1  949 112 CHRONIC METHAMPHETAMINE TREATMENT REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY GENES AND CHANGES THEIR DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN THE MOUSE BRAIN. METHAMPHETAMINE (METH) IS A HIGHLY ADDICTIVE PSYCHOSTIMULANT THAT MAY CAUSE LONG-LASTING SYNAPTIC DYSFUNCTION AND ABNORMAL GENE EXPRESSION. WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY GENES IN CHRONIC METH-TREATED MOUSE BRAIN. WE USED THE RT(2) PROFILER PCR ARRAY AND THE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR TO CHARACTERIZE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY GENES IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF CHRONIC METH-TREATED MICE COMPARED WITH NORMAL SALINE-TREATED MICE. WE FURTHER USED PYROSEQUENCING TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE CPG REGION OF THE FIVE IMMEDIATE EARLY GENES (IEGS) IN CHRONIC METH-TREATED MOUSE BRAIN. WE DETECTED SIX DOWNREGULATED GENES IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF CHRONIC METH-TREATED MICE, INCLUDING FIVE IEGS (ARC, EGR2, FOS, KLF10, AND NR4A1) AND ONE NEURONAL RECEPTOR GENE (GRM1), COMPARED WITH NORMAL SALINE-TREATED GROUP, BUT ONLY FOUR GENES (ARC, EGR2, FOS, AND NR4A1) WERE CONFIRMED TO BE DIFFERENT. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND SEVERAL CPG SITES OF THE ARC AND THE FOS THAT HAD SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX OF CHRONIC METH-TREATED MICE, WHILE THE KLF10 AND THE NR4A1 THAT HAD SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF METH MAY LEAD TO SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF THE IEGS EXPRESSION IN BOTH THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS, WHICH MAY PARTLY ACCOUNT FOR THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF THE ACTION OF METH. FURTHERMORE, THE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF THE IEGS IN THE BRAIN INDICATE THAT AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO METH ADDICTION, WHICH WARRANTS ADDITIONAL STUDY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 1818  31 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC METHAMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE ON REWARDING BEHAVIOR AND NEURODEGENERATION MARKERS IN ADULT MICE. RECREATIONAL AND MEDICAL USE OF STIMULANTS AMONG YOUNG ADULTS HAVE GAINED POPULARITY IN THE UNITED STATES OVER THE LAST DECADE AND THEIR USE MAY INCREASE VULNERABILITY TO BRAIN BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS. THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STIMULANT EXPOSURE IN LATER ADULTHOOD HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED.OUR STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO METHAMPHETAMINE (METH), AT A DOSE DESIGNED TO EMULATE HUMAN THERAPEUTIC DOSING FOR ADHD, WOULD PROMOTE BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS AND AFFECT SENSITIVITY TO THE REWARDING EFFECTS OF SUBSEQUENT METH DOSING.GROUPS OF 3.5-MONTH-OLD MALE AND FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE WERE ADMINISTERED NON-CONTINGENT INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF EITHER SALINE OR METH (1.4 MG/KG) TWICE A DAY FOR 1 MONTH (5 DAYS/WEEK). METH (0.5 MG/KG)-INDUCED CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE (CPP) WAS TESTED IN MICE TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF PREVIOUS METH EXPOSURE ON REWARD-RELATED BEHAVIOR. MICE WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO EXPERIMENT I (MALES AND FEMALES) OR EXPERIMENT II (FEMALES ONLY) IN WHICH CPP TESTING WAS RESPECTIVELY PERFORMED EITHER 0.5 OR 5 MONTHS AFTER THE END OF METH INJECTIONS, AT ~5 OR 10 MONTHS OLD RESPECTIVELY. THE MIDBRAIN AND STRIATUM, REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD CIRCUIT, WERE ASSESSED FOR MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROTOXICITY, DOPAMINERGIC FUNCTION, NEUROINFLAMMATION AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFTER BEHAVIORAL TESTING.PREVIOUS EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC METH DID NOT HAVE SIGNIFICANT SHORT-TERM EFFECTS ON CPP RESPONSE BUT LED TO A DECREASED CPP RESPONSE IN 10-MONTH-OLD FEMALES. PREVIOUS EXPOSURE TO METH INDUCED SOME SHORT-TERM CHANGES TO BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS MEASURED IN A BRAIN REGION AND SEX-DEPENDENT MANNER, WHILE LONG-TERM CHANGES WERE ONLY OBSERVED WITH GFAP AND KDM5C.IN CONCLUSION, OUR DATA SUGGEST SEX- AND POST-EXPOSURE DURATION-DEPENDENT OUTCOMES AND WARRANT FURTHER EXPLORATION OF THE LONG-TERM NEUROBEHAVIORAL CONSEQUENCES OF PSYCHOSTIMULANT USE IN BOTH SEXES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                        
