1  876 118 CHRONIC ARSENIC INTOXICATION DIAGNOSTIC SCORE (CASIDS). ARSENIC AND ITS COMPOUNDS ARE WELL-ESTABLISHED, POTENT, ENVIRONMENTALLY WIDESPREAD AND PERSISTENT TOXICANTS WITH METABOLIC, GENOTOXIC, MUTAGENIC, TERATOGENIC, EPIGENETIC AND CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS. ARSENIC OCCURS NATURALLY IN THE EARTH'S CRUST, BUT ANTHROPOGENIC ARSENIC EMISSIONS HAVE SURMOUNTED THE EMISSIONS FROM IMPORTANT NATURAL SOURCES SUCH AS VOLCANISM. INORGANIC ARSENICALS EXHIBIT ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITIES IN VIRTUALLY ALL CELL TYPES AND TISSUES, AND HENCE ARSENIC INTOXICATION AFFECTS MULTIPLE SYSTEMS. WHEREAS ACUTE ARSENIC INTOXICATION IS RARE AND RELATIVELY EASY TO DIAGNOSE, CHRONIC ARSENIC INTOXICATION (CASI) IS COMMON BUT GOES OFTEN MISDIAGNOSED. BASED ON A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AS WELL AS OUR OWN CLINICAL EXPERIENCE, WE PROPOSE A CHRONIC ARSENIC INTOXICATION DIAGNOSTIC SCORE (CASIDS). A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF CASIDS IS THE USE OF BONE ARSENIC LOAD AS AN ESSENTIAL CRITERION FOR THE INDIVIDUAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHRONIC ARSENIC INTOXICATION, COMBINED WITH A SYSTEMIC CLINICAL ASSESSMENT. WE PRESENT CLINICAL EXAMPLES WHERE CASIDS IS APPLIED FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF CASI, REVIEW THE MAIN TOPICS OF THE TOXICITY OF ARSENIC IN DIFFERENT CELL AND ORGAN SYSTEMS AND DISCUSS THE THERAPY AND PREVENTION OF DISEASE CAUSED OR AGGRAVATED BY CHRONIC ARSENIC INTOXICATION. CASIDS CAN HELP PHYSICIANS ESTABLISH THE DIAGNOSIS OF CASI AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2  759  39 CASE REPORT OF CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AT THE WRIST JOINT AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS OF ARSENICOSIS. CONTEXT: ARSENICOSIS IS CAUSED BY LONG TERM (6 MONTHS PLUS) INGESTION OF ARSENIC ABOVE A SAFE DOSE, CHARACTERIZED BY SKIN LESIONS AND POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF INTERNAL ORGANS. ARSENICOSIS IS COMMON IN INDIA AND BANGLADESH WHERE NATURALLY OCCURRING HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF ARSENIC IN THE EARTH'S CRUST CONTAMINATE GROUND WATER, CAUSING ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. CASE PRESENTATION: WE REPORT A CASE OF A 55-YEAR-OLD INDIAN MALE, RESIDENT OF A KNOWN ARSENIC ENDEMIC REGION OF UTTAR PRADESH WHO SUFFERED FROM CHARACTERISTIC PULMONARY AND CUTANEOUS FEATURES OF CHRONIC ARSENIC TOXICITY WHICH INCLUDED RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE, HYPERKERATOTIC LESIONS OVER THE PALMS AND SOLES, RAIN DROP LIKE PIGMENTATION OVER THE TRUNK, AND CARCINOMATOUS CHANGES AT THE WRIST JOINT. THE PATIENT WAS STARTED ON CHELATING AGENTS (D-PENICILLAMINE) AND ORAL RETINOIDS (ISOTRETINOIN) FOLLOWED BY THE SURGICAL EXCISION OF THE CARCINOMA. DISCUSSION: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION WITH ARSENIC IS A WELL-KNOWN HEALTH HAZARD IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES. THE MAIN SOURCE IS CONSUMPTION OF CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES. CUTANEOUS LESIONS, INTERNAL ORGAN INVOLVEMENT INCLUDING INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE AND CARCINOMAS AS OBSERVED IN OUR PATIENT HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE. VARIOUS MECHANISMS LIKE EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND ARSENIC-INDUCED IMMUNE SUPPRESSION HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CUTANEOUS CARCINOMAS WITH PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: AMONG THE VARIOUS CAUSES OF PALMO-PLANTAR HYPERKERATOSIS, ARSENICOSIS SHOULD BE KEPT IN MIND WHEN PRESENTING IN COMBINATION WITH PIGMENTARY CHANGES AND CARCINOMATOUS GROWTH FROM AN ARSENIC-ENDEMIC REGION. CONCLUSIONS: PEOPLE RESIDING IN ARSENIC-ENDEMIC REGIONS SHOULD BE MADE AWARE OF ARSENIC-RELATED HEALTH HAZARDS. RAINWATER HARVESTING AND GOOD NUTRITION ARE THE SIMPLEST MEASURES WHICH COULD BE ADOPTED BY THE EXPOSED POPULATION IN AFFECTED AREAS. SEVERAL METHODS HAVE ALSO BEEN EMPLOYED BY GOVERNMENTAL AND NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS TO SEPARATE ARSENIC FROM CONTAMINATED WATER TO COMBAT ARSENIC-RELATED DISEASES AND CARCINOMAS. COMPETING INTERESTS: THE AUTHORS DECLARE NO COMPETING FINANCIAL INTERESTS.	2021	

