE USED TO ANALYZE MICRORNA OVEREXPRESSION EFFECTS. PRENATAL STRESS INDUCED CHANGES IN GPM6A LEVELS IN BOTH TISSUES AND AT BOTH AGES ANALYZED, INDICATING A PERSISTENT EFFECT. TWO CPG ISLANDS IN THE GPM6A GENE WERE IDENTIFIED. VARIATIONS IN THE METHYLATION PATTERN AT THREE SPECIFIC CPGS WERE FOUND IN HIPPOCAMPUS, BUT NOT IN PFC SAMPLES FROM PS OFFSPRING. MICRORNAS PREDICTED TO TARGET GPM6A WERE IDENTIFIED IN SILICO. QPCR MEASUREMENTS SHOWED THAT PS MODIFIED THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL MICRORNAS IN BOTH TISSUES, BEING MICRORNA-133B THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED. FURTHER STUDIES OVEREXPRESSING THIS MICRORNA IN NEURONAL CULTURES SHOWED A REDUCTION IN GMP6A MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL. MOREOVER FILOPODIUM DENSITY WAS ALSO REDUCED, SUGGESTING THAT GPM6A FUNCTION WAS AFFECTED. GESTATIONAL STRESS AFFECTED GPM6A GENE EXPRESSION IN OFFSPRING LIKELY THROUGH CHANGES IN METHYLATION STATUS AND IN POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY MICRORNAS. THUS, OUR FINDINGS PROPOSE GPM6A AS A NOVEL TARGET FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION DURING PRENATAL STRESS. 2014 3 905 23 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CANNABINOIDS DURING ADOLESCENCE CAUSES LONG-LASTING BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS IN ADULT MICE. REGULAR USE OF MARIJUANA DURING ADOLESCENCE ENHANCES THE RISK OF LONG-LASTING NEUROBIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ADULTHOOD. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS AIMED AT ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF THE SYNTHETIC CANNABINOID WIN55212.2 DURING ADOLESCENCE IN YOUNG ADULT MICE. ADOLESCENT MICE AGED 5 WEEKS WERE SUBJECTED DAILY TO THE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION OF WIN55212.2 FOR 3 WEEKS AND WERE THEN LEFT UNDISTURBED IN THEIR HOME CAGE FOR A 5-WEEK PERIOD AND FINALLY EVALUATED BY BEHAVIORAL TESTING. MICE THAT RECEIVED THE DRUG DURING ADOLESCENCE SHOWED MEMORY IMPAIRMENT IN THE MORRIS WATER MAZE, AS WELL AS A DOSE-DEPENDENT MEMORY IMPAIRMENT IN FEAR CONDITIONING. IN ADDITION, THE ADMINISTRATION OF 3 MG/KG WIN55212.2 IN ADOLESCENCE INCREASED ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL AEA LEVELS AND PROMOTED DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AT THE INTRAGENIC REGION OF THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING MODULATOR RGS7, WHICH WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A LOWER RATE OF MRNA TRANSCRIPTION OF THIS GENE, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL CAUSAL RELATION. ALTHOUGH THE CONCRETE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF 3 MG/KG OF WIN DURING ADOLESCENCE LEADS TO INCREASED ENDOCANNABINOID LEVELS AND ALTERED RGS7 EXPRESSION IN ADULTHOOD AND ESTABLISH A POTENTIAL LINK TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES. 2017 4 3325 29 HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS INVOLVED IN THE EARLY ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE-RELATED INCREASE IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR EVOKED BY CHRONIC VARIABLE STRESS IN MICE. INCREASING STUDIES REPORT THAT PROLONGED OR MULTIPLE ANAESTHETIC EXPOSURES EARLY IN LIFE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON BRAIN FUNCTION. ALTHOUGH STUDIES HAVE EVALUATED THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTION, FEW HAVE FOCUSED ON LONG-TERM NEUROPSYCHIATRIC EFFECTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, C57BL/6 MICE RECEIVED EITHER THREE NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURES OR CONTROL EXPOSURE. STARTING ON POSTNATAL DAY 45, THE MICE WERE EITHER EXPOSED OR NOT TO A CHRONIC VARIABLE STRESS (CVS) PARADIGM, AND CVS-RELATED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PERFORMANCE WAS EVALUATED USING A SERIES OF BEHAVIOURAL TESTS. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (ACETYL-H3K9), BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN-BINDING PROTEIN, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES 1-4 IN THE AMYGDALA WERE MEASURED BY IMMUNOBLOTTING OR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS. IN MICE WITH NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE, THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BUTYRATE (NAB), A COMMONLY USED HDAC INHIBITOR, WERE EXAMINED ON CVS-RELATED BEHAVIOURAL AND MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT REPEATED NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE DID NOT AFFECT INNATE DEPRESSION-LIKE AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOURS UNDER NON-STRESS CONDITIONS BUT FACILITATED THE CVS-INDUCED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOURAL PHENOTYPE. INCREASED HDAC2 EXPRESSION IN THE AMYGDALA WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN THE CVS-INDUCED REPRESSION OF ACETYL-H3K9 AND BDNF EXPRESSION AND AN ENHANCED CVS-EVOKED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOURAL PHENOTYPE IN MICE NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE. NAB SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE CVS-INDUCED ANXIETY LEVEL BY ELEVATING ACETYL-H3K9 AND BDNF EXPRESSION. