1  885 154 CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY-INDUCED CHANGES IN CIRCULAR RNA EXPRESSION PROFILING OF THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NP) HAS NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. GENE CHANGES IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NP. CIRCULAR RNAS (CIRCRNAS) ARE A CLASS OF ENDOGENOUS NONCODING RNAS THAT FORM COVALENTLY CLOSED LOOP STRUCTURES AND ARE CRUCIAL FOR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT CIRCRNA CHANGES IN DRG NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. METHODS: A SCIATIC NERVE CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED TO INDUCE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE CIRCRNA ANALYSIS OF FOUR PAIRED DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) SAMPLES (L4-L5) FROM CCI AND NEGATIVE CONTROL (NC) RATS USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY. THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED CIRCRNAS (DECIRCRNAS) WERE IDENTIFIED BY DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION ANALYSIS, AND THE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF CIRCRNAS WAS VALIDATED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR. GENE ONTOLOGY AND KYOTO ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GENES AND GENOMES ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED TO PREDICT THE FUNCTION OF DECIRCRNAS. RESULTS: A TOTAL OF 374 DECIRCRNAS WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN CCI AND NC RATS USING CIRCRNA HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING. AMONG THEM, 290 WERE UPREGULATED AND 84 WERE DOWNREGULATED IN THE CCI GROUP. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF NINE DECIRCRNAS WERE VALIDATED BY QPCR. FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE DECIRCRNAS WERE MAINLY ENRICHED IN PATHWAYS AND FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING 'DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPSE,' 'RENIN SECRETION,' 'MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAY,' AND 'NEUROGENESIS.' COMPETING ENDOGENOUS RNA ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE TOP 50 CIRCRNAS EXHIBITED INTERACTIONS WITH FOUR PAIN-RELATED MICRORNAS (MIRNAS). CIRC:CHR2:33950934-33955969 WAS THE LARGEST NODE IN THE CIRCRNA-MIRNA INTERACTION NETWORK. CONCLUSIONS: PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN LED TO CHANGES IN THE COMPREHENSIVE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF CIRCRNAS IN THE DRG OF RATS. DECIRCRNAS MAY ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2 3141  58 GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMAL MODELS OF PERSISTENT PAIN. BACKGROUND: EFFORTS TO UNDERSTAND GENETIC VARIABILITY INVOLVED IN AN INDIVIDUAL'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC PAIN SUPPORT A ROLE FOR UPSTREAM REGULATION BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: TO EXAMINE THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF CHRONIC PAIN THAT RESIDES IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, WE USED RNA-SEQ AND ATAC-SEQ OF THE RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) TO IDENTIFY NOVEL MOLECULAR PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN TWO WELL-STUDIED PERSISTENT PAIN MODELS INDUCED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE AND INTRA-PLANTAR INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN RATS. RESULTS: OUR RNA-SEQ STUDIES IDENTIFY A VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESS RELATED TO SYNAPSE ORGANIZATION, MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORT, AND ION BINDING. INTERESTINGLY, GENES THAT ENCODE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS WERE DISPROPORTIONATELY DOWNREGULATED IN BOTH MODELS. OUR ATAC-SEQ DATA PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY CHANGES IN THE DRG. A TOTAL OF 1123 REGIONS SHOWED CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY IN ONE OR BOTH MODELS WHEN COMPARED TO THE NAIVE AND 31 SHARED DIFFERENTIALLY ACCESSIBLE REGIONS (DAR)S. FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION OF THE DARS IDENTIFIED DISPARATE MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS ENRICHED FOR EACH PAIN MODEL WHICH SUGGESTS THAT CHROMATIN STRUCTURE MAY BE ALTERED DIFFERENTLY FOLLOWING SCIATIC NERVE INJURY AND HIND PAW INFLAMMATION. MOTIF ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED 17 DNA SEQUENCES KNOWN TO BIND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN THE CCI DARS AND 33 IN THE CFA DARS. TWO MOTIFS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN BOTH MODELS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY THAT OCCUR IN CHRONIC PAIN STATES MAY IDENTIFY REGULATORY GENOMIC ELEMENTS THAT PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN MODULATING GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3 6461  49 TIME-COURSE PROGRESSION OF WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOME EXPRESSION CHANGES OF TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA COMPARED TO DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IN RATS EXPOSED TO NERVE INJURY. MECHANISMS UNDERLYING NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NP) ARE COMPLEX WITH MULTIPLE GENES, THEIR INTERACTIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS BEING IMPLICATED. TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN THE TRIGEMINAL (TG) AND DORSAL ROOT (DRG) GANGLIA HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF NP. DESPITE EFFORTS TO UNRAVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NP, MANY REMAIN UNKNOWN. ALSO, MOST OF THE STUDIES FOCUSED ON THE SPINAL SYSTEM. ALTHOUGH THE SPINAL AND TRIGEMINAL SYSTEMS SHARE SOME OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, DIFFERENCES EXIST. WE USED RNA-SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES (DEGS) IN THE TG AND DRG AT BASELINE AND 3 TIME-POINTS FOLLOWING