3 6525  35 TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC SUBSTRATES OF METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTION AND WITHDRAWAL: EVIDENCE FROM A LONG-ACCESS SELF-ADMINISTRATION MODEL IN THE RAT. METHAMPHETAMINE USE DISORDER IS A CHRONIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT BINGE EPISODES, INTERVALS OF ABSTINENCE, AND RELAPSES TO DRUG USE. HUMANS ADDICTED TO METHAMPHETAMINE EXPERIENCE VARIOUS DEGREES OF COGNITIVE DEFICITS AND OTHER NEUROLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES THAT COMPLICATE THEIR ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING AND THEIR PARTICIPATION IN TREATMENT PROGRAMS. IMPORTANTLY, MODELS OF METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTION IN RODENTS HAVE SHOWN THAT ANIMALS WILL READILY LEARN TO GIVE THEMSELVES METHAMPHETAMINE. RATS ALSO ACCELERATE THEIR INTAKE OVER TIME. MICROARRAY STUDIES HAVE ALSO SHOWN THAT METHAMPHETAMINE TAKING IS ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN THE STRIATUM MEASURED WITHIN A SHORT OR LONGER TIME AFTER CESSATION OF DRUG TAKING. AFTER A 2-H WITHDRAWAL TIME, THERE WAS INCREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES THAT PARTICIPATE IN TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION. THESE INCLUDED CYCLIC AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING (CREB), ETS DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN (ELK1), AND MEMBERS OF THE FOS FAMILY OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. OTHER GENES OF INTEREST INCLUDE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR, TYPE 2 (TRKB), AND SYNAPTOPHYSIN. METHAMPHETAMINE-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION WAS FOUND TO BE REGULATED VIA PHOSPHORYLATED CREB-DEPENDENT EVENTS. AFTER A 30-DAY WITHDRAWAL FROM METHAMPHETAMINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION, HOWEVER, THERE WAS MOSTLY DECREASED EXPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INCLUDING JUND. THERE WAS ALSO DOWNREGULATION OF GENES WHOSE PROTEIN PRODUCTS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF CHROMATIN-REMODELING COMPLEXES. ALTOGETHER, THESE GENOME-WIDE RESULTS SHOW THAT METHAMPHETAMINE ABUSE MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED REGULATION OF A DIVERSITY OF GENE NETWORKS THAT IMPACT CELLULAR AND SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS. THESE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MIGHT SERVE AS TRIGGERS FOR THE NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PRESENTATIONS OF HUMANS WHO ABUSE THIS DRUG. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE WAY THAT GENE PRODUCTS INTERACT TO CAUSE METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTION WILL HELP TO DEVELOP BETTER PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTS.	2015	

4 5485  33 REVERSAL OF COCAINE-CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE THROUGH METHYL SUPPLEMENTATION IN MICE: ALTERING GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL METHYLATION IN CELLS HAS REVEALED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN OVERALL DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND SOME BIOLOGICAL STATES. RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION COULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR NEUROADAPTATIONS INDUCED BY ADDICTIVE DRUGS. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION STATUS FOLLOWING REPEATED EXPOSURE TO ADDICTIVE DRUGS. USING MICE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE (CPP) PROCEDURE, WE MEASURED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AND THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG REWARDING EFFECTS. WE FOUND THAT COCAINE-, BUT NOT MORPHINE- OR FOOD-CPP TRAINING DECREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE PFC. CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH METHIONINE, A METHYL DONOR, FOR 25 CONSECUTIVE DAYS PRIOR TO AND DURING CPP TRAINING INHIBITED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COCAINE, BUT NOT MORPHINE OR FOOD CPP. WE ALSO FOUND THAT BOTH MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL OF DNMT (DNA METHYTRANSFERASE) 3B IN THE PFC WERE DOWNREGULATED FOLLOWING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COCAINE CPP, AND THE DOWNREGULATION COULD BE REVERSED BY REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF METHIONINE. OUR STUDY INDICATES A CRUCIAL ROLE OF GLOBAL PFC DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN THE REWARDING EFFECTS OF COCAINE. REVERSAL OF GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION COULD SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATE THE REWARDING EFFECTS INDUCED BY COCAINE. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT METHIONINE MAY HAVE BECOME A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO TREAT COCAINE ADDICTION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  431  35 ANTIDEPRESSANT ADMINISTRATION MODULATES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE EXPRESSION IN RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS. STRESS AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT CAN MODULATE DNA METHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGION OF GENES RELATED TO NEUROPLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION, THUS IMPLICATING THIS EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN DEPRESSION NEUROBIOLOGY AND TREATMENT. ACCORDINGLY, SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITORS INDUCES ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN RODENTS. DNA METHYLATION IS CONVEYED BY DNMT 1, 3A AND 3B ISOFORMS, WHICH ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE BRAIN. IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE IF THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT EXPRESSION, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS INDUCED BY ACUTE AND REPEATED ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT EXPRESSION (1, 3A AND 3B ISOFORMS) IN DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS OF RATS EXPOSED