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT EARLY ANAESTHESIA EXPOSURE FACILITATED CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC OUTCOMES, AND THE HDAC2-RELATED EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IS INVOLVED IN THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM. 2021 5 5464 25 RESILIENCE IN LONG-TERM VIRAL INFECTION: GENETIC DETERMINANTS AND INTERACTIONS. VIRUS-INDUCED NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE RESULTING FROM INFECTION BY THEILER'S MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS (TMEV) ARE USED FOR STUDYING HUMAN CONDITIONS RANGING FROM EPILEPTIC SEIZURES TO DEMYELINATING DISEASE. MOUSE STRAINS ARE TYPICALLY CONSIDERED SUSCEPTIBLE OR RESISTANT TO TMEV INFECTION BASED ON VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND EXTREME PHENOTYPES, SUCH AS DEMYELINATION. WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A BROADER SPECTRUM OF PHENOTYPIC OUTCOMES BY INFECTING STRAINS OF THE GENETICALLY DIVERSE COLLABORATIVE CROSS (CC) MOUSE RESOURCE. WE EVALUATED THE CHRONIC-INFECTION GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF HIPPOCAMPI AND THORACIC SPINAL CORDS FOR 19 CC STRAINS IN RELATION TO PHENOTYPIC SEVERITY AND TMEV PERSISTENCE. STRAINS WERE CLUSTERED BASED ON SIMILAR PHENOTYPIC PROFILES AND TMEV LEVELS AT 90 DAYS POST-INFECTION, AND WE CATEGORIZED DISTINCT TMEV RESPONSE PROFILES. THE THREE MOST COMMON PROFILES INCLUDED "RESISTANT" AND "SUSCEPTIBLE," AS BEFORE, AS WELL AS A "RESILIENT" TMEV RESPONSE GROUP WHICH EXPERIENCED BOTH TMEV PERSISTENCE AND MILD NEUROLOGICAL PHENOTYPES EVEN AT 90 DAYS POST-INFECTION. EACH PROFILE HAD A DISTINCT GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE, ALLOWING THE IDENTIFICATION OF PATHWAYS AND NETWORKS SPECIFIC TO EACH TMEV RESPONSE GROUP. CC FOUNDER HAPLOTYPES FOR GENES INVOLVED IN THESE PATHWAYS/NETWORKS REVEALED CANDIDATE RESPONSE-SPECIFIC ALLELES. THESE ALLELES DEMONSTRATED PLEIOTROPY AND EPIGENETIC (MIRNA) REGULATION IN LONG-TERM TMEV INFECTION, WITH PARTICULAR RELEVANCE FOR RESILIENT MOUSE STRAINS. 2021 6 4736 28 NOVEL EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS MEDIATING BISPHENOL A EXPOSURE AND METABOLIC PHENOTYPES IN FEMALE MICE. THERE IS COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LINK DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS TO ADULT DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE ASSOCIATED PERINATAL BISPHENOL A (BPA) EXPOSURE TO ALTERED DNA METHYLATION, BUT THESE STUDIES ARE OFTEN LIMITED TO CANDIDATE GENE AND GLOBAL NON-LOCI-SPECIFIC APPROACHES. BY USING AN EPIGENOME-WIDE DISCOVERY PLATFORM, WE ELUCIDATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LIVER TISSUE FROM ADULT MICE OFFSPRING (10 MONTHS) FOLLOWING PERINATAL BPA EXPOSURE AT HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT DOSES (50-NG, 50-MUG, AND 50-MG BPA/KG DIET). BIOLOGICAL PATHWAY ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED AN ENRICHMENT OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS AMONG FEMALES. FURTHERMORE, THROUGH THE USE OF TOP ENRICHED BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, 4 CANDIDATE GENES WERE CHOSEN TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION AS A MEDIATING FACTOR LINKING THE ASSOCIATION OF PERINATAL BPA EXPOSURE TO METABOLIC PHENOTYPES PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN FEMALE OFFSPRING. DNA METHYLATION STATUS AT JANUS KINASE-2 (JAK-2), RETINOID X RECEPTOR (RXR), REGULATORY FACTOR X-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (RFXAP), AND TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN 238 (TMEM238) WAS USED WITHIN A MEDIATIONAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS. DNA METHYLATION IN ALL FOUR OF THE CANDIDATE GENES WAS IDENTIFIED AS A MEDIATOR IN THE MECHANISTIC PATHWAY OF DEVELOPMENTAL BPA EXPOSURE AND FEMALE-SPECIFIC ENERGY EXPENDITURE, BODY WEIGHT, AND BODY FAT PHENOTYPES. DATA GENERATED FROM THIS STUDY ARE CRUCIAL FOR DECIPHERING THE MECHANISTIC ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC-BASED PREVENTION AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR COMPLEX HUMAN DISEASE. 2017 7 6594 28 TUMOR-AUGMENTING EFFECTS OF GESTATIONAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE ON F1 AND F2 IN MICE. THE CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY-LIFE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT ARE EMERGING CONCERNS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO NATURALLY OCCURRING INORGANIC ARSENIC HAS BEEN KNOWN TO CAUSE VARIOUS ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS, INCLUDING CANCERS, IN HUMANS. ON THE OTHER HAND, ANIMAL STUDIES BY DR. M. WAALKES' GROUP REPORTED THAT ARSENITE EXPOSURE OF PREGNANT F0 FEMALES, ONLY FROM GESTATIONAL DAY 8 TO 18, INCREASED HEPATIC TUMORS IN THE F1 (ARSENITE-F1) MALES OF C3H MICE, WHOSE MALES TEND TO DEVELOP SPONTANEOUS HEPATIC TUMORS LATER IN LIFE. SINCE THIS MICE MODEL ILLUMINATED NOVEL UNIDENTIFIED CONSEQUENCES OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE, WE WISHED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE BACKGROUND MECHANISMS. IN THE SAME EXPERIMENTAL MODEL, WE IDENTIFIED A VARIETY OF FACTORS THAT WERE AFFECTED BY GESTATIONAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC CHANGES, AS POSSIBLE CONSTITUENTS OF MULTIPLE STEPS OF LATE-ONSET HEPATIC TUMOR AUGMENTATION IN ARSENITE-F1 MALES. FURTHERMORE, OUR STUDY DISCOVERED THAT THE F2 MALES BORN TO ARSENITE-F1 MALES DEVELOPED HEPATIC TUMORS AT A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER RATE THAN THE CONTROL F2 MALES. THE RESULTS IMPLY THAT THE TUMOR AUGMENTING EFFECT IS INHERITED BY ARSENITE-F2 MALES THROUGH THE SPERM OF ARSENITE-F1. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE SUMMARIZED OUR STUDIES ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF GESTATIONAL ARSENITE EXPOSURE IN F1 AND F2 MICE TO DISCUSS NOVEL ASPECTS OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GESTATIONAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE. 2017 8 6911 17 [TWO GERMAN BIRTH COHORTS: GINIPLUS AND LISAPLUS]. NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES IN CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN PERINATAL LIFE AND ARE POTENTIALLY INFLUENCED BY TRANS-GENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THEREFORE, PROSPECTIVE BIRTH COHORTS CAN SUBSTANTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ETIOLOGY OF DISEASES INCLUDING MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS. THE TWO POPULATION-BASED GERMAN BIRTH COHORTS GINIPLUS AND LISAPLUS AIM TO DESCRIBE THE NATURAL COURSE OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES IN CHILDHOOD AND ITS DETERMINANTS, AND TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL GENETIC EFFECT MODIFICATIONS. IN THE MID-1990S, 5,991 (GINIPLUS) AND 3,097 (LISAPLUS) HEALTHY, TERM NEWBORNS WERE RECRUITED FOR LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP IN FOUR REGIONS OF GERMANY. THE FOLLOW-UP RATE FOR THE FIRST 10 YEARS WAS ABOUT 55%. WE ANALYZED THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF OVERWEIGHT, INFECTIONS AND ALLERGIC DISEASES, MENTAL AND ORAL HEALTH, METABOLIC AND INFLAMMATORY PARAMETERS AND THE ROLE OF POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS INCLUDING GENETICS. THE RESULTS OF THESE TWO BIRTH COHORTS SUBSTANTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE NATURAL COURSE OF THESE HEALTH PARAMETERS. THESE DATA WERE INCLUDED IN MANY INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS AND CONSORTIA FOR PURPOSES OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PREVALENCE AND CONSISTENCY OF FINDINGS, AND TO INCREASE THE POWER OF THE ANALYSES. 2012 9 365 32 AMILORIDE MODULATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE HYPERSENSITIVITY AND THERMAL NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY INTERFERENCE WITH EARLY MATERNAL ENVIRONMENT. BACKGROUND: EARLY LIFE ADVERSITIES ARE RISK FACTORS FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS AND FOR PAIN SYNDROMES, WHICH ARE, IN TURN, HIGHLY COMORBID WITH ANXIETY DISORDERS. REPEATED CROSS-FOSTERING MOUSE PUPS TO ADOPTIVE LACTATING FEMALES INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND HEIGHTENED MRNA-EXPRESSION OF THE ACID-SENSING-ION-CHANNEL-1 GENE, ALTERED NOCICEPTION, AND HYPERSENSITIVITY TO 6% CARBON DIOXIDE AIR MIXTURES, A TRAIT MARKER OF SPECIFIC HUMAN ANXIETY DISORDERS SUCH AS, MOST CLEARLY AND PROMINENTLY, PANIC DISORDER. AIMS: WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE ACID-SENSING ION CHANNEL INHIBITOR AMILORIDE CAN MODULATE REPEATED CROSS-FOSTERING ANIMALS' EXAGGERATED RESPONSES TO CARBON DIOXIDE AND NOCICEPTIVE THERMAL STIMULATION. METHODS: RESPIRATORY CARBON DIOXIDE SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED BY PLETHYSMOGRAPHY DURING 6% CARBON DIOXIDE AIR MIXTURE CHALLENGES, AND NOCICEPTION WAS ASSESSED BY LATENCY OF PAW WITHDRAWAL TO THERMAL STIMULATION, IN REPEATED CROSS-FOSTERING AND CONTROL ANIMALS. TO CIRCUMVENT THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, PRIOR TO TESTING, AMILORIDE WAS NEBULIZED IN A PLETHYSMOGRAPH. DATA WERE ANALYZED BY GENERAL LINEAR MODELS. RESULTS: ANALYSES OF TIDAL VOLUME RESPONSES TO 6% CARBON DIOXIDE OF ANIMALS PRE-TREATED WITH NEBULIZED AMILORIDE/SALINE IN A RANDOMIZED CROSSOVER DESIGN SHOWED SIGNIFICANT MODULATORY EFFECT OF AMILORIDE, AND AMILORIDEXREPEATED CROSS-FOSTERING INTERACTION. IN CONTRAST, REPEATED CROSS-FOSTERING ANIMALS' RESPONSES TO 6% CARBON DIOXIDE AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL AMILORIDE, SALINE, OR NO TREATMENT, WERE NO DIFFERENT. ANALYSES OF RESPONSES TO THERMAL STIMULI SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT MODULATORY EFFECT OF NEBULIZED AMILORIDE, AND REPEATED CROSS-FOSTERINGXAMILORIDE INTERACTION. CONCLUSIONS: SINGLE-DOSE NEBULIZED AMILORIDE DECREASED REPEATED CROSS-FOSTERING ANIMALS' CARBON DIOXIDE SENSITIVITY AND NOCICEPTION INDICES TO LEVELS THAT WERE NO DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF CONTROL ANIMALS. INASMUCH AS THESE RESULTS PERTAIN TO HUMAN ANXIETY AND/OR PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, OUR FINDINGS PROVIDE A RATIONALE FOR STUDYING INHALED AMILORIDE IN SOME ANXIETY DISORDERS AND/OR PAIN SYNDROMES. 