3 4155  28 MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF ARSENIC AND WARFARE ARSENICALS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT. WORLDWIDE, MORE THAN 200 MILLION PEOPLE ARE ESTIMATED TO BE EXPOSED TO UNSAFE LEVELS OF ARSENIC. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO UNSAFE LEVELS OF GROUNDWATER ARSENIC IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MULTIPLE HUMAN DISORDERS, INCLUDING DERMAL, CARDIOVASCULAR, NEUROLOGICAL, PULMONARY, RENAL, AND METABOLIC CONDITIONS. CONSUMPTION OF RICE AND SEAFOOD (WHERE HIGH LEVELS OF ARSENIC ARE ACCUMULATED) IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. THE TOXICITY OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS VARIES GREATLY AND MAY DEPEND ON THEIR CHEMICAL FORM, SOLUBILITY, AND CONCENTRATION. SURPRISINGLY, SYNTHETIC ORGANOARSENICALS ARE EXTREMELY TOXIC MOLECULES WHICH CREATED INTEREST IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT AS CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS (CWAS) DURING WORLD WAR I (WWI). AMONG THESE CWAS, ADAMSITE, CLARK I, CLARK II, AND LEWISITE ARE OF CRITICAL IMPORTANCE, AS STOCKPILES OF THESE AGENTS STILL EXIST WORLDWIDE. IN ADDITION, UNUSED WWII WEAPONIZED ARSENICALS DISCARDED IN WATER BODIES OR BURIED IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD CONTINUE TO POSE A SERIOUS THREAT TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH. METABOLIC INHIBITION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, GENOTOXICITY, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS INCLUDING MICRO-RNA-DEPENDENT REGULATION ARE SOME OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF ARSENIC TOXICITY. MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOXICITY OF ORGANOARSENICALS IS ALSO CRITICAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES COMPREHENSIVE DETAILS AND A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF RECENTLY PUBLISHED DATA ON VARIOUS CHEMICAL FORMS OF ARSENIC, THEIR EXPOSURE, AND IMPLICATIONS ON HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4 2603  23 EPIGENETICS, ENVIRONMENT AND EPIDEMIOLOGY: AN INTERVIEW WITH KARL KELSEY. IN THIS INTERVIEW, PROFESSOR KARL KELSEY SPEAKS WITH STORM JOHNSON, COMMISSIONING EDITOR FOR EPIGENOMICS, ON HIS WORK TO DATE IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENOMICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY. DR KARL KELSEY, MD, MOH IS A PROFESSOR OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE AT BROWN UNIVERSITY. HE IS THE FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY AND HEAD OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SECTION AT THE DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. DR KELSEY IS INTERESTED IN THE APPLICATION OF LABORATORY-BASED BIOMARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE, WITH EXPERIENCE IN CHRONIC DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND TUMOR BIOLOGY. THE GOALS OF HIS WORK INCLUDE A MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPOSURE-RELATED CANCERS. IN ADDITION, HIS LABORATORY IS INTERESTED IN TUMOR BIOLOGY, INVESTIGATING SOMATIC ALTERATIONS IN TUMOR TISSUE FROM THE PATIENTS WHO HAVE DEVELOPED EXPOSURE-RELATED CANCERS. THIS WORK INVOLVES THE USE OF AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH TO CHARACTERIZE EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATION OF GENES IN THE CAUSAL PATHWAY FOR MALIGNANCY. ACTIVE WORK INCLUDES SEVERAL STUDIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CANCER. DR KELSEY'S LABORATORY MAINLY INVESTIGATES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SMOKING-RELATED LUNG CANCER AND STUDIES MULTI-RACIAL AND ETHNIC POPULATIONS. IN ADDITION, THE LABORATORY IS ALSO INVOLVED WITH THE STUDY OF INHERITED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BRAIN TUMORS AND PANCREATIC CANCER. MAJOR CASE CONTROL STUDIES THAT ARE ONGOING IN THE LABORATORY INCLUDE STUDIES DESIGNED TO UNDERSTAND INHERITED AND ACQUIRED SUSCEPTIBILITY IN HEAD AND NECK CANCERS. THE LABORATORY IS ALSO INVOLVED IN A CASE CONTROL STUDY OF ASBESTOS-ASSOCIATED MESOTHELIOMA, ARSENIC EXPOSURE, CIGARETTE SMOKING AND BLADDER CANCER. CONSIDERABLE WORK IS BEING DEVOTED TO UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF BOTH ASBESTOS AND ARSENIC INCLUDING THEIR ABILITY TO AFFECT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE SILENCING IN CARCINOGENESIS. RECENT LABORATORY STUDIES INCLUDES AN INTEREST IN USING NEWLY DEVELOPED DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS TO PROBE IMMUNE PROFILES FROM ARCHIVED BLOOD. DR KELSEY RECEIVED HIS MD FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AND MASTERS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH FROM HARVARD UNIVERSITY.	2022	
                                                         