THE INFRAORBITAL OR SCIATIC NERVE INJURIES, RESPECTIVELY. PATHWAY ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED PATHWAYS. ADDITIONALLY, UPSTREAM REGULATOR EFFECTS WERE INVESTIGATED IN THE TWO SYSTEMS. DEG (DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES) ANALYSES IDENTIFIED 3,225 GENES TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN TG AND DRG IN NAIVE ANIMALS, 1,828 GENES FOUR DAYS POST INJURY, 5,644 AT DAY 8 AND 9,777 DEGS AT 21 DAYS POST INJURY. COMPARISON OF TOP ENRICHED CANONICAL PATHWAYS REVEALED THAT A NUMBER OF SIGNALING PATHWAY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED IN THE TG AND ACTIVATED IN THE DRG AT 21 DAYS POST INJURY. FINALLY, CORT UPSTREAM REGULATOR WAS PREDICTED TO BE INHIBITED IN THE TG WHILE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CSF1 UPSTREAM REGULATOR WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN THE DRG AT 21 DAYS POST INJURY. THIS STUDY PROVIDES A BASIS FOR FURTHER IN-DEPTH STUDIES INVESTIGATING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES, PATHWAYS, AND UPSTREAM REGULATION IN TG AND DRG IN RATS EXPOSED TO PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4 5347  36 RARBETA AGONIST DRUG (C286) DEMONSTRATES EFFICACY IN A PRE-CLINICAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL RESTORING MULTIPLE PATHWAYS VIA DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS. NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NP) IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROFOUND GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS WITHIN THE NOCICEPTIVE SYSTEM. DNA MECHANISMS, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC REMODELING AND REPAIR PATHWAYS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN NP. HERE WE HAVE USED A RAT MODEL OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF A RECENTLY DEVELOPED RARBETA AGONIST, C286, CURRENTLY UNDER CLINICAL RESEARCH, IN NP. A 4-WEEK TREATMENT INITIATED 2 DAYS AFTER THE INJURY NORMALIZED PAIN SENSATION. GENOME-WIDE AND PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT MULTIPLE MECHANISMS PERSISTENTLY ALTERED IN THE SPINAL CORD WERE RESTORED TO PREINJURY LEVELS BY THE AGONIST. CONCOMITANT UPREGULATION OF DNA REPAIR PROTEINS, ATM AND BRCA1, THE LATTER BEING REQUIRED FOR C286-MEDIATED PAIN MODULATION, SUGGESTS THAT EARLY DNA REPAIR MAY BE IMPORTANT TO PREVENT PHENOTYPIC EPIGENETIC IMPRINTS IN NP. THUS, C286 IS A PROMISING DRUG CANDIDATE FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS MAY BE USEFUL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO EXPLORE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5 4297  34 MICRORNA-1224 SPLICING CIRCULARRNA-FILIP1L IN AN AGO2-DEPENDENT MANNER REGULATES CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN VIA TARGETING UBR5. DYSFUNCTIONS OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION IN THE NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAYS PLAY THE CRITICAL ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN. CIRCULAR RNAS (CIRCRNAS) ARE EMERGING AS NEW PLAYERS IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, BUT WHETHER AND HOW CIRCRNAS ARE INVOLVED IN CHRONIC PAIN REMAIN ELUSIVE. WE SHOWED HERE THAT COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT-INDUCED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PAIN SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED CIRCRNA-FILIP1L (FILAMIN A INTERACTING PROTEIN 1-LIKE) EXPRESSION IN SPINAL NEURONS OF MICE. BLOCKAGE OF THIS INCREASE ATTENUATED COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT-INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE BEHAVIORS, AND OVEREXPRESSION OF SPINAL CIRCRNA-FILIP1L IN NAIVE MICE MIMICKED THE NOCICEPTIVE BEHAVIORS AS EVIDENCED BY DECREASED THERMAL AND MECHANICAL NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLD. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT MATURE CIRCRNA-FILIP1L EXPRESSION WAS NEGATIVELY REGULATED BY MIRNA-1224 VIA BINDING AND SPLICING OF PRECURSOR OF CIRCRNA-FILIP1L (PRE-CIRCRNA-FILIP1L) IN THE ARGONAUTE-2 (AGO2)-DEPENDENT MANNER. INCREASE OF SPINAL CIRCRNA-FILIP1L EXPRESSION RESULTED FROM THE DECREASE OF MIRNA-1224 EXPRESSION UNDER CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PAIN STATE. MIRNA-1224 KNOCKDOWN OR AGO2 OVEREXPRESSION INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE BEHAVIORS IN NAIVE MICE, WHICH WAS PREVENTED BY THE KNOCKDOWN OF SPINAL CIRCRNA-FILIP1L. FINALLY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT A UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE E3 COMPONENT N-RECOGNIN 5 (UBR5), VALIDATED AS A TARGET OF CIRCRNA-FILIP1L, PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN REGULATION OF NOCICEPTION BY SPINAL CIRCRNA-FILIP1L. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT MIRNA-1224-MEDIATED AND AGO2-DEPENDENT MODULATION OF SPINAL CIRCRNA-FILIP1L EXPRESSION REGULATES NOCICEPTION VIA TARGETING UBR5, REVEALING A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF INTERACTION BETWEEN MIRNA AND CIRCRNA IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PAIN.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT CIRCRNAS ARE EMERGING AS NEW PLAYERS IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THE INCREASE OF CIRCRNA-FILIP1L MEDIATED BY MIRNA-1224 IN AN AGO2-DEPENDENT WAY IN THE SPINAL CORD IS INVOLVED IN REGULATION OF NOCICEPTION VIA TARGETING UBR5 OUR STUDY REVEALS A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF INTERACTION BETWEEN MIRNA AND CIRCRNA IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PAIN.