2019 10 227 26 ADAPTATION OF AN OUTBREAKING INSECT DEFOLIATOR TO CHRONIC NUTRITIONAL STRESS. DURING INSECT OUTBREAKS, THE HIGH NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS FEEDING ON ITS HOST PLANT CAUSES A DEPLETION OF THE FOOD SOURCE. REDUCED AVAILABILITY AND DECREASED QUALITY OF NUTRIENTS NEGATIVELY INFLUENCE LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS OF INSECTS DRIVING THEM TO DEVELOP ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES TO PERSIST IN THE ENVIRONMENT. IN A LABORATORY EXPERIMENT WITH THREE REPETITIONS, WE TESTED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC NUTRITIONAL STRESS ON SPRUCE BUDWORM PERFORMANCE DURING THREE GENERATIONS TO DETERMINE THE ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY THE INSECT TO DEAL WITH A SELECTION PRESSURE PRODUCED BY LOW-QUALITY DIET. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT ALL TESTED LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS (MORTALITY, DEVELOPMENTAL TIME, PUPAL MASS, GROWTH RATE AND FEMALE FECUNDITY) BUT FEMALE FERTILITY WERE NEGATIVELY INFLUENCED BY THE LOW-QUALITY DIET SIMULATING FOOD DEPLETION DURING OUTBREAK CONDITIONS. HOWEVER, ESPECIALLY FEMALES IN THE THIRD GENERATION UNDER CHRONIC NUTRITIONAL STRESS SHOW AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE IN LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS WHEN COMPARED TO THOSE REARED ONLY ONE GENERATION ON LOW-QUALITY DIET. LARVAL DEVELOPMENTAL TIME SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED AND PUPAL MASS, GROWTH RATE AND FECUNDITY SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED. THE STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE CAPACITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM TO REACT TO CHRONIC NUTRITIONAL STRESS WITH ADAPTATIONS THAT MAY BE CAUSED BY EPIGENETIC PARENTAL EFFECTS. THIS INFORMATION CAN HELP TO UNDERSTAND THE COURSE OF AN OUTBREAK ESPECIALLY AT PEAK DENSITIES AND DURING THE COLLAPSE. 2015 11 815 27 CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY AND EPIGENETIC-MODULATORY GENES AFTER AN INTENSIVE MEDITATION RETREAT. BACKGROUND: MEDITATION RETREATS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY INTENSIVE OR CONCENTRATED PERIODS OF MEDITATION PRACTICE, COMMONLY UNDERTAKEN IN A RESIDENTIAL SETTING. ALTHOUGH RESEARCH INDICATES THAT MEDITATION TRAINING CAN POSITIVELY INFLUENCE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES, THE BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEDITATION RETREAT INTERVENTIONS ARE RELATIVELY UNDERSTUDIED. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED THE INFLUENCE OF A MONTH-LONG, SILENT MEDITATION RETREAT ON THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODULATION AND IMMUNE PROCESSES. METHOD: WE ASSESSED GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN EXPERIENCED MEDITATORS ATTENDING A MONTH-LONG INSIGHT MEDITATION RETREAT (N = 28), AS COMPARED TO A COMMUNITY CONTROL GROUP (N = 34) OF EXPERIENCED PRACTITIONERS LIVING THEIR EVERYDAY LIVES. BLOOD SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED ON DAY TWO OF THE RETREAT (TIME 1) AND AGAIN 3 WEEKS LATER (TIME 2). CONTROL PARTICIPANTS WERE ALSO ASSESSED ACROSS A 3-WEEK INTERVAL, DURING WHICH THEY MAINTAINED THEIR REGULAR DAILY ROUTINES. RESULTS: AS COMPARED TO CONTROLS, RETREAT PARTICIPANTS SHOWED DIFFERENTIAL CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN CHROMATIN MODULATION AND INFLAMMATION. THE MOST SUBSTANTIVE FINDING WAS DOWNREGULATION OF THE TNF PATHWAY IN RETREAT PARTICIPANTS, WHICH WAS NOT OBSERVED IN CONTROLS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MEDITATION RETREAT PARTICIPATION MAY INFLUENCE SOME OF THE INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES, AND THAT THIS STYLE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTION MAY HAVE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL, PARTICULARLY IN EXPERIENCED PRACTITIONERS. 2022 12 2967 22 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE IN RELATION TO INFLAMMATION IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND FIBROMYALGIA. BACKGROUND: CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT) HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INFLUENCE CLINICAL PAIN, DESCENDING MODULATION, AND EXERCISE-INDUCED SYMPTOM WORSENING. COMT REGULATES NOCICEPTIVE PROCESSING AND INFLAMMATION, KEY PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND FIBROMYALGIA (CFS/FM). WE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING COMT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH CFS/FM. METHODS: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY WITH REPEATED-MEASURES DESIGN WAS USED TO REDUCE THE CHANCE OF FALSE POSITIVE AND INCREASE THE POWER OF OUR FINDINGS. FIFTY-FOUR PARTICIPANTS (28 PATIENTS WITH CFS/FM AND 26 CONTROLS) WERE ASSESSED TWICE WITHIN 4 DAYS. THE ASSESSMENT INCLUDED CLINICAL QUESTIONNAIRES, NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (PAIN