5  452  31 APPLICATION OF THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CARCINOGENS TO PER AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES. PER- AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES (PFAS) CONSTITUTE A LARGE CLASS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY PERSISTENT CHEMICALS USED IN INDUSTRIAL AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS. HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PFAS IS EXTENSIVE, AND PFAS CONTAMINATION HAS BEEN REPORTED IN DRINKING WATER AND FOOD SUPPLIES AS WELL AS IN THE SERUM OF NEARLY ALL PEOPLE. THE MOST WELL-STUDIED MEMBER OF THE PFAS CLASS, PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID (PFOA), INDUCES TUMORS IN ANIMAL BIOASSAYS AND HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED RISK OF CANCER IN HUMAN POPULATIONS. GENX, ONE OF THE PFOA REPLACEMENT CHEMICALS, INDUCES TUMORS IN ANIMAL BIOASSAYS AS WELL. USING THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CARCINOGENS FRAMEWORK FOR CANCER HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, WE CONSIDERED THE EXISTING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, TOXICOLOGICAL AND MECHANISTIC DATA FOR 26 DIFFERENT PFAS. WE FOUND STRONG EVIDENCE THAT MULTIPLE PFAS INDUCE OXIDATIVE STRESS, ARE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE, AND MODULATE RECEPTOR-MEDIATED EFFECTS. WE ALSO FOUND SUGGESTIVE EVIDENCE INDICATING THAT SOME PFAS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND INFLUENCE CELL PROLIFERATION. EXPERIMENTAL DATA INDICATE THAT PFAS ARE NOT GENOTOXIC AND GENERALLY DO NOT UNDERGO METABOLIC ACTIVATION. DATA ARE CURRENTLY INSUFFICIENT TO ASSESS WHETHER ANY PFAS PROMOTE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, CELLULAR IMMORTALIZATION OR ALTER DNA REPAIR. WHILE MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ADDRESS DATA GAPS, EVIDENCE EXISTS THAT SEVERAL PFAS EXHIBIT ONE OR MORE OF THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CARCINOGENS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6 3899  25 LATE NEUROLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION: RISK FACTORS AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPROACHES. ZIKA VIRUS (ZIKV) INFECTION WAS HISTORICALLY CONSIDERED A DISEASE WITH MILD SYMPTOMS AND NO MAJOR CONSEQUENCES TO HUMAN HEALTH. HOWEVER, SEVERAL LONG-TERM, LATE ONSET, AND CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS, BOTH IN CONGENITALLY-EXPOSED BABIES AND IN ADULT PATIENTS, HAVE BEEN REPORTED AFTER ZIKV INFECTION, ESPECIALLY AFTER THE 2015 EPIDEMICS IN THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. THE DEVELOPMENT OR SEVERITY OF THESE CONDITIONS CANNOT BE FULLY PREDICTED, BUT IT IS POSSIBLE THAT GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DETERMINE ZIKV INFECTION OUTCOMES. THIS REINFORCES THE IMPORTANCE THAT INDIVIDUALS EXPOSED TO ZIKV ARE SUBMITTED TO LONG-TERM CLINICAL SURVEILLANCE AND HIGHLIGHTS THE URGENT NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO REDUCE OR ELIMINATE THE NEUROLOGICAL BURDEN OF INFECTION. HERE, WE REVIEW THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZIKV-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS AND THE ROLE OF FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE DISEASE OUTCOME. MOREOVER, WE DISCUSS EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF DRUGS THAT HAVE SHOWN PROMISING RESULTS IN VITRO OR IN VITRO AGAINST VIRAL REPLICATION AND AND/OR ZIKV-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7 3591  26 IMPAIRED ONE CARBON METABOLISM AND DNA METHYLATION IN ALCOHOL TOXICITY. EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS A PROMINENT PROBLEM AND ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY AROUND THE WORLD. LONG-TERM, HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A NUMBER OF DELETERIOUS HEALTH CONSEQUENCES, SUCH AS CANCER, HEART AND LIVER DISEASE, A VARIETY OF NEUROLOGICAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS. THE CAUSES OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED TOXICITY ARE PRESENTLY UNCLEAR. ONE OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ALCOHOL TOXICITY HAS TO DO WITH ITS INTERACTION WITH FOLIC ACID/HOMOCYSTEINE OR ONE-CARBON METABOLISM (OCM). OCM IS A MAJOR DONOR OF METHYL GROUPS FOR METHYLATION, PARTICULARLY DNA METHYLATION CRITICAL FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, AND ITS DISTURBANCE MAY COMPROMISE DNA METHYLATION, THEREBY AFFECTING GENE EXPRESSION. OCM DISTURBANCE MEDIATED BY NUTRIENT DEFICITS IS A WELL-KNOWN RISK FACTOR FOR VARIOUS DISORDERS AND DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS (E.G., NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS). IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE ROLE OF OCM DISTURBANCE AND ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS IN CHRONIC ALCOHOL-INDUCED TOXICITY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE ROLE OF ONE-CARBON METABOLISM (OCM) ABERRATIONS IN CHRONIC ALCOHOL-INDUCED TOXICITY. OCM IS A MAJOR DONOR OF METHYL GROUPS FOR METHYLATION REACTIONS, PARTICULARLY DNA METHYLATION CRITICAL FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. ALCOHOL INTERFERENCE WITH OCM AND CONSEQUENT REDUCED AVAILABILITY OF METHYL GROUPS, IMPROPER DNA METHYLATION, AND ABERRANT GENE EXPRESSION CAN PLAY A CAUSATIVE ROLE IN ALCOHOL