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  345  46 ALTERED BRAIN EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION EPIGENETIC ENZYMES IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC PAIN AT THE SUPRASPINAL LEVEL IS YET TO BE FULLY CHARACTERIZED. DNA HISTONE METHYLATION IS CRUCIALLY REGULATED BY DE NOVO METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1-3) AND TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION DIOXYGENASES (TET1-3). EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT METHYLATION MARKERS ARE ALTERED IN DIFFERENT CNS REGIONS RELATED TO NOCICEPTION, NAMELY THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA, THE SPINAL CORD, AND DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS. DECREASED GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN THE DRG, THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND THE AMYGDALA, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED DNMT1/3A EXPRESSION. IN CONTRAST, INCREASED METHYLATION LEVELS AND MRNA LEVELS OF TET1 AND TET3 WERE LINKED TO AUGMENTED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ALLODYNIA IN INFLAMMATORY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS. SINCE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGULATION AND COORDINATION OF VARIOUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS DESCRIBED IN CHRONIC PAIN STATES, WITH THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF TET1-3 AND DNMT1/3A GENES IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN SEVERAL BRAIN AREAS. IN A SPARED NERVE INJURY RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, 21 DAYS AFTER SURGERY, WE FOUND INCREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND DECREASED EXPRESSION IN THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN AND THE AMYGDALA; TET2 WAS UPREGULATED IN THE MEDIAL THALAMUS; TET3 MRNA LEVELS WERE REDUCED IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN; AND DNMT1 WAS DOWNREGULATED IN THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN AND THE MEDIAL THALAMUS. NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED WITH DNMT3A. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST A COMPLEX FUNCTIONAL ROLE FOR THESE GENES IN DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS IN THE CONTEXT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE NOTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION BEING CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC AND NOT TISSUE SPECIFIC, AS WELL AS THE POSSIBILITY OF CHRONOLOGICALLY DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEUROPATHIC OR INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODELS, OUGHT TO BE ADDRESSED IN FUTURE STUDIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7 3076  38 GENOME-WIDE EPIGENOMIC ANALYSES IN PATIENTS WITH NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC CHRONIC PAIN SUBTYPES REVEALS ALTERATIONS IN METHYLATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEURO-MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. NOCICEPTIVE PAIN INVOLVES THE ACTIVATION OF NOCICEPTORS WITHOUT DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, WHEREAS NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS RELATED TO AN ALTERATION IN THE CENTRAL OR PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CHRONIC PAIN ITSELF AND THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN MAY BE EPIGENETICALLY CONTROLLED. IN THIS CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY, A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING THE BLOOD DNA REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) TECHNIQUE. THREE PROSPECTIVE COHORTS INCLUDING 20 HEALTHY CONTROLS (CTL), 18 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NOCICEPTIVE PAIN (NOCI), AND 19 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NEURO) WERE COMPARED AT BOTH THE SINGLE CPG AND DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR) LEVELS. GENES WITH DMRS WERE SEEN IN THE NOCI AND NEURO GROUPS BELONGED TO THE NEURO-MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND DIFFERED BETWEEN NOCI AND NEURO PATIENTS. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCES ACCOMPANYING NOCICEPTIVE PAIN ARE VERY DIFFERENT FROM THOSE ACCOMPANYING NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THE FORMER, AMONG OTHERS, THE EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCE OBSERVED WOULD AFFECT THE FUNCTION OF THE OPIOID ANALGESIC SYSTEM, WHEREAS IN THE LATTER IT WOULD AFFECT THAT OF THE GABAERGIC REWARD SYSTEM. THIS STUDY PRESENTS BIOLOGICAL FINDINGS THAT HELP TO CHARACTERIZE NOCI- AND NEURO-AFFECTED PATHWAYS AND OPENS THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING EPIGENETIC DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS. PERSPECTIVE: OUR RESULTS HELP TO EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS MODIFICATIONS UNDERLYING THE DIFFERENT CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC PAINS. FURTHERMORE, THE NEW TARGETS IDENTIFIED IN OUR STUDY MIGHT HELP TO DISCOVER MORE SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NOCICEPTIVE OR NEUROPATHIC PAINS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8 2470  38 EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 3 CONTRIBUTES TO LONG-LASTING NEUROPATHIC PAIN. A MULTIPLEX ANALYSIS FOR PROFILING THE EXPRESSION OF CANDIDATE GENES ALONG WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION MAY LEAD TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX MACHINERY OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION MOST REMARKABLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 3 (MCP-3, KNOWN AS CCL7) A TOTAL OF 33 541 GENES IN THE SPINAL CORD, WHICH LASTED FOR 4 WEEKS. THIS INCREASE IN MCP-3 GENE TRANSCRIPTION WAS ACCOMPANIED BY THE DECREASED TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYS27 AT THE MCP-3 PROMOTER. THE INCREASED MCP-3 EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH ITS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OBSERVED IN THE SPINAL CORD WAS ALMOST ABOLISHED IN INTERLEUKIN 6 KNOCKOUT MICE WITH PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION. CONSISTENT WITH THESE FINDINGS, A SINGLE INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS OF INTERLEUKIN 6 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED MCP-3 MESSENGER RNA WITH A DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF LYS27 TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT THE MCP-3 PROMOTER IN THE SPINAL CORD OF MICE. FURTHERMORE, DELETION OF THE C-C CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR TYPE 2 (CCR2) GENE, WHICH ENCODES A RECEPTOR FOR MCP-3, FAILED TO AFFECT THE ACCELERATION OF MCP-3 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION. A ROBUST INCREASE IN MCP-3 PROTEIN, WHICH LASTED FOR UP TO 2 WEEKS AFTER SURGERY, IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD OF MICE WITH PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION WAS SEEN MOSTLY IN ASTROCYTES, BUT NOT MICROGLIA OR NEURONS. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE INCREASES IN BOTH MICROGLIA AND ASTROCYTES IN THE SPINAL CORD BY PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION WERE MOSTLY ABOLISHED IN INTERLEUKIN 6 KNOCKOUT MICE. MOREOVER, THIS INCREASE IN MICROGLIA WAS ALMOST ABOLISHED BY CCR2 GENE DELETION, WHEREAS THE INCREASE IN ASTROCYTES WAS NOT AFFECTED IN NERVE-LIGATED MICE THAT LACKED THE CCR2 GENE. WE ALSO FOUND THAT EITHER IN VIVO OR IN VITRO TREATMENT WITH MCP-3 CAUSED ROBUST MICROGLIA ACTIVATION. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF MCP-3 ANTIBODY SUPPRESSED THE INCREASE IN MICROGLIA WITHIN THE MOUSE SPINAL CORD AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE BEHAVIOURS AFTER NERVE INJURY. WITH THE USE OF A FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ANALYSIS, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT A SINGLE INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF MCP-3 INDUCED DRAMATIC INCREASES IN SIGNAL INTENSITY IN PAIN-RELATED BRAIN REGIONS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED MCP-3 EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH INTERLEUKIN 6 DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AT THE MCP-3 PROMOTER AFTER NERVE INJURY, MOSTLY IN SPINAL ASTROCYTES, MAY SERVE TO FACILITATE ASTROCYTE-MICROGLIA INTERACTION IN THE SPINAL CORD AND COULD PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE STATE.	2013	

9 1434  52 DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF GENES IN THE HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 SIGNALING PATHWAY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PACLITAXEL-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY IN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS AND WITH PRECLINICAL MODELS OF CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: PACLITAXEL IS AN IMPORTANT CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER. PACLITAXEL-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY (PIPN) IS A MAJOR DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITY THAT CAN PERSIST INTO SURVIVORSHIP. WHILE NOT ALL SURVIVORS DEVELOP PIPN, FOR THOSE WHO DO, IT HAS A SUBSTANTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THEIR FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE. NO INTERVENTIONS ARE AVAILABLE TO TREAT PIPN. IN OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES, WE IDENTIFIED THAT THE HIF-1 SIGNALING PATHWAY (H1SP) WAS PERTURBED BETWEEN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS WITH AND WITHOUT PIPN. PRECLINICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE H1SP IS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BORTEZOMIB-INDUCED AND DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, AND SCIATIC NERVE INJURY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO IDENTIFY H1SP GENES THAT HAVE BOTH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION BETWEEN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS WITH AND WITHOUT PIPN. METHODS: A MULTI-STAGED INTEGRATED ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED. IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, METHYLATION WAS ASSAYED USING MICROARRAY AND GENE EXPRESSION WAS ASSAYED USING RNA-SEQ. CANDIDATE GENES IN THE H1SP HAVING BOTH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATION AND DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN SURVIVORS WHO RECEIVED PACLITAXEL AND DID (N = 25) AND DID NOT (N = 25) DEVELOP PIPN. THEN, CANDIDATE GENES WERE EVALUATED FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN PUBLIC DATA SETS OF PRECLINICAL MODELS OF PIPN AND SCIATIC NERVE INJURY. RESULTS: EIGHT CANDIDATE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED AS BOTH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN SURVIVORS. OF THE EIGHT HOMOLOGS IDENTIFIED, ONE WAS FOUND TO BE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN BOTH PIPN AND "NORMAL" MICE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA; THREE WERE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN SCIATIC NERVE INJURY VERSUS SHAM RATS IN BOTH PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX AND T-CELLS; AND TWO WERE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN SCIATIC NERVE INJURY VERSUS SHAM RATS IN THE PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IS THE FIRST TO EVALUATE FOR METHYLATION IN CANCER SURVIVORS WITH CHRONIC PIPN. THE FINDINGS PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT THE EXPRESSION OF H1SP GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PIPN IN CANCER SURVIVORS MAY BE REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND SUGGESTS GENES FOR VALIDATION AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  226  38 ACUTE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AT T12 AFTER RAT T10 SPINAL CORD CONTUSIVE INJURY. SPINAL CORD INJURY IS A SEVERELY DEBILITATING CONDITION AFFECTING A SIGNIFICANT POPULATION IN THE USA. SPINAL CORD INJURY PATIENTS OFTEN HAVE INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS BEYOND THE PRIMARY LESION CENTER LATER IN THEIR LIFE. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM CONFERRING TO THE "LATENT" DAMAGES AT DISTAL TISSUES, HOWEVER, REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE, WE STUDIED MOLECULAR CHANGES CONFERRING ABNORMAL FUNCTIONALITY AT DISTAL SPINAL CORD (T12) BEYOND THE LESION CENTER (T10) BY COMBINING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (RNA- AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING), SUPER-RESOLUTION MICROSCOPY, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING AT 7 DAYS POST INJURY. WE OBSERVED SIGNIFICANT TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES PRIMARILY ENRICHED IN NEUROINFLAMMATION AND SYNAPTOGENESIS ASSOCIATED PATHWAYS. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFS) THAT REGULATE NEUROGENESIS AND NEURON PLASTICITY, INCLUDING EGR1, KLF4, AND MYC, ARE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED. ALONG WITH GLOBAL CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ARRANGEMENTS AND DNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC), BISULFITE SEQUENCING FURTHER REVEALS THE INVOLVEMENT OF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN REGULATING CYTOKINE, GROWTH FACTOR, AND ION CHANNEL EXPRESSION. COLLECTIVELY, OUR RESULTS PAVE THE WAY TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC MECHANISM IN CONFERRING LONG-TERM DISEASE RISKS AT DISTAL TISSUES AWAY FROM THE PRIMARY LESION CENTER AND SHED LIGHT ON POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT GOVERN THE REGULATORY MECHANISM AT DISTAL SPINAL CORD TISSUES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11 6148  45 THE EXPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS MECP2 AND CREB IS MODULATED IN INFLAMMATORY PELVIC PAIN. EARLY ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN STATES. PREVIOUS STUDIES IDENTIFIED THE CHANGES IN A NUMBER OF NOCICEPTION-RELATED GENES, SUCH AS CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP), SUBSTANCE P (SP), AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN THE PELVIC ORGANS AFTER TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. THE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THESE NEUROPEPTIDES COULD BE MODULATED BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) AND CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MECP2 AND CREB IN THE LUMBOSACRAL (LS) SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PELVIC PAIN IN RAT. ADULT SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH 2,4,6-TRINITROBENZENESULFONIC ACID (TNBS) TO INDUCE TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. LS (L6-S2) SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS AND RESPECTIVE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIAS (DRGS) WERE ISOLATED FROM CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AT 1, 2, 6, 24 H AND 3 DAYS POST-TNBS TREATMENT. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL (IHC) LABELING AND WESTERN BLOTTING EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE EXPRESSION OF MECP2, CREB AND THEIR PHOSPHORYLATED FORMS. TOTAL MECP2 EXPRESSION, BUT NOT PHOSPHORYLATED P-MECP2 (PS421MECP2) EXPRESSION WAS DETECTED IN THE CELLS OF THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN UNDER CONTROL CONDITIONS. COLONIC INFLAMMATION TRIGGERED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF MECP2-EXPRESSING NEURONS IN PARALLEL WITH ELEVATED NUMBERS OF PS421MECP2-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 2 H AND 6 H POST-TNBS. THE MAJORITY OF MECP2-POSITIVE CELLS (80 +/- 6%) CO-EXPRESSED CREB. TNBS TREATMENT CAUSED A TRANSIENT UP-REGULATION OF CREB-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 1 H POST-TNBS ONLY. THE NUMBER OF CELLS EXPRESSING PHOSPHORYLATED CREB (PS133CREB) DID NOT CHANGE AT 1 H AND 2 H POST-TNBS, BUT WAS DOWN-REGULATED BY THREE FOLDS AT 6 H POST-TNBS. ANALYSIS OF DRG SECTIONS REVEALED THAT THE NUMBER OF MECP2-POSITIVE NEURONS WAS UP-REGULATED BY TNBS TREATMENT, REACHING THREE-FOLD INCREASE AT 2 H POST-TNBS, AND EIGHT-FOLD INCREASE AT 6 H POST-TNBS (P </= 0.05 TO CONTROL). THESE DATA SHOWED EARLY CHANGES IN MECP2 AND CREB EXPRESSION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER COLONIC INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTING A POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION MECP2 AND CREB SIGNALING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERALGESIA AND PELVIC PAIN FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12 6429  40 THE UPREGULATION OF NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION BY TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 2 (TET2) CONTRIBUTED TO DIABETIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MICE. BACKGROUND: THE NUCLEOTIDE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN (NOD)-LIKE RECEPTOR FAMILY PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 3 (NLRP3) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) CONTRIBUTES TO PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MULTIPLE NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS, BUT THE FUNCTION OF THE NLRP3 IN DIABETIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN (DNP) AND THE REGULATION MECHANISM ARE STILL LARGELY UNKNOWN. EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN THE CONTROLLING OF GENE EXPRESSION. TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 2 (TET2) IS A DNA DEMETHYLASE THAT CONTRIBUTES TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. TET2 IS ALSO INVOLVED IN HIGH GLUCOSE (HG)-INDUCED PATHOLOGY. METHODS: DNP WAS INDUCED IN MICE VIA THE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF STREPTOZOTOCIN (STZ) FOR FIVE CONSECUTIVE DAYS AND THE MECHANICAL THRESHOLD WAS EVALUATED IN STZ-DIABETIC MICE BY USING VON FREY HAIRS. THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF THE NLRP3 PATHWAY AND TET2 IN DRG WERE DETERMINED THROUGH MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS. THE REGULATION OF THE NLRP3 PATHWAY BY TET2 WAS EXAMINED