THRESHOLDS, TEMPORAL SUMMATION, AND CONDITIONED PAIN MODULATION), AND BLOOD WITHDRAWAL IN ORDER TO ASSESS RS4818, RS4633, AND RS4680 COMT POLYMORPHISMS AND PERFORM HAPLOTYPE ESTIMATION, DNA METHYLATION IN THE COMT GENE (BOTH MB-COMT AND S-COMT PROMOTERS), AND CYTOKINE EXPRESSION (TNF-ALPHA, IFN-GAMMA, IL-6, AND TGF-BETA). RESULTS: COMT HAPLOTYPES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION IN THE S-COMT PROMOTER, TGF-BETA EXPRESSION, AND SYMPTOMS. HOWEVER, THIS WAS NOT SPECIFIC FOR ONE CONDITION. SIGNIFICANT BETWEEN-GROUP DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND FOR INCREASED DNA METHYLATION IN THE MB-COMT PROMOTER AND DECREASED IFN-GAMMA EXPRESSION IN PATIENTS. DISCUSSION: OUR RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH, PROVIDING INTERESTING INSIGHTS INTO GENETIC-EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS. MB-COMT DNA METHYLATION MIGHT BE AN INDEPENDENT FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CFS/FM. FURTHER RESEARCH ON DNA METHYLATION IN COMPLEX CONDITIONS SUCH AS CFS/FM IS WARRANTED. WE RECOMMEND FUTURE RESEARCH TO EMPLOY A REPEATED-MEASURE DESIGN TO CONTROL FOR BIOMARKERS VARIABILITY AND WITHIN-SUBJECT CHANGES. 2022 13 6156 16 THE GENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE CORTICAL PROCESSING OF EXPERIMENTAL PAIN AND THE MODERATING EFFECT OF PAIN STATUS. BACKGROUND: RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT THE COMT VAL(158)MET, BDNF VAL(66)MET AND OPRM1 A(118)G POLYMORPHISMS MODERATE THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN. IN ORDER TO OBTAIN EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION AND EXTENSION OF FINDINGS, CORTICAL PROCESSING OF EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED PAIN WAS USED. METHOD: A SAMPLE OF 78 INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN COMPLAINTS AND 37 HEALTHY CONTROLS UNDERWENT EEG REGISTRATION. EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS WERE MEASURED IN RESPONSE TO ELECTRICAL NOCICEPTIVE STIMULI AND MODERATION BY COMT VAL(158)MET, BDNF VAL(66)MET AND OPRM1 A(118)G POLYMORPHISMS WAS ASSESSED. RESULTS: GENETIC VARIATION DID NOT HAVE A DIRECT EFFECT ON CORTICAL PROCESSING OF EXPERIMENTAL PAIN. HOWEVER, GENETIC EFFECTS (COMT VAL(158)MET AND BDNF VAL(66)MET) ON EXPERIMENTAL PAIN WERE MODERATED BY THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN. IN THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN, THE COMT MET ALLELE AND THE BDNF MET ALLELE AUGMENTED CORTICAL PAIN PROCESSING, WHILST REDUCING PAIN PROCESSING IN PAIN-FREE CONTROLS. NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS WERE FOUND CONCERNING THE OPRM1 A(118)G POLYMORPHISM. CONCLUSIONS: THE CURRENT STUDY SUGGESTS THAT CHRONIC EXPERIENCE OF PAIN ENHANCES GENETIC SENSITIVITY TO EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED MILDLY PAINFUL STIMULI, POSSIBLY THROUGH A PROCESS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. 2010 14 1182 35 CONVERGING AND DIFFERENTIAL BRAIN PHOSPHOLIPID DYSREGULATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF REPETITIVE MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. REPETITIVE MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (RMTBI) IS A MAJOR EPIGENETIC RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). THE PRECISE NATURE OF HOW RMTBI LEADS TO OR PRECIPITATES AD PATHOLOGY IS CURRENTLY UNKNOWN. NUMEROUS NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS HAVE SHOWN AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR DYSFUNCTIONAL PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM AS A DRIVING FACTOR FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. HOWEVER, THE PRECISE ROLE IN RMTBI AND AD REMAINS ELUSIVE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT A DETAILED PHOSPHOLIPID CHARACTERIZATION WOULD REVEAL PROFILES OF RESPONSE TO INJURY IN TBI THAT OVERLAP WITH AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN AD AND THUS PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO THE TBI-AD RELATIONSHIP. WE EMPLOYED A LIPIDOMIC APPROACH EXAMINING BRAIN PHOSPHOLIPID PROFILES FROM MOUSE MODELS OF RMTBI AND AD. CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPAL TISSUE WERE COLLECTED AT 24 H, 3, 6, 9, AND 12 MONTHS POST-RMTBI, AND AT AGES REPRESENTING 'PRE', 'PERI' AND 'POST' ONSET OF AMYLOID PATHOLOGY (I.E., 3, 9, 15 MONTHS-OLD). TOTAL LEVELS OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (PC), PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE (PE), LYSOPE, AND PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL (PI), INCLUDING THEIR MONOUNSATURATED, POLYUNSATURATED AND SATURATED FATTY ACID (FA) CONTAINING SPECIES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AT ACUTE AND/OR CHRONIC TIME POINTS POST-INJURY IN BOTH BRAIN REGIONS. HOWEVER, LEVELS OF MOST PHOSPHOLIPID SPECIES IN PS1/APP MICE WERE NOMINAL IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, WHILE IN THE CORTEX, LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED AT AGES POST-ONSET OF AMYLOID PATHOLOGY. SPHINGOMYELIN AND LYSOPC LEVELS SHOWED COINCIDENTAL TRENDS IN OUR RMTBI AND AD MODELS WITHIN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AN INCREASE AT ACUTE AND/OR CHRONIC TIME POINTS EXAMINED. THE RATIO OF ARACHIDONIC ACID (OMEGA-6 FA) TO DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (OMEGA-3 FA)-CONTAINING PE SPECIES WAS INCREASED AT EARLY TIME POINTS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF INJURED VERSUS SHAM MICE, AND IN PS1/APP MICE THERE WAS A COINCIDENTAL INCREASE COMPARED TO WILD TYPE LITTERMATES AT ALL TIME POINTS. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES SOME OVERLAPPING AND DIVERSE PHOSPHOLIPID PROFILES IN RMTBI AND AD MODELS. FUTURE STUDIES ARE REQUIRED TO CORROBORATE OUR FINDINGS IN HUMAN POST-MORTEM TISSUE. INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY MECHANISMS TRIGGERED BY ABERRANT DOWNSTREAM ALTERATIONS IN BIOACTIVE METABOLITES OF THESE PHOSPHOLIPIDS, AND THEIR MODULATION AT THE APPROPRIATE TIME-WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY COULD HELP FACILITATE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE NEURODEGENERATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF RMTBI OR THE POTENTIAL TRIGGERING OF AD PATHOGENESIS BY RMTBI. 2019 15 2886 18 GABA-AALPHA5 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN LEARNING-MEMORY DYSFUNCTION IN THE OFFSPRINGS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL-TREATED RATS VIA GABA-AALPHA5 HISTONE H3K9 ACETYLATION. RECENTLY, NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE BEEN FOCUSED ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GABA-A RECEPTORS AND ALCOHOL-INDUCED SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY DEFICITS. GABA-AALPHA5, A SUBUNIT OF GABA-A RECEPTORS, IS CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ALCOHOL-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM REMAINS OBSCURE. IN THIS STUDY, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF GABA-AALPHA5 INCREASED IN RATS TREATED WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL VIA HISTONE H3K9 ACETYLATION. FURTHERMORE, THIS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION COULD BE INHERITED BY THE NEXT GENERATIONS, WHICH EVENTUALLY EXHIBIT SIMILAR SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY DEFICITS IN THE OFFSPRINGS. IN SUMMARY, OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT GABA-AALPHA5 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT-INDUCED LEARNING-MEMORY DYSFUNCTION AND FOR THE FIRST TIME PROVED THAT LEARNING-MEMORY DYSFUNCTION COULD BE INHERITED BY THE OFFSPRINGS VIA HISTONE H3K9 ACETYLATION. HOPEFULLY, IN THE NEAR FUTURE, GABA-AALPHA5 INHIBITORS WOULD BE AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO TREAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED COGNITION IMPAIRMENT. 2019 16 369 34 AN ANDROGEN-DEPENDENT SEXUAL DIMORPHISM VISIBLE AT PUBERTY IN THE RAT HYPOTHALAMUS. MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RODENTS HAVE WELL DOCUMENTED THE MASCULINIZATION OF THE PERINATAL BRAIN BY ESTRADIOL DERIVED FROM AROMATIZED TESTOSTERONE, AND THE RESULTING IRREVERSIBLE QUANTITATIVE SEX-DIFFERENCES GENERATED IN CELL NUMBERS OR EXPRESSION OF CHEMICAL PHENOTYPES. HERE, USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, WE EXPLORED HOW THIS APPLIES TO THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT AND MASCULINIZATION OF THE NEUROKININ B (NKB)-CONTAINING SYSTEM OF THE ARCUATE NUCLEUS/MEDIAN EMINENCE COMPLEX (ARC/ME). IN ADULT RATS, NKB-IMMUNOREACTIVE NEURONS EXHIBIT AN UNUSUAL, QUALITATIVE SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF THEIR VENTRAL AXONAL PROJECTIONS: TO THE NEUROPIL IN FEMALES, TO CAPILLARY VESSELS IN MALES. IN ADULTS, THERE WAS NO SEX-DIFFERENCE IN THE NUMBERS OF NKB-IMMUNOREACTIVE PERIKARYA OR CAPILLARY VESSELS IN THE ARC/ME, SUGGESTING THAT THIS SEXUAL DIMORPHISM CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY THE EXISTENCE OF SUPERNUMERARY STRUCTURES. AT BIRTH (DAY 0) THE NKB SYSTEM WAS IMMATURE IN BOTH SEXES, AND WHILE ITS ADULT FEATURES EMERGED PROGRESSIVELY UNTIL PUBERTY IN FEMALES, THEY DID NOT DEVELOP BEFORE PUBERTY (DAY 40) IN MALES, REVEALING A SEXUAL DIMORPHISM ONLY LATE POSTNATALLY. WHEN MALES WERE ORCHIDECTOMIZED AT DAY 30, THE MASCULINE DISTRIBUTION OF NKB-IMMUNOREACTIVE AXONS EXPECTED AT DAY 40 WAS NOT SEEN, WHILE IT WAS APPARENT AFTER CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH TESTOSTERONE OR DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE, SUGGESTING A TESTICULAR MASCULINIZING ACTION VIA ANDROGEN RECEPTORS AT PUBERTY. MOREOVER IN THESE PREPUBERTAL-ORCHIDECTOMIZED MALES, THE DISTRIBUTION OF NKB-IMMUNOREACTIVE AXONS WAS SURPRISINGLY FEMINIZED BY CHRONIC ESTRADIOL ALONE, SUGGESTING THAT NKB NEURONS ARE NOT IRREVERSIBLY PROGRAMMED BEFORE PUBERTY. LAST, IN ADULT FEMALES, THE DISTRIBUTION OF NKB-IMMUNOREACTIVE AXONS WAS FEMININE 30 DAYS AFTER OVARIECTOMY, AND IT WAS MASCULINIZED AFTER CONCURRENT CHRONIC DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE, SUGGESTING THAT NKB NEURONS REMAIN RESPONSIVE TO ANDROGENS LATE IN REPRODUCTIVE LIFE. THUS, THE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS PROCEEDS WELL BEYOND THE PERINATAL PERIOD AND INCLUDES THE EPIGENETIC ACTION OF NON-AROMATIZABLE ANDROGENS UPON SUBSETS OF NEURONS THAT HAVE RETAINED BIPOTENT FEATURES. 