TOXICITY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8 4399  28 MODULATION OF GENOMIC AND POSTGENOMIC ALTERATIONS IN NONCANCER DISEASES AND CRITICAL PERIODS OF LIFE. GENOMIC AND POSTGENOMIC CHANGES ARE EXTENSIVELY INVESTIGATED IN CANCER RESEARCH. SIMILAR ALTERATIONS, AFFECTING GENOME, TRANSCRIPTOME, MIRNOME AND/OR PROTEOME END-POINTS, HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN A VARIETY OF OTHER CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES, SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS, DEGENERATIVE HEART DISEASES, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES, NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, EYE DISEASES, DIABETES, METABOLIC SYNDROME, SKIN AGEING AND ALOPECIA. NO GENERALIZATION CAN BE MADE DUE TO THE MYRIAD OF DIVERSE CLINICAL ENTITIES CLASSIFIED AS CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES. MOREOVER, THE DETECTION OF MOLECULAR CHANGES DOES NOT AUTOMATICALLY IMPLY THEIR CAUSAL ROLE. NEVERTHELESS, COMMON MECHANISMS, SUCH AS DNA DAMAGE, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IN ADDITION TO GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, ARE OFTEN INVOLVED IN NONCANCER DISEASES. WE DEBATE HERE IN MORE DETAIL THE SUBJECTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND OF SKIN DISEASES. MOREOVER, WE DISCUSS OUR EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGESTING THAT GENOMIC AND POSTGENOMIC CHANGES DO ALSO OCCUR DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF LIFE, INCLUDING THE PRENATAL LIFE, THE PERINATAL PERIOD, AND AGEING. IN ADDITION, WE COMMENT ON THE FINDING THAT STEM-DERIVED CELLS ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO MOLECULAR DAMAGE THAN MORE DIFFERENTIATED CELLS. ALL THESE DATA ARE VIEWED IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE. IN FACT, THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT THE GENOMIC AND POSTGENOMIC ALTERATIONS OCCURRING NOT ONLY IN SEVERAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS BUT ALSO IN PARAPHYSIOLOGICAL SITUATIONS THAT AFFECT CRITICAL PERIODS OF LIFE CAN BE MODULATED BY MEANS OF DIETARY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS. THE DISCOVERY THAT CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENTS ARE ALSO ABLE TO ATTENUATE NUCLEOTIDE DAMAGE IN STEM-DERIVED CELLS WARRANTS FURTHER STUDIES IN VIEW OF POSSIBLE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9 6334  21 THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN IMMUNOSENESCENCE. A HEALTHY FUNCTIONING IMMUNE SYSTEM IS CRITICAL TO STAVE OFF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, BUT AS HUMANS AND OTHER ORGANISMS AGE, THEIR IMMUNE SYSTEMS DECLINE. AS A RESULT, DISEASES THAT WERE READILY THWARTED IN EARLY LIFE POSE NONTRIVIAL HARM AND CAN EVEN BE DEADLY IN LATE LIFE. IMMUNOSENESCENCE IS DEFINED AS THE GENERAL DETERIORATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WITH AGE, AND IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) AND SPECIFIC BLOOD CELL TYPES AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LEVELS OF NUMEROUS FACTORS, PARTICULARLY THOSE INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION. POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING IMMUNOSENESCENCE INCLUDE EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (DNAHM) THAT OCCUR WITH AGE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO DESCRIBE WHAT IS CURRENTLY KNOWN ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND THE AGE-RELATED CHANGES TO DNAM AND DNAHM, AND TO DISCUSS EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES BEST SUITED TO FILL GAPS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10 3418  25 HUMAN HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY-MODULATED GENE EXPRESSION: POTENTIAL ROLES OF ELF-EMF INDUCED EPIGENETIC VERSUS MUTAGENIC MECHANISMS OF DISEASE. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE IF THERE MIGHT BE BIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES AFTER EXPOSURES TO EXTREMELY-LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (ELF-EMF), EITHER EXPERIMENTALLY OR EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY, MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE POTENTIAL MEANS BY WHICH ANY ENVIRONMENTAL AGENT CAN AFFECT CELLS IN A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM HAS TO BE REVIEWED. THE GOAL OF THIS LIMITED REVIEW IS TO DEMONSTRATE THAT, WHILE THE PREVAILING PARADIGM OF THE ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES INVOLVES EITHER CELL KILLING (CYTOTOXICITY) OR GENE/CHROMOSOME MUTATIONS (GENOTOXICITY), ALTERATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL (TURNING GENES "ON" OR "OFF"), TRANSLATIONAL (STABILIZING OR DE-STABILIZING THE GENETIC MESSAGE), OR POSTTRANSLATIONAL (ALTERING THE GENE PRODUCT OR PROTEIN) LEVELS HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO VARIOUS DISEASES. THIS LATTER MECHANISM, "EPIGENETIC" TOXICITY, UNLIKE THE FORMER TWO WHICH ARE IRREVERSIBLE, IS CHARACTERIZED BY THRESHOLD-LIKE ACTION, MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS AND CHRONIC, REGULAR EXPOSURES TO BE EFFECTIVE. ULTIMATELY, EPIGENETIC TOXICANTS AFFECT ONE OF FOUR POTENTIAL CELL STATES, NAMELY ALTERATION OF CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL DIFFERENTIATION, PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (APOPTOSIS) OR ADAPTIVE RESPONSES OF DIFFERENTIATED CELLS.