IN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO CONDITIONS. RESULTS: IN THE PRESENT RESEARCH, WE FIRST ESTABLISHED THE DNP MODEL AND FOUND THAT NLRP3 PATHWAY WAS ACTIVATED IN DRG. THE TREATMENT OF NLRP3 INHIBITOR MCC950 ALLEVIATED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA OF DNP MICE. THEN WE REVEALED THAT IN STZ-DIABETIC MICE DRG, THE GENOMIC DNA WAS DEMETHYLATED, AND THE EXPRESSION OF DNA DEMETHYLASE TET2 WAS INCREASED EVIDENTLY. USING RNA-SEQUENCING ANALYSIS, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF TXNIP, A GENE THAT ENCODES A THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP) WHICH MEDIATES NLRP3 ACTIVATION, WAS ELEVATED IN THE DRG AFTER STZ TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, KNOCKING DOWN OF TET2 EXPRESSION IN DRG USING TET2-SIRNA SUPPRESSED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF TXNIP AND SUBSEQUENTLY INHIBITED THE EXPRESSION/ACTIVATION OF NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME IN VITRO AND IN VIVO AS WELL AS RELIEVED THE PAIN SENSITIVITY OF DNP ANIMALS. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THE UPREGULATION OF THE TXNIP/NLRP3 PATHWAY BY TET2 IN DRG WAS INVOLVED IN THE PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY OF THE DNP MODEL.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13  710  35 C-TERMINAL DOMAIN SMALL PHOSPHATASE 1 (CTDSP1) REGULATES GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION AND AXONAL REGENERATION IN PERIPHERAL NERVE TISSUE. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY (PNI) REPRESENTS A MAJOR CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC BURDEN. DESPITE THE ABILITY OF PERIPHERAL NEURONS TO REGENERATE THEIR AXONS AFTER AN INJURY, PATIENTS ARE OFTEN LEFT WITH MOTOR AND/OR SENSORY DISABILITY AND MAY DEVELOP CHRONIC PAIN. SUCCESSFUL REGENERATION AND TARGET ORGAN REINNERVATION REQUIRE COMPREHENSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN BOTH INJURED NEURONS AND SUPPORT CELLS LOCATED AT THE SITE OF INJURY. THE EXPRESSION OF MOST OF THE GENES REQUIRED FOR AXON GROWTH AND GUIDANCE AND FOR SYNAPSIS FORMATION IS REPRESSED BY A SINGLE MASTER TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR, THE REPRESSOR ELEMENT 1 SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST). SUSTAINED INCREASE OF REST LEVELS AFTER INJURY INHIBITS AXON REGENERATION AND LEADS TO CHRONIC PAIN. AS TARGETING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS CHALLENGING, WE TESTED WHETHER MODULATION OF REST ACTIVITY COULD BE ACHIEVED THROUGH KNOCKDOWN OF CARBOXY-TERMINAL DOMAIN SMALL PHOSPHATASE 1 (CTDSP1), THE ENZYME THAT STABILIZES REST BY PREVENTING ITS TARGETING TO THE PROTEASOME. TO TEST WHETHER KNOCKDOWN OF CTDSP1 PROMOTES NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION IN BOTH SUPPORT CELLS LOCATED AT THE SITE OF INJURY AND IN PERIPHERAL NEURONS, WE TRANSFECTED MESENCHYMAL PROGENITOR CELLS (MPCS), A TYPE OF SUPPORT CELLS THAT ARE PRESENT AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS AT THE SITE OF INJURY, AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS WITH REST OR CTDSP1 SPECIFIC SIRNA. WE QUANTIFIED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION BY RT-QPCR AND WESTERN BLOT, AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) RELEASE IN THE CELL CULTURE MEDIUM BY ELISA, AND WE MEASURED NEURITE OUTGROWTH OF DRG NEURONS IN CULTURE. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CTDSP1 KNOCKDOWN PROMOTES NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION IN BOTH DRG NEURONS AND THE SUPPORT CELLS MPCS, AND PROMOTES DRG NEURON REGENERATION. THERAPEUTICS TARGETING CTDSP1 ACTIVITY MAY, THEREFORE, REPRESENT A NOVEL EPIGENETIC STRATEGY TO PROMOTE PERIPHERAL NERVE REGENERATION AFTER PNI BY PROMOTING THE REGENERATIVE PROGRAM REPRESSED BY INJURY-INDUCED INCREASED LEVELS OF REST IN BOTH NEURONS AND SUPPORT CELLS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14 2685  38 EVIDENCE FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN CHRONIC EXPERIMENTAL DIABETIC NEUROPATHY. DIABETIC POLYNEUROPATHY (DPN) IS A COMMON BUT IRREVERSIBLE NEURODEGENERATIVE COMPLICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS. HERE WE SHOW THAT FEATURES OF SENSORY NEURON DAMAGE IN MICE WITH CHRONIC DPN MAY HAVE ALTERED EPIGENETIC MICRO RNA (MIRNA) TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL. WE PROFILED SENSORY NEURON MESSENGER RNA AND MIRNA PROFILES IN MICE WITH TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS AND FINDINGS OF DPN. DIABETIC SENSORY DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA NEURONS SHOWED A PATTERN OF ALTERED MESSENGER RNA PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH UPREGULATED CYTOPLASMIC SITES OF MIRNA-MEDIATED MESSENGER RNA PROCESSING (GW/P BODIES). DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA MIRNA MICROARRAY IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN EXPRESSION AMONG MICE WITH DIABETES, THE MOST PROMINENT OF WHICH WERE A 39% DOWNREGULATION OF MMU-LET-7I AND A 255% INCREASE IN MMU-MIR-341; BOTH WERE IDENTIFIED IN SENSORY NEURONS. TO COUNTERACT THESE ALTERATIONS, WE REPLENISHED LET-7I MIRNA BY INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION; IN A SEPARATE EXPERIMENT, WE ADDED AN ANTI-MIR THAT ANTAGONIZED ELEVATED MMU-341 AFTER 5 MONTHS OF DIABETES. BOTH APPROACHES INDEPENDENTLY IMPROVED ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC, STRUCTURAL, AND BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES WITHOUT ALTERING HYPERGLYCEMIA; CONTROL SEQUENCES DID NOT HAVE THESE EFFECTS. DISSOCIATED ADULT SENSORY NEURONS EXPOSED TO AN EXOGENOUS MMU-LET-7I MIMIC DISPLAYED ENHANCED GROWTH AND BRANCHING, INDICATING A TROPHIC ACTION. THESE FINDINGS IDENTIFY ROLES FOR EPIGENETIC MIRNA ALTERATIONS AND ENHANCED GW/P EXPRESSION IN DIABETIC DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE COMPLEX DPN PHENOTYPE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15 