TO A STRESS MODEL OF DEPRESSION, THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH). THEREFORE, RATS WERE EXPOSED TO PRETEST AND TREATED WITH ONE OR SEVEN INJECTIONS OF VEHICLE OR IMIPRAMINE (15 MG KG(-1)), WITH TEST SESSION PERFORMED ONE HOUR AFTER THE LAST INJECTION. CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, IMIPRAMINE ADMINISTRATION ATTENUATED ESCAPE FAILURES DURING THE TEST, A WELL DESCRIBED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN THIS MODEL. DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT (1, 3A AND 3B) LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS (DHPC, VHPC) AND IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF RATS EXPOSED TO STRESS AND TREATMENT. STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION, DNMT3A AND DNMT3B EXPRESSION IN THE DHPC AND PFC. CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, IMIPRAMINE ADMINISTRATION ATTENUATED STRESS EFFECTS ONLY IN THE PFC. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PFC MAY BE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN THE LH MODEL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6 4236  30 METHYLATION OF THE TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE GENE IS DYSREGULATED BY COCAINE DEPENDENCE IN THE HUMAN STRIATUM. COCAINE DEPENDENCE IS A CHRONIC, RELAPSING DISORDER CAUSED BY LASTING CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED COCAINE-RELATED ALTERATIONS IN STRIATAL DNA METHYLATION; HOWEVER, IT IS UNCLEAR HOW METHYLATION IS RELATED TO COCAINE DEPENDENCE IN HUMANS. WE GENERATED METHYLOMIC PROFILES OF THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS USING HUMAN POSTMORTEM BRAINS FROM A COHORT OF INDIVIDUALS WITH COCAINE DEPENDENCE AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 25 PER GROUP). WE FOUND HYPERMETHYLATION IN A CLUSTER OF CPGS WITHIN THE GENE BODY OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE (TH), CONTAINING A PUTATIVE BINDING SITE FOR THE EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE 1 (EGR1) TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, WHICH IS HYPERMETHYLATED IN THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS OF COCAINE-DEPENDENT INDIVIDUALS. WE REPLICATED THIS FINDING AND FOUND IT TO BE SPECIFIC TO STRIATAL NEURONAL NUCLEI. FURTHERMORE, THIS LOCUS DEMONSTRATES ENHANCER ACTIVITY WHICH IS ATTENUATED BY METHYLATION AND ENHANCED BY EGR1 OVEREXPRESSION. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT COCAINE DEPENDENCE ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF DOPAMINERGIC SIGNALING GENES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7 1614  33 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A IS INVOLVED IN THE SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS ON SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND BEHAVIORS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN STRESS-ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS TO BE ELUCIDATED ABOUT THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND ITS CATALYZING ENZYMES, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IN THIS PROCESS. HERE, WE FOUND THAT MALE RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC (2-WEEK) UNPREDICTABLE STRESS EXHIBITED A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION OF DNMT3A AFTER STRESS CESSATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), A KEY TARGET REGION OF STRESS. TREATMENT OF UNSTRESSED CONTROL RATS WITH DNMT INHIBITORS RECAPITULATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS ON DECREASED AMPAR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN PFC. IN CONTRAST, OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3A IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS PREVENTED THE LOSS OF GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES. MOREOVER, THE STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING THE IMPAIRED RECOGNITION MEMORY, HEIGHTENED AGGRESSION, AND HYPERLOCOMOTION, WERE PARTIALLY ATTENUATED BY DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS. FINALLY, WE FOUND THAT THERE WERE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATIONS IN PFC OF STRESSED RATS, BOTH OF WHICH WERE ENRICHED AT SEVERAL NEURAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE AND MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING. THESE RESULTS HAVE THEREFORE RECOGNIZED THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN STRESS-INDUCED DISTURBANCE OF SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 4879  22 OVERLAPPING SIGNATURES OF CHRONIC PAIN IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND PERIPHERAL T CELLS. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE BRAIN AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSESSED IN 9 MONTHS POST NERVE-INJURY (SNI) AND SHAM RATS, IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) AS WELL AS IN T CELLS REVEALED A VAST DIFFERENCE IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE IN THE BRAIN BETWEEN THE GROUPS AND A REMARKABLE OVERLAP (72%) BETWEEN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES IN T CELLS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. DNA METHYLATION STATES IN THE PFC SHOWED ROBUST CORRELATION WITH PAIN SCORE OF ANIMALS IN SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN PAIN. FINALLY, ONLY 11 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES IN T CELLS WERE SUFFICIENT TO DISTINGUISH SNI OR SHAM INDIVIDUAL RATS. THIS STUDY SUPPORTS THE PLAUSIBILITY OF DNA METHYLATION INVOLVEMENT IN CHRONIC PAIN AND DEMONSTRATES THE POTENTIAL FEASIBILITY OF DNA METHYLATION MARKERS IN T CELLS AS NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF CHRONIC PAIN SUSCEPTIBILITY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9 4628  30 NEUROEPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC MICE THROUGH DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: DNA METHYLATION CHANGES HAVE KNOWN TO DOWNREGULATE SEVERAL REGULATORY PROTEINS EPIGENETICALLY DURING VARIOUS NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS. OUR STUDY AIMS TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF THIS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ON THE CEREBRAL COMPLICATIONS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MICE, AND ITS NOTABLE EFFECT ON MAINTAINING THE SYNAPTIC FIDELITY. METHODS AND RESULTS: CHRONIC HIGH FAT DIET AND STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC MICE WERE STUDIED FOR THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL AND NEUROANATOMIC PARAMETERS PERTAINING TO PREFRONTAL CORTEX, SUBSEQUENTLY ELUCIDATING THE ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THESE DIABETIC BRAINS. FURTHER, THE IMPACT OF THIS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION ON HSF1, BDNF AND PSD95 WERE STUDIED BY ASSESSING THE BINDING AFFINITY AND LEVEL OF % METHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER SITE OF THEIR RESPECTIVE GENES. OUR STUDY SUGGEST INCREASED DNMT ABERRATIONS WITHIN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, WITH INCREASED MECP2 LEVELS, CONFIRMING DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. THIS WAS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ALTERED NEUROBEHAVIORAL CHANGES. FURTHER, THE HYPERMETHYLATION WAS FOUND TO PARTICIPATE IN GENE SILENCING OF HSF1, BDNF AND PSD95 PROTEINS, RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE SYNAPTIC FIDELITY. CONCLUSION: OVERALL, OUR STUDY CONCLUDES THE PLAUSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF NEUROEPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF THE TYPE 2 DIABETES MICE, SPECIFICALLY DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. PFC PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN MODULATING COGNITIVE AND OTHER EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS CONNECTION WITH SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS, AND THUS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS IN IT, CAN PAVE A WAY IN CONTROLLING SEVERAL NEUROLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE BRAIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10 1809  27 EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPI OF CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RATS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON HISTONE MODIFICATION REMAIN UNCLEAR. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE BDNF GENE IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (6 H/D FOR 21 D) AND THEN WERE ADMINISTERED WITH EITHER OLANZAPINE (2 MG/KG) OR HALOPERIDOL (1 MG/KG). THE LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV WERE ASSESSED WITH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF WITH EXON IV, HDAC5, DNMT1, AND DNMT3A WERE ASSESSED WITH A QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR PROCEDURE. CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RESULTED IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF TOTAL AND EXON IV BDNF MRNA LEVELS AND A DECREASE IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV. FURTHERMORE, THERE WERE ROBUST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND DNMTS. OLANZAPINE ADMINISTRATION LARGELY PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. THE ADMINISTRATION OF HALOPERIDOL HAD NO EFFECT. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG OLANZAPINE INDUCED HISTONE MODIFICATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY REPRESENT ONE OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ACTIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11 1086  37 COCAINE ADMINISTRATION AND ITS WITHDRAWAL ENHANCE THE EXPRESSION OF GENES ENCODING HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES AND HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO COCAINE, CRAVING, AND RELAPSE ARE ATTRIBUTED TO LONG-LASTING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION ARISING THROUGH EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THESE PROCESSES, THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX SEEMS TO PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE NOT ONLY IN MOTIVATION AND DECISION-MAKING BUT ALSO IN EXTINCTION AND SEEKING BEHAVIOR. IN THIS STUDY, WE APPLIED COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND EXTINCTION TRAINING PROCEDURES IN RATS WITH A YOKED TRIAD TO DETERMINE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF SEVERAL GENES ENCODING HISTONE MODIFICATION ENZYMES DURING EARLY EXTINCTION TRAINING. SUBSEQUENT REAL-TIME PCR TESTING OF THESE GENES FOLLOWING COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION OR EARLY (THIRD DAY) AND LATE (TENTH DAY) EXTINCTION REVEALED ELEVATED LEVELS OF THEIR