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11  650  19 BISPHENOL A AND HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES: CURRENT EVIDENCES, POSSIBLE MECHANISMS, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. BISPHENOL-A (BPA) IS ONE OF THE HIGHEST VOLUME CHEMICALS PRODUCED WORLDWIDE, WITH OVER 6BILLION POUNDS PRODUCED AND OVER 100T RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE EACH YEAR. RECENT EXTENSIVE LITERATURE HAS RAISED CONCERNS ABOUT ITS POSSIBLE IMPLICATION IN THE ETIOLOGY OF SOME HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS DIABETES, OBESITY, REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, BIRTH DEFECTS, CHRONIC RESPIRATORY AND KIDNEY DISEASES AND BREAST CANCER. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT THE HIGHLIGHTED EVIDENCES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE AND HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES AND WE DISCUSS ITS EVENTUAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION, ESPECIALLY GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION MECHANISMS WITH THE POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND CELL SIGNALING.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12 4019  24 LOW-DOSE OR LOW-DOSE-RATE IONIZING RADIATION-INDUCED BIOEFFECTS IN ANIMAL MODELS. ANIMAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT ACUTE OR CHRONIC LOW-DOSE IONIZING RADIATION (LDIR) (</=100 MSV) OR LOW-DOSE-RATE IONIZING RADIATION (LDRIR) (<6 MSV/H) EXPOSURES MAY BE HARMFUL. IT INDUCES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A RANGE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES THAT INCLUDES ALTERED IMMUNE SYSTEM, ABNORMAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT WITH RESULTANT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, CATARACTOGENESIS, ABNORMAL EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, CIRCULATORY DISEASES, WEIGHT GAIN, PREMATURE MENOPAUSE IN FEMALE ANIMALS, TUMORIGENESIS AND SHORTENED LIFESPAN. PATERNAL OR PRENATAL LDIR/LDRIR EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED FERTILITY AND NUMBER OF LIVE FETUSES, AND TRANSGENERATIONAL GENOMIC ABERRATIONS. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN SOME EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, LDIR/LDRIR EXPOSURE HAS ALSO BEEN REPORTED TO BRING ABOUT BENEFICIAL EFFECTS SUCH AS REDUCTION IN TUMORIGENESIS, PROLONGED LIFESPAN AND ENHANCED FERTILITY. THE DIFFERENCES IN REPORTED EFFECTS OF LDIR/LDRIR EXPOSURE ARE DEPENDENT ON ANIMAL GENETIC BACKGROUND (SUSCEPTIBILITY), AGE (PRENATAL OR POSTNATAL DAYS), SEX, NATURE OF RADIATION EXPOSURE (I.E. ACUTE, FRACTIONATED OR CHRONIC RADIATION EXPOSURE), TYPE OF RADIATION, COMBINATION OF RADIATION WITH OTHER TOXIC AGENTS (SUCH AS SMOKING, PESTICIDES OR OTHER CHEMICAL TOXINS) OR ANIMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS. IN THIS REVIEW PAPER, WE AIMED TO UPDATE RADIATION RESEARCHERS AND RADIOLOGISTS ON THE CURRENT PROGRESS ACHIEVED IN UNDERSTANDING THE LDIR/LDRIR-INDUCED BIONEGATIVE AND BIOPOSITIVE EFFECTS REPORTED IN THE VARIOUS ANIMAL MODELS. THE ROLES PLAYED BY A VARIETY OF MOLECULES THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN LDIR/LDRIR-INDUCED HEALTH EFFECTS WILL BE ELABORATED. THE REVIEW WILL HELP IN FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS OF LDIR/LDRIR-INDUCED HEALTH EFFECTS BY PROVIDING CLUES FOR DESIGNING IMPROVED ANIMAL RESEARCH MODELS IN ORDER TO CLARIFY THE CURRENT CONTROVERSIAL/CONTRADICTORY FINDINGS FROM EXISTING STUDIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13 6398  31 THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D AND VDR IN CARCINOGENESIS: THROUGH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BASIC SCIENCES. IN THE LAST TWO DECADES VITAMIN D (VD) RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED NEW EXTRASKELETAL ACTIONS OF THIS PRE-HORMONE, SUGGESTING A PROTECTIVE ROLE OF THIS SECOSTEROID IN THE ONSET, PROGRESSION AND PROGNOSIS OF SEVERAL CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES MELLITUS OR CANCER. REGARDING CARCINOGENESIS, BOTH PRECLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AVAILABLE SHOW ONCOPROTECTIVE ACTIONS OF VD AND ITS RECEPTOR, THE