1  863 147 CHROMODOMAIN Y-LIKE PROTEIN-MEDIATED HISTONE CROTONYLATION REGULATES STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIORS. BACKGROUND: MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IS A PREVALENT AND LIFE-THREATENING ILLNESS IN MODERN SOCIETY. THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IS PROFOUNDLY INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS STRESSFUL LIFESTYLE OR TRAUMATIC EVENTS, WHICH COULD IMPOSE MALADAPTIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REMAIN ELUSIVE. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE ROLE OF HISTONE CROTONYLATION, A NOVEL TYPE OF HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND CHROMODOMAIN Y-LIKE PROTEIN (CDYL), A CROTONYL-COENZYME A HYDRATASE AND HISTONE METHYLLYSINE READER, IN THIS PROCESS. METHODS: WE USED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS AND MICRODEFEAT STRESS TO EXAMINE THE DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIORS. IN ADDITION, WE COMBINED PROCEDURES THAT DIAGNOSE BEHAVIORAL STRATEGY IN MALE MICE WITH HISTONE EXTRACTION, VIRAL-MEDIATED CDYL MANIPULATIONS, RNA SEQUENCING, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, WESTERN BLOT, AND MESSENGER RNA QUANTIFICATION. RESULTS: THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE RODENTS EXHIBIT LOWER LEVELS OF HISTONE CROTONYLATION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX CONCURRENT WITH SELECTIVE UPREGULATION OF CDYL. OVEREXPRESSION OF CDYL IN THE PRELIMBIC CORTEX, A SUBREGION OF THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX, INCREASES MICRODEFEAT-INDUCED SOCIAL AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS AND ANHEDONIA IN MICE. CONVERSELY, KNOCKDOWN OF CDYL IN THE PRELIMBIC CORTEX PREVENTS CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. MECHANISTICALLY, WE SHOW THAT CDYL INHIBITS STRUCTURAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY MAINLY BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF NEUROPEPTIDE VGF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR INDUCIBLE, AND THIS ACTIVITY IS DEPENDENT ON ITS DUAL EFFECT ON HISTONE CROTONYLATION AND H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION ON THE VGF PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT CDYL-MEDIATED HISTONE CROTONYLATION PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN REGULATING STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION, PROVIDING A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2 1698  32 DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF EARLY ADOLESCENT STRESS ON DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES AND JMJD3 IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS. AIMS: EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION. JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING 3 (JMJD3), WHICH IS A HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) DEMETHYLASE AND CAN REGULATE MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, HAS BEEN REGARDED AS A CRUCIAL ELEMENT IN THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. FURTHERMORE, RECENT STUDIES HIGHLIGHTED THE FACT THAT LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES INDUCE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND HIGHER JMJD3 EXPRESSION AND LOWER H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN. HOWEVER, WHETHER THE PROCESS OF JMJD3 MEDIATING INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES WAS INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION DUE TO EARLY-LIFE STRESS REMAINED ELUSIVE. METHODS: RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IN ADOLESCENCE WERE USED IN ORDER TO DETECT DYNAMIC ALTERATIONS IN DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES, JMJD3, AND H3K27ME3 IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS. MOREOVER, MINOCYCLINE, AN INHIBITOR OF MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, WAS EMPLOYED TO OBSERVE THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS DURING THE ADOLESCENT PERIOD INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, OVER-EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES, AND INCREASED JMJD3 AND DECREASED H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF BOTH ADOLESCENT AND ADULT RATS. HOWEVER, MINOCYCLINE RELIEVED ALL THE ALTERATIONS. CONCLUSION: THE STUDY REVEALED THAT JMJD3 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS BY MODULATING H3K27ME3 AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS THAT HAD BEEN STRESSED DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3 1331  31 DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. PERSISTENT SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION INDICATE THE ADAPTIVE INVOLVEMENT OF STABLE MOLECULES IN THE BRAIN THAT MAY BE MANIFESTED AT THE LEVEL OF CHROMATIN REMODELING, SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLATION. FORMER STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION IN SEVERAL ANIMAL MODELS ABOUT DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC HISTONE DEACETYLASES RELATED WITH DEPRESSION ARE NEEDED TO BE EXPLORED. HERE, SOCIAL AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS, ANXIETY-, AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE ALL FOUND IN MICE SUFFERED FROM CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. MOREOVER, WE ALSO DISCOVERED THAT THE AMOUNT OF THE CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASE, HDAC7 RATHER THAN HDAC2, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF DEFEATED MICE, WHICH SUGGESTED THAT HDAC7 MIGHT BE A CRUCIAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE IN A CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS MODEL. OUR DATA SHOWED THAT THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. HDAC7 MIGHT BE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR DEPRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4 5974  35 TET1 IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OPPOSES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. DEPRESSION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN, YET CURRENT THERAPIES FULLY TREAT <50% OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. HERE WE EXAMINED A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA DIOXYGENASE, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 1 (TET1), IN DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. WE APPLIED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND EXAMINED TET1 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW DECREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN NAC IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE ONLY. SURPRISINGLY, SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF TET1 IN NAC NEURONS OF ADULT MICE PRODUCED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS. TO IDENTIFY TET1 TARGETS THAT MEDIATE THESE ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED RNASEQ ON NAC AFTER CONDITIONAL DELETION OF TET1 AND FOUND THAT IMMUNE-RELATED GENES ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DYSREGULATED. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE GENES ARE ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF RESILIENT MICE AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL A NOVEL ROLE FOR TET1, AN ENZYME IMPORTANT FOR DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD CIRCUITRY IN MODULATING STRESS RESPONSES IN MICE. WE ALSO IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY TET1 IN THIS CIRCUITRY. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION, WHICH CAN AID IN FUTURE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG DISCOVERY EFFORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5 1614  40 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A IS INVOLVED IN THE SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS ON SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND BEHAVIORS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN STRESS-ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS TO BE ELUCIDATED ABOUT THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND ITS CATALYZING ENZYMES, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IN THIS PROCESS. HERE, WE FOUND THAT MALE RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC (2-WEEK) UNPREDICTABLE STRESS EXHIBITED A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION OF DNMT3A AFTER STRESS CESSATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), A KEY TARGET REGION OF STRESS. TREATMENT OF UNSTRESSED CONTROL RATS WITH DNMT INHIBITORS RECAPITULATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS ON DECREASED AMPAR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN PFC. IN CONTRAST, OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3A IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS PREVENTED THE LOSS OF GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES. MOREOVER, THE STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING THE IMPAIRED RECOGNITION MEMORY, HEIGHTENED AGGRESSION, AND HYPERLOCOMOTION, WERE PARTIALLY ATTENUATED BY DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS. FINALLY, WE FOUND THAT THERE WERE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATIONS IN PFC OF STRESSED RATS, BOTH OF WHICH WERE ENRICHED AT SEVERAL NEURAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE AND MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING. THESE RESULTS HAVE THEREFORE RECOGNIZED THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN STRESS-INDUCED DISTURBANCE OF SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6 3341  30 HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 IS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VIA HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY MODIFICATION. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS UPREGULATES BLOOD GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS AND IMPAIRS COGNITION VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLATION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION CAN LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MANY PROTEINS INVOLVED IN COGNITION AND MAY ALSO CAUSE LEARNING AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE?2 (HDAC2) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO EPIGENETICALLY BLOCK COGNITION VIA A REDUCTION IN THE HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL; HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER HDAC2 IS INVOLVED IN THE COGNITIVE DECLINE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. TO THE BEST OF AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTEROID UPREGULATE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN NEURO?2A CELLS AND CAUSE CELL INJURIES. HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT AMELIORATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN N2A CELLS VIA THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS IN THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3?KINASE/PROTEIN KINASE B SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN 12?MONTH?OLD FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE UNDER CHRONIC STRESS IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT HDAC2 MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEGATIVE REGULATOR INVOLVED IN CHRONIC STRESS?INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7 4299  41 MICRORNA-15B CONTRIBUTES TO DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN MICE BY AFFECTING SYNAPTIC PROTEIN LEVELS AND FUNCTION IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. MAJOR DEPRESSION IS A PREVALENT AFFECTIVE DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT LOW MOOD. IT PRESUMABLY RESULTS FROM STRESS-INDUCED DETERIORATIONS OF MOLECULAR NETWORKS AND SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS IN BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITS OF GENETICALLY-SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS THROUGH EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. EPIGENETIC REGULATOR MICRORNA-15B INHIBITS NEURONAL PROGENITOR PROLIFERATION AND IS UP-REGULATED IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF MICE THAT DEMONSTRATE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR, INDICATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF MICRORNA-15 TO MAJOR DEPRESSION. USING A MOUSE MODEL OF MAJOR DEPRESSION INDUCED BY CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS), HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF MICRORNA-15B ON SYNAPSES AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF THESE MICE. THE APPLICATION OF A MICRORNA-15B ANTAGOMIR INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE INCIDENCE OF CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSION AND REVERSED THE ATTENUATIONS OF EXCITATORY SYNAPSE AND SYNTAXIN-BINDING PROTEIN 3 (STXBP3A)/VESICLE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 (VAMP1) EXPRESSION. IN CONTRAST, THE INJECTION OF A MICRORNA-15B ANALOG INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS ATTENUATED EXCITATORY SYNAPSES AND STXBP3A/VAMP1 EXPRESSION SIMILAR TO THE DOWN-REGULATION OF THESE PROCESSES INDUCED BY THE CUMS. WE CONCLUDE THAT MICRORNA-15B-5P MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION BY DECREASING SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INNERVATIONS, AND ACTIVITIES IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. WE PROPOSE THAT THE TREATMENT OF ANTI-MICRORNA-15B-5P MAY CONVERT STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION INTO RESILIENCE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8 5624  28 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9 2280  37 EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DRUG ADDICTION. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS AND GENES HAS NOW TAKEN ON A CLEAR MOLECULAR FORM AS DEMONSTRATED BY STABLE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. THESE CHANGES OCCUR THROUGH ACTIVATION OR REPRESSION OF SPECIFIC GENE PROGRAMMES BY A COMBINATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELLING, ACTIVATION AND ENZYMATIC MODIFICATION OF DNA AND HISTONES AS WELL AS NUCLEOSOMAL SUBUNIT EXCHANGE. RECENT RESEARCH INVESTIGATING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING DRUG-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY HAS SHOWN A DIRECT ROLE FOR CHROMATIN REMODELLING--TERMED AS EPIGENETIC REGULATION--OF NEURONAL GENE PROGRAMMES AND SUBSEQUENT ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR ARISING FROM IT. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT REPEATED EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN DRUGS PROMOTES CHANGES IN LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AND METHYLATION, TOGETHER WITH ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN REWARD CENTRE, LOCALISED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) REGION OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM. THE COMBINATION OF ACETYLATING, PHOSPHORYLATING AND METHYLATING H3 AND H4 HISTONE TAILS ALTER CHROMATIN COMPACTION THEREBY PROMOTING ALTERED LEVELS OF CELLULAR GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH WEAKEN HISTONE INTERACTION WITH DNA OR THAT PROMOTE RECRUITMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATING COMPLEXES, CORRELATE WITH PERMISSIVE GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION, (WHICH