2007 17 660 26 BLOOD LEVELS OF T-CELL RECEPTOR EXCISION CIRCLES (TRECS) PROVIDE AN INDEX OF EXPOSURE TO TRAUMATIC STRESS IN MICE AND HUMANS. EXPOSURE TO STRESS TRIGGERS BIOLOGICAL CHANGES THROUGHOUT THE BODY. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT ALTERATIONS IN IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS-ASSOCIATED ILLNESSES SUCH AS MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER, INCREASING INTEREST IN IDENTIFYING IMMUNE MARKERS THAT PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO MENTAL HEALTH. RECOMBINATION EVENTS DURING T-CELL RECEPTOR REARRANGEMENT AND T-CELL MATURATION IN THE THYMUS PRODUCE CIRCULAR DNA FRAGMENTS CALLED T-CELL RECEPTOR EXCISION CIRCLES (TRECS) THAT CAN BE UTILIZED AS INDICATORS OF THYMIC FUNCTION AND NUMBERS OF NEWLY EMIGRATING T-CELLS. GIVEN DATA SUGGESTING THAT STRESS AFFECTS THYMUS FUNCTION, WE EXAMINED WHETHER BLOOD LEVELS OF TRECS MIGHT SERVE AS A QUANTITATIVE PERIPHERAL INDEX OF CUMULATIVE STRESS EXPOSURE AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT CHRONIC STRESS EXPOSURE WOULD COMPROMISE THYMUS FUNCTION AND PRODUCE CORRESPONDING DECREASES IN LEVELS OF TRECS. IN MALE MICE, EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS (CSDS) PRODUCED THYMIC INVOLUTION, ADRENAL HYPERTROPHY, AND DECREASED LEVELS OF TRECS IN BLOOD. EXTENDING THESE STUDIES TO HUMANS REVEALED ROBUST INVERSE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN LEVELS OF CIRCULATING TRECS AND CHILDHOOD EMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL ABUSE. CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC ANALYSES ALSO REVEALED ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN TREC LEVELS AND BLOOD CELL COMPOSITION, AS WELL AS CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC METHYLATION CHANGES IN CD4T + AND CD8T + CELLS. ADDITIONALLY, TREC LEVELS CORRELATED WITH EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION, A COMMON BIOMARKER OF STRESS EXPOSURE. OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE ALIGNMENT BETWEEN FINDINGS IN MICE AND HUMANS AND SUGGEST THAT BLOOD-BORNE TRECS ARE A TRANSLATIONALLY-RELEVANT BIOMARKER THAT CORRELATES WITH, AND PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO, THE CUMULATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNE-RELATED IMPACTS OF STRESS EXPOSURE IN MAMMALS. 2022 18 5152 31 PPM1F IN DENTATE GYRUS MODULATES ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS BY REGULATING BDNF EXPRESSION VIA AKT/JNK/P-H3S10 PATHWAY. ANXIETY IS A SERIOUS PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER, WITH A HIGHER INCIDENCE RATE IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN. PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE MG(2+)/MN(2+)-DEPENDENT 1F (PPM1F), A SERINE/THREONINE PHOSPHATASE, HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE MULTIPLE BIOLOGICAL AND CELLULAR FUNCTIONS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF PPM1F AND ITS NEURONAL SUBSTRATES ON ANXIETY REMAIN LARGELY UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE SHOWED THAT CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (CRS) INDUCED ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS ONLY IN FEMALE MICE, WHILE ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS (ARS) PRODUCED ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MICE IN LIGHT-DARK AND ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TESTS AND INDUCED UPREGULATION OF PPM1F AND DOWNREGULATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS-MEDIATED OVEREXPRESSION OF PPM1F OR CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT OF BDNF IN DENTATE GYRUS (DG) LED TO A MORE PRONOUNCED ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIOR IN FEMALE THAN IN MALE MICE AS INDICATED BY THE BEHAVIORAL EVALUATIONS. MEANWHILE, OVEREXPRESSION OF PPM1F IN THE DG DECREASED TOTAL BDNF EXON-SPECIFIC MESSENGER RNA EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS WITH THE DECREASED BINDING ACTIVITY OF PHOSPHORYLATED H3S10 TO ITS INDIVIDUAL PROMOTERS IN FEMALE MICE. FURTHERMORE, WE IDENTIFIED THAT OVEREXPRESSION OF PPM1F DECREASED THE PHOSPHORYLATION LEVELS OF AKT AND JNK IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF FEMALE MICE. THESE RESULTS MAY SUGGEST THAT PPM1F REGULATES ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS BY MODULATING BDNF EXPRESSION AND H3S10 PHOSPHORYLATION-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, WHICH MAY BE SERVED AS POTENTIALLY PATHOLOGICAL GENES ASSOCIATED WITH ANXIETY OR OTHER MENTAL DISEASES. 