VDR. HOWEVER, IN LATE NEOPLASTIC STAGES THE VD SYSTEM (VDS) SEEMS TO BE LESS FUNCTIONAL, WHICH APPEARS TO BE DUE TO AN EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE SYSTEM. IN PRECLINICAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, VD PRESENTS ONCOPROTECTIVE ACTIONS THROUGH MODULATION OF INFLAMMATION, CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL DIFFERENTIATION, ANGIOGENESIS, INVASIVE AND METASTATIC POTENTIAL, APOPTOSIS, MIRNA EXPRESSION REGULATION AND MODULATION OF THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALLING PATHWAY. MOREOVER, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE POINTS TOWARDS AN ONCOPROTECTIVE ROLE OF VITAMIN D AND VDR IN COLORECTAL CANCER. THIS ASSOCIATION IS MORE CONTROVERSIAL WITH BREAST, OVARIAN AND PROSTATE CANCERS, ALTHOUGH WITH A FEW ADVERSE EFFECTS. NONETHELESS, WE SHOULD CONSIDER OTHER FACTORS TO DETERMINE THE BENEFIT OF INCREASED SERUM CONCENTRATION OF VD. MUCH OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IS STILL INCONCLUSIVE, AND WE WILL HAVE TO WAIT FOR NEW, BETTER-DESIGNED ONGOING RCTS AND THEIR RESULTS TO DISCERN THE REAL EFFECT OF VITAMIN D IN CANCER RISK REDUCTION AND THERAPY. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS LITERATURE REVIEW IS TO OFFER AN UP-TO-DATE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF THE VD AND VDR, IN THE ONSET, PROGRESSION AND PROGNOSIS OF ALL TYPES OF CANCER. WE FURTHER DISCUSS THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE AND SUGGEST NEW HYPOTHESES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF VD RESEARCH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14 5213  29 PRESYMPTOMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. THE PREVALENCE OF COMMON CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (CNCDS) FAR OVERSHADOWS THE PREVALENCE OF BOTH MONOGENIC AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES COMBINED. ALL CNCDS, ALSO CALLED COMPLEX GENETIC DISEASES, HAVE A HERITABLE GENETIC COMPONENT THAT CAN BE USED FOR PRE-SYMPTOMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT. COMMON SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) THAT TAG RISK HAPLOTYPES ACROSS THE GENOME CURRENTLY ACCOUNT FOR A NON-TRIVIAL PORTION OF THE GERM-LINE GENETIC RISK AND WE WILL LIKELY CONTINUE TO IDENTIFY THE REMAINING MISSING HERITABILITY IN THE FORM OF RARE VARIANTS, COPY NUMBER VARIANTS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. HERE, WE DESCRIBE A NOVEL MEASURE FOR CALCULATING THE LIFETIME RISK OF A DISEASE, CALLED THE GENETIC COMPOSITE INDEX (GCI), AND DEMONSTRATE ITS PREDICTIVE VALUE AS A CLINICAL CLASSIFIER. THE GCI ONLY CONSIDERS SUMMARY STATISTICS OF THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIATION AND HENCE DOES NOT REQUIRE THE RESULTS OF LARGE-SCALE STUDIES SIMULTANEOUSLY ASSESSING MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS. COMBINING GCI SCORES WITH ENVIRONMENTAL RISK INFORMATION PROVIDES AN ADDITIONAL TOOL FOR CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING. THE GCI CAN BE POPULATED WITH HERITABLE RISK INFORMATION OF ANY TYPE, AND THUS REPRESENTS A FRAMEWORK FOR CNCD PRE-SYMPTOMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT THAT CAN BE POPULATED AS ADDITIONAL RISK INFORMATION IS IDENTIFIED THROUGH NEXT-GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15 6137  26 THE EPIGENETICS OF PSYCHOSIS: A STRUCTURED REVIEW WITH REPRESENTATIVE LOCI. THE EVIDENCE FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT IN CHRONIC PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS IS STRONG AND RESEARCH ON THE EPIGENETIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THESE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS HAS COMMENCED IN EARNEST. IN REVIEWING THIS RESEARCH, THE FOCUS IS ON THREE GENES AS MODELS FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION, MCHR1, AKT1 AND TDO2, EACH OF WHICH HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR GENETIC ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, AND WHICH INTERACT WITH THESE MODEL GENES, ARE EXPLORED IN DEPTH. THE LOCATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MOTIFS RELATIVE TO KEY METHYLATION SITES IS EVALUATED FOR PREDICTED GENE EXPRESSION RESULTS, AND FOR OTHER SITES, EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED FOR METHYLATION DIRECTING ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM KEY STUDIES SHOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION: FOR MCHR1, IN PSYCHOSIS CASES VERSUS CONTROLS; FOR AKT1, AS A PRE-EXISTING METHYLATION PATTERN INFLUENCING BRAIN ACTIVATION FOLLOWING ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF A PSYCHOSIS-ELICITING ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULUS; AND FOR TDO2, IN A PATTERN ASSOCIATED WITH A DEVELOPMENTAL FACTOR OF RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS, IN ALL CASES THE PREDICTED EXPRESSION IMPACT BEING HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON LOCATION. METHYLATION INDUCED BY SMOKING, A CONFOUNDING VARIABLE, EXHIBITS AN INTRIGUING PATTERN FOR ALL THREE GENES. FINALLY, HOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION MESHES WITH DARWINIAN PRINCIPLES IS EXAMINED, IN PARTICULAR AS IT RELATES TO THE "FLEXIBLE STEM" THEORY OF EVOLUTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 4198  30 METABOLIC PROFILING DISTINGUISHES THREE SUBTYPES OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. THE CAUSE OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IS INCOMPLETELY DEFINED, AND NO TRULY EFFECTIVE THERAPY EXISTS. HOWEVER, MULTIPLE STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE, HORMONAL DEFICIENCIES, AND HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA. OPTIMIZING METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN A COMPREHENSIVE WAY HAS YIELDED COGNITIVE IMPROVEMENT, BOTH IN SYMPTOMATIC AND ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS. THEREFORE, EXPANDING THE STANDARD LABORATORY EVALUATION IN PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA MAY BE REVEALING. HERE I REPORT THAT METABOLIC PROFILING REVEALS THREE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE SUBTYPES. THE FIRST IS INFLAMMATORY, IN WHICH MARKERS SUCH AS HS-CRP AND GLOBULIN:ALBUMIN RATIO ARE INCREASED. THE SECOND TYPE IS NON-INFLAMMATORY, IN WHICH THESE MARKERS ARE NOT INCREASED, BUT OTHER METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES ARE PRESENT. THE THIRD TYPE IS A VERY DISTINCTIVE CLINICAL ENTITY THAT AFFECTS RELATIVELY YOUNG INDIVIDUALS, EXTENDS BEYOND THE TYPICAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE INITIAL DISTRIBUTION TO AFFECT THE CORTEX WIDELY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY EARLY NON-AMNESTIC FEATURES SUCH AS DYSCALCULIA AND APHASIA, IS OFTEN MISDIAGNOSED OR LABELED ATYPICAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, TYPICALLY AFFECTS APOE4-NEGATIVE INDIVIDUALS, AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH STRIKING ZINC DEFICIENCY. GIVEN THE INVOLVEMENT OF ZINC IN MULTIPLE ALZHEIMER'S-RELATED METABOLIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, ADAM10 PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY, AND HORMONAL SIGNALING, THIS SYNDROME OF ALZHEIMER'S-PLUS WITH LOW ZINC (APLZ) WARRANTS FURTHER METABOLIC, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  705  31 BUILDING RISK-ON-A-CHIP MODELS TO IMPROVE BREAST CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT AND PREVENTION. PREVENTIVE ACTIONS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES HOLD THE PROMISE OF IMPROVING LIVES AND REDUCING HEALTHCARE COSTS. FOR SEVERAL DISEASES, INCLUDING BREAST CANCER, MULTIPLE RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED BY EPIDEMIOLOGISTS. THE IMPACT OF MOST OF THESE FACTORS HAS YET TO BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD AT THE ORGANISM, TISSUE, CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LEVELS. IMPORTANTLY, COMBINATIONS OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS INVOLVE COOPERATIVITY THUS, SYNERGIZING OR ANTAGONIZING DISEASE ONSET. MODELS ARE NEEDED TO MECHANISTICALLY DECIPHER CANCER RISKS UNDER DEFINED CELLULAR AND MICROENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. HERE, WE BRIEFLY REVIEW BREAST CANCER RISK MODELS BASED ON 3D CELL CULTURE AND PROPOSE TO IMPROVE RISK MODELING WITH LAB-ON-A-CHIP APPROACHES. WE SUGGEST EPITHELIAL TISSUE POLARITY, DNA REPAIR AND EPIGENETIC PROFILES AS ENDPOINTS IN RISK ASSESSMENT MODELS AND DISCUSS THE DEVELOPMENT OF 'RISKS-ON-CHIPS' INTEGRATING BIOSENSORS OF THESE ENDPOINTS AND OF GENERAL TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS. RISKS-ON-CHIPS WILL HELP IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS OF RISK, SERVE AS SCREENING PLATFORMS FOR CANCER PREVENTIVE AGENTS, AND PROVIDE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF RISK MECHANISMS, HENCE RESULTING IN NOVEL DEVELOPMENTS IN DISEASE PREVENTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18  761  26 CATEGORIZING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN CARCINOGENS: A NEED FOR SPECIFICITY. THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER (IARC) HAS RECENTLY PROPOSED EMPLOYING "TEN KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN CARCINOGENS" (TKCS) TO DETERMINE THE POTENTIAL OF AGENTS FOR HARMFUL EFFECTS. THE TKCS SEEM LIKELY TO CONFUSE THE UNSATISFACTORY CORRELATION FROM TESTING REGIMES THAT HAVE IGNORED THE DIFFERENCES EVIDENT WHEN CELLULAR CHANGES ARE COMPARED IN SHORT AND LONG-LIVED SPECIES, WITH THEIR VERY DIFFERENT STEM CELL AND SOMATIC CELL PHYLOGENIES. THE PROPOSED CHARACTERISTICS ARE SO BROAD