3194  32 HDAC INHIBITORS ATTENUATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS) INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ARE KNOWN TO HAVE ANALGESIC PROPERTIES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THESE COMPOUNDS COULD ALSO AFFECT NEUROPATHIC PAIN. DIFFERENT CLASS I HDACIS WERE DELIVERED INTRATHECALLY INTO RAT SPINAL CORD IN MODELS OF TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURY AND ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY (STAVUDINE, D4T). MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ATTENUATED BY 40% TO 50% AS A RESULT OF HDACI TREATMENT, BUT ONLY IF STARTED BEFORE ANY INSULT. THE DRUGS GLOBALLY INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD, BUT APPEARED TO HAVE NO MEASURABLE EFFECTS IN RELEVANT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IN THIS TREATMENT PARADIGM, SUGGESTING THAT ANY POTENTIAL MECHANISM SHOULD BE SOUGHT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS OF DORSAL CORD RNA REVEALED THE SIGNATURE OF THE SPECIFIC COMPOUND USED (MS-275) AND SUGGESTED THAT ITS MAIN EFFECT WAS MEDIATED THROUGH HDAC1. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUPPORT A ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE EMERGENCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 6411  36 THE SITE SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATION IN THE 5'-REGULATORY AREA OF NMDA RECEPTOR 2B SUBUNIT GENE ASSOCIATED WITH CIE-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION. BACKGROUND: THE NMDA RECEPTOR REPRESENTS A PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT SITE OF ETHANOL ACTION IN THE CNS. WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT NMDA RECEPTOR 2B (NR2B) GENE EXPRESSION WAS PERSISTENTLY UP-REGULATED FOLLOWING CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL (CIE) TREATMENT. INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN DYNAMIC AND LONG-LASTING REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN MULTIPLE NEUROADAPTIVE PROCESSES PROMPTED US TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MEDIATING CIE-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF NR2B GENE TRANSCRIPTION. TO DISSECT THE CHANGES OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE NR2B GENE, WE HAVE SCREENED A LARGE NUMBER OF CPG SITES WITHIN ITS 5'-REGULATORY AREA FOLLOWING CIE TREATMENT. METHODS: PRIMARY CORTICAL CULTURED NEURONS WERE SUBJECTED TO ETHANOL TREATMENT IN A CIE PARADIGM. BISULFITE CONVERSION FOLLOWED BY PYROSEQUENCING WAS USED FOR QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF CPG METHYLATION STATUS WITHIN THE 5'-REGULATORY AREA OF THE NR2B GENE; CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY WAS USED TO EXAMINE DNA LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING. ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAY (EMSA) AND IN VITRO DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE DIRECT IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DNA AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AND PROMOTER ACTIVITY. RESULTS: ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL CPG METHYLATION SITES WITHIN THE NR2B 5'REGULATORY AREA REVEALED THREE REGIONS WITH CLUSTERS OF SITE-SPECIFIC CPG DEMETHYLATION FOLLOWING CIE TREATMENT AND WITHDRAWAL. THIS WAS CONFIRMED BY CHIP SHOWING SIMILAR DECREASES OF METHYLATED DNA IN THE SAME REGIONS. THE CIE-INDUCED DEMETHYLATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY BEING LOCATED NEAR CERTAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SEQUENCES, AP-1 AND CRE, AND OCCURRED DURING TREATMENT AS WELL AS AFTER ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASE IN VITRO OF METHYLATED DNA DECREASED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING ACTIVITY AND PROMOTER ACTIVITY. AN ADDITIONAL CHIP ASSAY INDICATED THAT THE CIE-INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION IS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED OCCUPATION BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF DNA DEMETHYLATION IN MEDIATING CIE-INDUCED NR2B GENE UP-REGULATION, THUS IMPLICATING A NOVEL MOLECULAR SITE OF ALCOHOL ACTION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17 1695  33 DYNAMIC ASSOCIATION OF P300 WITH THE PROMOTER OF THE G PROTEIN-COUPLED RAT DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR GENE DURING NGF-INDUCED NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION. THE G PROTEIN-COUPLED DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR (DOR) PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN PAIN CONTROL. EMERGING EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT DOR ALSO PLAYS A ROLE IN NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION AND SURVIVAL. NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) IS KNOWN TO BE CRITICAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SUSTAINED ACTIVATION OF NGF/PI3K/AKT/NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING IS ESSENTIAL FOR NGF-INDUCED DOR GENE EXPRESSION DURING NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION AND THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AT HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 TEMPORALLY CORRELATE WITH THE DOR GENE TRANSCRIPTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE CLONED THE RAT DOR GENE PROMOTER AND IDENTIFIED AN NGF-RESPONSIVE REGION SIMILAR TO THAT FROM THE MOUSE DOR GENE PROMOTER. WE FURTHER IDENTIFIED P300, A KNOWN NF-KAPPAB BINDING PARTNER WITH INTRINSIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY, TO BE DYNAMICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE DOR GENE. WE ALSO FOUND THAT ASSEMBLING OF RNA POLYMERASE II (POL II) AT THE PROMOTER TOOK PLACE BEFORE NGF STIMULATION, INDICATING THAT P300 COULD ONLY INTERACT WITH PREASSEMBLED POL II AT THE PROMOTER AFTER NGF STIMULATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS IMPLICATE THAT PREASSEMBLY