2021 19 1671 20 DRD2 METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH EXECUTIVE CONTROL NETWORK CONNECTIVITY AND SEVERITY OF ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AMONG A SAMPLE OF POLYSUBSTANCE USERS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS OF ABUSE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DELETERIOUS CONSEQUENCES, INCLUDING FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY DEFICITS WITHIN NEURAL NETWORKS ASSOCIATED WITH EXECUTIVE CONTROL. ALTERED FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY WITHIN THE EXECUTIVE CONTROL NETWORK (ECN) MIGHT UNDERLIE THE PROGRESSIVE INABILITY TO CONTROL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS AS SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS PROGRESS. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS (SUDS). FOR EXAMPLE, DOPAMINE RECEPTOR 2 (DRD2) FUNCTIONING HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) AND RELATED PHENOTYPES, INCLUDING CORRELATES OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMS TO EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A CONTINUOUS MEASURE OF ALCOHOL-RELATED PROBLEMS, EPIGENETIC MARKERS (METHYLATION) WITHIN THE DRD2 GENE, AND FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY WITHIN THE ECN AMONG A SAMPLE OF POLYSUBSTANCE USERS. A COMMUNITY SAMPLE OF 658 SUBJECTS, WHOSE CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, NICOTINE, AND CANNABIS SPAN ACROSS A SPECTRUM OF QUANTITY AND FREQUENCY OF USE, WERE OBTAINED ACROSS PREVIOUS STUDIES IN POLYSUBSTANCE USING POPULATIONS. RESTING STATE FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING WAS ANALYZED TO IDENTIFY INTRINSIC CONNECTIVITY NETWORKS USING A PRIORI REGIONS OF INTEREST. METHYLATION MEASUREMENT OF FUNCTIONALLY RELEVANT SITES WITHIN THE DRD2 GENE WAS ACHIEVED VIA PYROSEQUENCING. REGRESSION-BASED MODELS, INCLUDING MEDIATION AND MODERATION MODELS, TESTED THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DRD2 METHYLATION, FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY WITHIN INTRINSIC NEURAL NETWORKS (INCLUDING THE ECN), AND SEVERITY OF ALCOHOL PROBLEMS. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT AVERAGE DRD2 METHYLATION WAS NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH RIGHT ECN (RECN) AND LEFT ECN (LECN) CONNECTIVITY, BUT NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER NETWORKS TESTED, AND DRD2 METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL PROBLEMS SEVERITY. MEDIATION MODELS WERE NOT SUPPORTED, ALTHOUGH MODERATION MODELS SUGGESTED THAT CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN EDGES WITHIN THE RECN MODERATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRD2 METHYLATION AND AUD SEVERITY. RESULTS SUPPORT A THEORETICAL MODEL IN WHICH EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROBIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG A SAMPLE OF POLYSUBSTANCE USERS. 2020 20 1162 25 CONTRASTING EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS ON THE TRANSCRIPTOME, EPIGENOME, AND IMMUNE RESPONSE OF ATLANTIC SALMON. STRESS EXPERIENCED DURING EARLY LIFE MAY HAVE LASTING EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, WITH IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND DISEASE DEPENDENT ON THE NATURE AND DURATION OF THE STRESSOR. THE EPIGENOME IS ESPECIALLY SENSITIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI DURING EARLY LIFE AND REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH STRESS MAY CAUSE LONG-LASTING HEALTH EFFECTS. HOWEVER, THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE EPIGENOME RESPONDS DIFFERENTLY TO CHRONIC VS ACUTE STRESSORS IS UNCLEAR, ESPECIALLY FOR NON-MAMMALIAN SPECIES. WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE STRESS (COLD-SHOCK DURING EMBRYOGENESIS) AND CHRONIC STRESS (ABSENCE OF TANK ENRICHMENT DURING LARVAL-STAGE) ON GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION (USING RNA-SEQ) AND DNA METHYLATION (USING RRBS) IN THE GILLS OF ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) FOUR MONTHS AFTER HATCHING. CHRONIC STRESS INDUCED PRONOUNCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL DIFFERENCES, WHILE ACUTE STRESS CAUSED FEW LASTING TRANSCRIPTIONAL EFFECTS. HOWEVER, BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS CAUSED LASTING AND CONTRASTING CHANGES IN THE METHYLOME. CRUCIALLY, WE FOUND THAT ACUTE STRESS ENHANCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO A PATHOGENIC CHALLENGE (BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE, LPS), WHILE CHRONIC STRESS SUPPRESSED IT. WE IDENTIFIED STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES IN PROMOTER AND GENE-BODY METHYLATION THAT WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION FOR A SMALL PROPORTION OF IMMUNE-RELATED GENES, AND EVIDENCE OF WIDER EPIGENETIC REGULATION WITHIN SIGNALLING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN IMMUNE RESPONSE. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT STRESS CAN AFFECT IMMUNO-COMPETENCE THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND HIGHLIGHT THE MARKEDLY DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF CHRONIC LARVAL AND ACUTE EMBRYONIC STRESS. THIS KNOWLEDGE COULD BE USED TO HARNESS THE STIMULATORY EFFECTS OF ACUTE STRESS ON IMMUNITY, PAVING THE WAY FOR IMPROVED STRESS AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT THROUGH EPIGENETIC CONDITIONING. 2018