THAT THEIR USE WILL LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN THE CURRENT UNACCEPTABLY HIGH RATE OF FALSE POSITIVES. IT COULD BE AN INFORMATIVE EXPERIMENT TO TAKE WELL-ESTABLISHED APPROVED THERAPEUTICS WITH WELL-KNOWN HUMAN SAFETY PROFILES AND TEST THEM AGAINST THIS NEW TKC PARADIGM. CANCERS ARE INITIATED AND DRIVEN BY HERITABLE AND TRANSIENT CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, EXPAND CLONALLY, AND PROGRESS VIA ADDITIONAL ASSOCIATED ACQUIRED MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT PROVIDE CELLS WITH AN EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE. THE GENOTOXICITY TESTING PROTOCOLS CURRENTLY EMPLOYED AND REQUIRED BY REGULATION, EMPHASIZE TESTING FOR THE MUTATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THE TEST AGENT. TWO-YEAR, CHRONIC RODENT CANCER BIOASSAYS ARE INTENDED TO TEST FOR THE ENTIRE SPECTRUM OF CARCINOGENIC TRANSFORMATION. THE USE OF CYTOTOXIC DOSES CAUSING INCREASED, SUSTAINED CELL PROLIFERATION THAT FACILITATES ACCUMULATED GENETIC DAMAGE LEADS TO A HIGH FALSE-POSITIVE RATE OF TUMOR INDUCTION. CURRENT CANCER HAZARD ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS AND WEIGHT-OF-THE-EVIDENCE ANALYSIS OF AGENT-SPECIFIC CANCER RISK ALIGN POORLY WITH THE PATHOGENESIS OF HUMAN CARCINOMA AND SO NEED MODERNIZATION AND IMPROVEMENT IN WAYS SUGGESTED HERE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19 6464  21 TISSUE MISREPAIR HYPOTHESIS FOR RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS. DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES FOR CHRONIC LEUKEMIA IN A-BOMB SURVIVORS AND LIVER TUMORS IN PATIENTS GIVEN THOROTRAST (COLLOIDAL THORIUM DIOXIDE) SHOW LARGE THRESHOLD EFFECTS. THE EXISTENCE OF THESE THRESHOLD EFFECTS CAN BE EXPLAINED BY THE FOLLOWING HYPOTHESIS. A HIGH DOSE OF RADIATION CAUSES A PERSISTENT WOUND IN A CELL-RENEWABLE TISSUE. DISORDER OF THE INJURED CELL SOCIETY PARTLY FREES THE COMPONENT CELLS FROM TERRITORIAL RESTRAINTS ON THEIR PROLIFERATION, ENABLING THEM TO CONTINUE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR CELLULAR FUNCTIONS TOWARD ADVANCED AUTONOMY. THIS PROGRESSION MIGHT BE ACHIEVED BY CONTINUED EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC CHANGES AS A RESULT OF OCCASIONAL ERRORS IN THE OTHERWISE CONCERTED HEALING ACTION OF VARIOUS ENDOGENOUS FACTORS RECRUITED FOR TISSUE REPAIR. CARCINOGENESIS IS NOT SIMPLY A SINGLE-CELL PROBLEM BUT A CELL-SOCIETY PROBLEM. THEREFORE, IT IS NOT WARRANTED TO ESTIMATE RISK AT LOW DOSES BY LINEAR EXTRAPOLATION FROM CANCER DATA AT HIGH DOSES WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE OF THE MECHANISM OF RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS.	1991	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 4736  27 NOVEL EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS MEDIATING BISPHENOL A EXPOSURE AND METABOLIC PHENOTYPES IN FEMALE MICE. THERE IS COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LINK DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS TO ADULT DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE ASSOCIATED PERINATAL BISPHENOL A (BPA) EXPOSURE TO ALTERED DNA METHYLATION, BUT THESE STUDIES ARE OFTEN LIMITED TO CANDIDATE GENE AND GLOBAL NON-LOCI-SPECIFIC APPROACHES. BY USING AN EPIGENOME-WIDE DISCOVERY PLATFORM, WE ELUCIDATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LIVER TISSUE FROM ADULT MICE OFFSPRING (10 MONTHS) FOLLOWING PERINATAL BPA EXPOSURE AT HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT DOSES (50-NG, 50-MUG, AND 50-MG BPA/KG DIET). BIOLOGICAL PATHWAY ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED AN ENRICHMENT OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS AMONG FEMALES. FURTHERMORE, THROUGH THE USE OF TOP ENRICHED BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, 4 CANDIDATE GENES WERE CHOSEN TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION AS A MEDIATING FACTOR LINKING THE ASSOCIATION OF PERINATAL BPA EXPOSURE TO METABOLIC PHENOTYPES PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN FEMALE OFFSPRING. DNA METHYLATION STATUS AT JANUS KINASE-2 (JAK-2), RETINOID X RECEPTOR (RXR), REGULATORY FACTOR X-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (RFXAP), AND TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN 238 (TMEM238) WAS USED WITHIN A MEDIATIONAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS. DNA METHYLATION IN ALL FOUR OF THE CANDIDATE GENES WAS IDENTIFIED AS A MEDIATOR IN THE MECHANISTIC PATHWAY OF DEVELOPMENTAL BPA EXPOSURE AND FEMALE-SPECIFIC ENERGY EXPENDITURE, BODY WEIGHT, AND BODY FAT PHENOTYPES. DATA GENERATED FROM THIS STUDY ARE CRUCIAL FOR DECIPHERING THE MECHANISTIC ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC-BASED PREVENTION AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR COMPLEX HUMAN DISEASE.	2017