OF THE POL II PREINITIATION COMPLEX, SUSTAINED ACTIVATION OF PI3K/AKT/NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING, AND DYNAMIC P300 ASSOCIATION AT THE PROMOTERS SEQUENTIALLY IS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS OF INDUCTION OF THE LATE PHASE GENES DURING NGF-INDUCED NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18 4617  46 NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT DNA METHYLATION REPROGRAMMING IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED HYPERACTIVITY OF PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) CONTRIBUTES TO CHRONIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT, BUT THE UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE WE DETERMINED GENOME-WIDE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL), BUT NOT PACLITAXEL TREATMENT, IN MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS INDUCED A CONSISTENT LOW-LEVEL HYPOMETHYLATION IN THE CPG SITES IN THE DRG DURING THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC PHASES OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. DNA METHYLATION REMODELING IN THE DRG OCCURRED EARLY AFTER SNL AND PERSISTED FOR AT LEAST 3 WEEKS. SNL CAUSED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AT 8% OF CPG SITES WITH PREVAILING HYPOMETHYLATION OUTSIDE OF CPG ISLANDS, IN INTRONS, INTERGENIC REGIONS, AND REPETITIVE SEQUENCES. IN CONTRAST, SNL CAUSED MORE GAINS OF METHYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. THE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE INJURED DRGS RECAPITULATED DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING AT THE NEONATAL STAGE. METHYLATION REPROGRAMMING WAS CORRELATED WITH INCREASED GENE EXPRESSION VARIABILITY. A DIET DEFICIENT IN METHYL DONORS INDUCED HYPOMETHYLATION AND PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR RG108 CAUSED LONG-LASTING PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. DNA METHYLATION REPROGRAMMING IN THE DRG THUS CONTRIBUTES TO NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHRONIC PAIN. RESTORING DNA METHYLATION MAY REPRESENT A NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO TREAT NEUROPATHIC PAIN.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN AFTER NERVE INJURY. HOWEVER, GENOME-WIDE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THEIR ROLES IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE WE USED DIGITAL RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS OF METHYLATION TO QUANTITATIVELY DETERMINE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES CAUSED BY NERVE INJURY. WE SHOWED THAT NERVE INJURY CAUSED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AT 8% OF CPG SITES WITH PREVAILING HYPOMETHYLATION OUTSIDE OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION. REDUCING DNA METHYLATION INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS INCREASING DNA METHYLATION ATTENUATED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THESE FINDINGS EXTEND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND SUGGEST NEW STRATEGIES TO TREAT NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHRONIC PAIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19 2253  34 EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF WNT SIGNALING CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE WNT/BETA?CATENIN SIGNALING PATHWAY IS CRITICAL TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN CAUSED BY PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION AND NERVE DAMAGE. EMERGING EVIDENCE FROM RECENT STUDIES SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY ALSO BE CRITICAL TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC PAIN. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ALTERED WNT SIGNALING AND THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN CCI?INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RAT SCIATIC NERVES. THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY DEMONSTRATED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF WNT3A IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE RATS WITH CCI. IN ADDITION, A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN CYTOSINE METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF WNT3A WAS OBSERVED IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE RATS WITH CCI. INTRATHECAL APPLICATION OF XAV939, WHICH ACTS AS AN INHIBITOR OF WNT SIGNALING, SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ACTIVE BETA?CATENIN, AND ATTENUATED THE RAT BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PAIN STIMULI. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF WNT3A IN THE DORSAL HORN CONTRIBUTES TO THE MAINTENANCE OF PAIN?INDUCED BEHAVIOR IN RATS WITH CCI.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 2297  27 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ACUTE PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGE, WHICH RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. RECENT STUDIES POINT TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN. WE HAVE FOUND THAT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% MUSTARD OIL ON THE TONGUES OF RATS, LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B WERE ELEVATED MARKEDLY (36 AND 42 % RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY. PREVIOUS INJECTION OF XEFOCAM WITH 0,4 MG/KG DOSE DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B (25 AND 24% RESPECTIVELY). THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT INHIBITORS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES COULD BE USEFUL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT NSAIDS (ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH DNMT INHIBITORS) MAY BE PROPOSED AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AGENTS, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ALTERING THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INVOLVED IN PAIN DEVELOPMENT.	2014