TRANSCRIPTS. INTERESTINGLY, WE FOUND THE ENRICHMENT OF BRD1 MESSENGER RNA IN RATS SELF-ADMINISTERING COCAINE THAT LASTED UNTIL EXTINCTION TRAINING DURING COCAINE WITHDRAWAL WITH CONCOMITANT INCREASED ACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND H4K8. HOWEVER, DESPITE ELEVATED LEVELS OF METHYL- AND DEMETHYLTRANSFERASE-ENCODED TRANSCRIPTS, NO CHANGES IN GLOBAL DI- AND TRI-METHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 4, 9, 27, AND 79 WERE OBSERVED. SURPRISINGLY, AT THE END OF EXTINCTION TRAINING (10 DAYS OF COCAINE WITHDRAWAL), MOST OF THE ANALYZED GENES IN THE RATS ACTIVELY AND PASSIVELY ADMINISTERING COCAINE RETURNED TO THE CONTROL LEVEL. TOGETHER, THE ALTERATIONS IDENTIFIED IN THE RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX MAY SUGGEST ENHANCED CHROMATIN REMODELING AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY INDUCED BY EARLY COCAINE ABSTINENCE; HOWEVER, TO KNOW WHETHER THEY ARE BENEFICIAL OR NOT FOR THE EXTINCTION OF DRUG-SEEKING BEHAVIOR, FURTHER IN VIVO EVALUATION IS REQUIRED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  219  27 ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOLLOWING CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING REDUCES FEAR MEMORY: TIMING IS ESSENTIAL. BACKGROUND: HISTONE ACETYLATION IS REGULATED IN RESPONSE TO STRESS AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING AND MEMORY. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO DETERIORATE COGNITION, WHEREAS ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION. HOWEVER, WHETHER ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION WHEN IT IS APPLIED AFTER FEAR STIMULATION IS NOT YET KNOWN. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF ACUTE STRESS APPLIED AFTER FEAR TRAINING ON MEMORY FORMATION, MRNA EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION, AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL IN MICE IN VIVO. METHODS: MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 OR 90 MIN AFTER CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING, AND ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 14 (H3K14) AND LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE WERE MEASURED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. A FREEZING BEHAVIOR TEST WAS PERFORMED 24 H AFTER TRAINING, AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF BDNF WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS. DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MICE WERE USED FOR EACH TEST. RESULTS: FREEZING BEHAVIOR SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION CAUSED BY ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING OWING TO THE REDUCTION OF H3K14 ACETYLATION. HOWEVER, BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION WERE NOT REDUCED IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 90 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. FURTHER, THE CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGH IN MICE SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. CONCLUSION: ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING IMPAIRED MEMORY FORMATION AND REDUCED BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF MICE OWING TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 2740  31 EXPOSURE TO EARLY LIFE STRESS RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN A PARKINSONIAN RAT MODEL. EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY INCREASES THE RISK OF MENTAL DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. CHRONIC EARLY LIFE STRESS MAY ALTER NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION INCLUDING THOSE FOR BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND GLIAL CELL DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (GDNF) THAT ARE IMPORTANT IN NEURONAL GROWTH, SURVIVAL, AND MAINTENANCE. MATERNAL SEPARATION WAS USED IN THIS STUDY TO MODEL EARLY LIFE STRESS. FOLLOWING UNILATERAL INJECTION OF A MILD DOSE OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE (6-OHDA), WE MEASURED CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) IN THE BLOOD AND STRIATUM OF STRESSED AND NONSTRESSED RATS; WE ALSO MEASURED DNA METHYLATION AND BDNF AND GDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE STRIATUM USING REAL TIME PCR. IN THE PRESENCE OF STRESS, WE FOUND THAT THERE WAS INCREASED CORTICOSTERONE CONCENTRATION IN BOTH BLOOD AND STRIATAL TISSUE. FURTHER TO THIS, WE FOUND HIGHER DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION. 6-OHDA LESION INCREASED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN BOTH STRESSED AND NONSTRESSED RATS BUT THIS INCREASE WAS HIGHER IN THE NONSTRESSED RATS. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO EARLY POSTNATAL STRESS INCREASES CORTICOSTERONE CONCENTRATION WHICH LEADS TO INCREASED DNA METHYLATION. THIS EFFECT RESULTS IN DECREASED BDNF AND GDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE STRIATUM LEADING TO DECREASED PROTECTION AGAINST SUBSEQUENT INSULTS LATER IN LIFE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14 1808  38 EFFECTS OF ADOLESCENT SOCIAL STRESS AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY AND BDNF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE MPFC OF ADULT MICE. ADOLESCENT SOCIAL STRESS (ASS) CAN INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEURAL MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. CORTICALLY MEDIATED COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS ARE INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR OF DEPRESSION. USING SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, A CLASSICAL ANIMAL MODEL OF DEPRESSION, OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES FOUND THAT MICE SUBJECTED TO THIS FORM OF STRESS DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE DISPLAYED COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY (CI) IN ADULTHOOD. THIS CHANGE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC); THIS GENE ENCODES A KEY MOLECULE INVOLVED IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. IN THE PRESENT PAPER, WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES. ASS INDUCED A SET OF DEPRESSIVE PHENOTYPES, INCLUDING INCREASED SOCIAL AVOIDANCE AND CI, AS WELL AS REDUCED LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF AND ISOFORM IV BUT NOT ISOFORM I OR VI TRANSCRIPTS IN THE MPFC. IN PARALLEL WITH CHANGES IN BDNF GENE EXPRESSION, PREVIOUSLY STRESSED ADULT MICE SHOWED INCREASED LEVELS OF DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K9 (H3K9ME2) IMMEDIATELY DOWNSTREAM OF THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. ON THE OTHER HAND, NO DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K4 (H3K4ME3) OR IN ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K9 (H3K9AC) OR AT K4 (H3K4AC) IN THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. LIKEWISE, NO ALTERATIONS WERE FOUND IN DNA METHYLATION OF THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. ADDITIONALLY, TREATMENT WITH THE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TRANYLCYPROMINE REVERSED BDNF EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND RELATED GENE TRANSCRIPTION WHILE ALSO REVERSING CI, BUT NOT SOCIAL AVOIDANCE, IN PREVIOUSLY STRESSED ADULT MICE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO THE BDNF GENE IN THE MPFC AFTER ADOLESCENT SOCIAL ADVERSITY MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION IN ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                
15 3080  42 GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION IN ALCOHOL USE DISORDER SUBJECTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR AN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE CORTICO-LIMBIC GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS (NR3C1). ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND STRESS, CAUSE LONG-LASTING CHANGES IN THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. WE EXAMINED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC, BA10) OF 25 PAIRS OF CONTROL AND INDIVIDUALS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD), USING THE INFINIUM((R)) METHYLATIONEPIC BEADCHIP. WE IDENTIFIED 5254 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPGS (P(NOMINAL) < 0.005). BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES HIGHLIGHTED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CONTAINING GENES RELATED TO STRESS ADAPTATION, INCLUDING THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (ENCODED BY NR3C1). CONSIDERING THAT ALCOHOL IS A STRESSOR, WE FOCUSED OUR ATTENTION ON DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS OF THE NR3C1 GENE AND VALIDATED THE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF SEVERAL GENES IN THE NR3C1 NETWORK. CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING RESULTS IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE NR3C1 EXON VARIANT 1(H), WITH A PARTICULAR INCREASE IN THE LEVELS OF 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE OVER 5-METHYLCYTOSINE. THESE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED NR3C1 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS IN PFC, AS WELL AS OTHER CORTICO-LIMBIC REGIONS OF AUD SUBJECTS WHEN COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. FURTHERMORE, WE SHOW THAT THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL STRESS-RESPONSIVE GENES (E.G., CRF, POMC, AND FKBP5) IS ALTERED IN THE PFC OF AUD SUBJECTS. THESE STRESS-RESPONSE GENES WERE ALSO CHANGED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A REGION THAT IS HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO STRESS. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF NR3C1 AND CONSEQUENT CHANGES IN OTHER STRESS-RELATED GENES MIGHT BE FUNDAMENTAL IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AUD AND LAY THE GROUNDWORK FOR TREATMENTS TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING NR3C1 IN AUD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 4828  41 OLANZAPINE INDUCED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES SUPPORT THE DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF PSYCHOSIS. BACKGROUND: THE DOPAMINE (DA) HYPOTHESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PROPOSES THE MENTAL ILLNESS IS CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE TRANSMISSION OF DOPAMINE IN SELECTED BRAIN REGIONS. MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE, INCLUDING BLOCKAGE OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS BY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS THAT ARE USED TO TREAT SCHIZOPHRENIA, SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS. HOWEVER, THE DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR (DRD2) BLOCKADE CANNOT EXPLAIN SOME IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS COULD AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF GENES IN THE DA PATHWAY BY ALTERING THEIR EPIGENETIC PROFILE. METHODS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF OLANZAPINE, A COMMONLY USED ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG, ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF GENES FROM DA NEUROTRANSMISSION IN THE BRAIN AND LIVER OF RATS. GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM HIPPOCAMPUS, CEREBELLUM, AND LIVER OF OLANZAPINE TREATED (N = 2) AND CONTROL (N = 2) RATS WERE ANALYZED USING RAT SPECIFIC METHYLATION ARRAYS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT OLANZAPINE CAUSES METHYLATION CHANGES IN GENES ENCODING FOR DA RECEPTORS (DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR, DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR AND DOPAMINE D5 RECEPTOR), A DA TRANSPORTER (SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 18 MEMBER 2), A DA SYNTHESIS (DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY CLONE 8), AND A DA METABOLISM (CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE). WE ASSESSED A TOTAL OF 40 GENES IN THE DA PATHWAY AND FOUND 19 TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BETWEEN OLANZAPINE TREATED AND CONTROL RATS. MOST (17/19) GENES SHOWED AN INCREASE IN METHYLATION, IN THEIR PROMOTER REGIONS WITH IN SILICO ANALYSIS STRONGLY INDICATING A FUNCTIONAL POTENTIAL TO SUPPRESS TRANSCRIPTION IN THE BRAIN. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC OLANZAPINE MAY REDUCE DA ACTIVITY BY ALTERING GENE METHYLATION. IT MAY ALSO EXPLAIN THE DELAYED THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS, WHICH OCCURS DESPITE RAPID DOPAMINE BLOCKADE. FURTHERMORE, GIVEN THE COMMON NATURE OF EPIGENETIC VARIATION, THIS LENDS INSIGHT INTO THE DIFFERENTIAL THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE OF PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS WHO DISPLAY ADEQUATE BLOCKAGE OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS.	2013	
                            
17 3443  33 HYPERMETHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE ADRA1A GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID USE DISORDER IN HAN CHINESE. OPIOID USE DISORDER IS A CHRONIC BRAIN DISEASE INFLUENCED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, ACCOUNTING FOR APPROXIMATELY 50% OF THE LIABILITY. ADRENERGIC SIGNALING IS INVOLVED IN OPIOID USE DISORDER. TO DEMONSTRATE THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN THE ALPHA-1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR (ADRA1A) GENE AND OPIOID USE DISORDER, IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FIRST EXAMINED AND COMPARED THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF 97 CPG SITES IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE ADRA1A GENE IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN 120 PATIENTS WITH HEROIN USE DISORDER AND 111 HEALTHY CONTROLS. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN METHYLATION LEVELS AND DURATION OF HEROIN/METHADONE USE WERE THEN ANALYZED. FINALLY, THE PREDICTED BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFS) AND THEIR TARGET SEQUENCES IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE ADRA1A GENE, WHICH INCLUDE THE SELECTED CPG SITES, WERE SCREENED IN THE JASPAR DATABASE. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT HYPERMETHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE ADRA1A GENE IN THE BLOOD WAS ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID USE DISORDER. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN METHYLATION LEVELS OF SEVERAL CPG SITES AND DURATION OF HEROIN/METHADONE USE WERE OBSERVED. TFS TFAP2A AND RUNX1 WERE PREDICTED TO BIND TO THE TARGET SEQUENCES, WHICH INCLUDE THE CPG SITES SELECTED IN THE CURRENT STUDY, IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE ADRA1A GENE. OUR FINDINGS FURTHER EXTEND THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN THE ADRA1A GENE AND OPIOID USE DISORDER POTENTIALLY THROUGH MECHANISMS OF GENE EXPRESSION REGULATIONS IN THE ADRA1A GENE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 6082  31 THE EFFECT OF MORPHINE UPON DNA METHYLATION IN TEN REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN. MORPHINE IS ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE ANALGESICS IN MEDICINE. HOWEVER, ITS USE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. RECENT STUDIES DEMONSTRATING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN AFTER EXPOSURE TO OPIATES HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO MECHANISMS POSSIBLY UNDERLYING ADDICTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN TEN REGIONS OF THE RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE. WE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION OF SIX NUCLEAR-ENCODED GENES IMPLICATED IN BRAIN FUNCTION (BDNF, COMT, IL1B, IL6, NR3C1, AND TNF) AND THREE MITOCHONDRIALLY-ENCODED GENES (MTCO1, MTCO2, AND MTCO3), AND MEASURED GLOBAL 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5 HMC) LEVELS. WE OBSERVED DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF BDNF AND IL6 IN THE PONS, NR3C1 IN THE CEREBELLUM, AND IL1B IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE MORPHINE EXPOSURE (ALL P VALUE < 0.05). CHRONIC EXPOSURE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF BDNF AND COMT IN THE PONS, NR3C1 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND IL1B IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA (ALL P VALUE < 0.05). GLOBAL 5MC LEVELS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS FOLLOWING BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE, AND INCREASED IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS FOLLOWING CHRONIC EXPOSURE. CHRONIC EXPOSURE WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED GLOBAL 5HMC LEVELS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND HYPOTHALAMUS, BUT SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE MIDBRAIN. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, HIGHLY LOCALIZED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE. FURTHER WORK IS REQUIRED TO ELUCIDATE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF THESE CHANGES IN THE FORMATION OF TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  990  33 CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AT AN EVOLUTIONARY CONSERVED INTERGENIC REGION IN CHROMOSOME X. CHRONIC STRESS RESULTING FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS INCREASES THE RISK OF MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS. ALTHOUGH CHRONIC STRESS CAN CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION RELEVANT FOR BEHAVIOR, MOLECULAR REGULATORS OF THIS CHANGE HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY DETERMINED. ONE PROCESS THAT COULD PLAY A ROLE IS DNA METHYLATION, AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS WHEREBY A METHYL GROUP IS ADDED ONTO NUCLEOTIDES, PREDOMINANTLY CYTOSINE IN THE CPG CONTEXT, AND WHICH CAN BE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. IT IS UNKNOWN TO WHAT EXTENT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT, A MODEL OF HUMAN SOCIAL STRESS, INFLUENCES DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ACROSS THE GENOME. OUR STUDY ADDRESSED THIS QUESTION BY USING A TARGETED-CAPTURE APPROACH CALLED METHYL-SEQ TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS AT PUTATIVE REGULATORY REGIONS ACROSS THE MOUSE GENOME FROM MICE EXPOSED TO 14 DAYS OF SOCIAL DEFEAT. FINDINGS WERE REPLICATED IN INDEPENDENT COHORTS BY BISULFITE-PYROSEQUENCING. TWO DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) WERE IDENTIFIED. ONE DMR WAS LOCATED AT INTRON 9 OF DROSHA, AND IT SHOWED REDUCED METHYLATION IN STRESSED MICE. THIS OBSERVATION REPLICATED IN ONE OF TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS. A SECOND DMR WAS IDENTIFIED AT AN INTERGENIC REGION OF CHROMOSOME X, AND METHYLATION IN THIS REGION WAS INCREASED IN STRESSED MICE. THIS METHYLATION DIFFERENCE REPLICATED IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS AND IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) POSTMORTEM BRAINS. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT A REGION NOT PREVIOUSLY KNOWN TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS AND WHICH MAY BE INVOLVED IN MDD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20 1813  35 EFFECTS OF CAFFEIC ACID ON EPIGENETICS IN THE BRAIN OF RATS WITH CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS. THE PRESENT STUDY HYPOTHESIZED THAT CAFFEIC ACID (3,4?DIHYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID; CAA) MAY EXERT ANTIDEPRESSANT?LIKE EFFECTS IN RATS WITH CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION. THE CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) MODEL WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF CAA ON BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPES, AND TO EVALUATE THE DISTRIBUTION OF 5?METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5?HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE. MRNA LEVELS OF THE GENES ENCODING BRAIN?DERIVED NEUROTROPIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND CATECHOL?O?METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT), AND KEY ENZYMES REGULATING DNA METHYLATION [DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)1 AND DNMT3A] AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION [TEN?ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET)1?3] WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE (Q)PCR. FURTHERMORE, ENRICHMENT OF 5MC AND 5HMC AT THE PROMOTOR REGIONS OF THE BDNF AND COMT GENES WAS QUANTIFIED USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION?QPCR. BEHAVIORAL DATA SHOWED THAT CAA EXERTED A SLIGHT ANTIDEPRESSANT?LIKE EFFECT. BDNF AND COMT GENES SHOWED DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION PATTERNS DUE TO CUMS. CAA INTERVENTION INDUCED DIFFERENT DNMT1/DNMT3A AND TET1/TET2 MRNA LEVELS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX, RESPECTIVELY. CAA REGULATED THE RATIO OF 5MC/5HMC AT THE PROMOTOR REGION OF THE BDNF AND COMT GENES AND THEREFORE INFLUENCED GENE EXPRESSION, WHICH MAY BE A VALUABLE THERAPEUTIC OPTION FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD). IN CONCLUSION, THERE WERE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN CUMS RATS, AND CAA MAY FUNCTION AS A MODULATOR OF DNA METHYLATION TO REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION, THUS PROVIDING A MECHANISTIC BASIS FOR THE USE OF THIS PHYTOCHEMICAL AGENT IN THE TREATMENT OF MDD.	2020