STRENGTHEN HISTONE: DNA CONTACTS), OR HISTONE METHYLATION, (WHICH RECRUITS REPRESSIVE COMPLEXES TO CHROMATIN), PROMOTE A STATE OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. USING ANIMAL MODELS, ACUTE COCAINE TREATMENT INCREASES H4 ACETYLATION AT ACUTELY REGULATED GENE PROMOTERS, WHEREAS H3 ACETYLATION APPEARS TO PREDOMINATE AT CHRONICALLY INDUCED PROMOTERS. CHRONIC COCAINE AND ALCOHOL TREATMENT ACTIVATE AND REPRESS MANY GENES SUCH AS FOSB, CDK5, AND BDNF, WHERE THEIR DYSREGULATION, AT THE CHROMATIN LEVEL, CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ADDICTION. FOLLOWING DRUG EXPOSURE, IT IS STILL UNKNOWN, HOWVER, HOW LONG THESE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE PERSIST IN AFFECTING NEURONAL FUNCTION, BUT SOME DO SO FOR LIFE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10 1808  45 EFFECTS OF ADOLESCENT SOCIAL STRESS AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY AND BDNF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE MPFC OF ADULT MICE. ADOLESCENT SOCIAL STRESS (ASS) CAN INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEURAL MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. CORTICALLY MEDIATED COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS ARE INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR OF DEPRESSION. USING SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, A CLASSICAL ANIMAL MODEL OF DEPRESSION, OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES FOUND THAT MICE SUBJECTED TO THIS FORM OF STRESS DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE DISPLAYED COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY (CI) IN ADULTHOOD. THIS CHANGE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC); THIS GENE ENCODES A KEY MOLECULE INVOLVED IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. IN THE PRESENT PAPER, WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES. ASS INDUCED A SET OF DEPRESSIVE PHENOTYPES, INCLUDING INCREASED SOCIAL AVOIDANCE AND CI, AS WELL AS REDUCED LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF AND ISOFORM IV BUT NOT ISOFORM I OR VI TRANSCRIPTS IN THE MPFC. IN PARALLEL WITH CHANGES IN BDNF GENE EXPRESSION, PREVIOUSLY STRESSED ADULT MICE SHOWED INCREASED LEVELS OF DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K9 (H3K9ME2) IMMEDIATELY DOWNSTREAM OF THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. ON THE OTHER HAND, NO DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K4 (H3K4ME3) OR IN ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K9 (H3K9AC) OR AT K4 (H3K4AC) IN THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. LIKEWISE, NO ALTERATIONS WERE FOUND IN DNA METHYLATION OF THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. ADDITIONALLY, TREATMENT WITH THE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TRANYLCYPROMINE REVERSED BDNF EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND RELATED GENE TRANSCRIPTION WHILE ALSO REVERSING CI, BUT NOT SOCIAL AVOIDANCE, IN PREVIOUSLY STRESSED ADULT MICE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO THE BDNF GENE IN THE MPFC AFTER ADOLESCENT SOCIAL ADVERSITY MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION IN ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11 5712  41 SIRT1 MEDIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. DEPRESSION IS A RECURRING AND LIFE-THREATENING ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS UP TO 120 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MODEL OF DEPRESSION IN MICE, INCREASES SIRT1 LEVELS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. INCREASES IN SIRT1, A WELL CHARACTERIZED CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT SUGGEST A ROLE FOR THIS ENZYME IN MEDIATING DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. WHEN RESVERATROL, A PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVATOR OF SIRT1, WAS DIRECTLY INFUSED BILATERALLY INTO THE NAC, WE OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. CONVERSELY, INTRA-NAC INFUSIONS OF EX-527, A SIRT1 ANTAGONIST, REDUCED THESE BEHAVIORS; EX-527 ALSO REDUCED ACUTE STRESS RESPONSES IN STRESS-NAIVE MICE. NEXT, WE INCREASED SIRT1 LEVELS DIRECTLY IN NAC BY USE OF VIRAL-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DEPRESSIVE- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WHEN MICE WERE ASSESSED IN THE OPEN-FIELD, ELEVATED-PLUS-MAZE, AND FORCED SWIM TESTS. USING A CRE-INDUCIBLE VIRAL VECTOR SYSTEM TO OVEREXPRESS SIRT1 SELECTIVELY IN DOPAMINE D1 OR D2 SUBPOPULATIONS OF MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS (MSNS) IN THE NAC, WE FOUND THAT SIRT1 PROMOTES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS ONLY WHEN OVEREXPRESSED IN D1 MSNS, WITH NO EFFECT SEEN IN D2 MSNS. CONVERSELY, SELECTIVE ABLATION OF SIRT1 IN THE NAC USING VIRAL-CRE IN FLOXED SIRT1 MICE RESULTED IN DECREASED DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT SIRT1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE NAC IN REGULATING MOOD-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES AND IDENTIFIES A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANTS TO TREAT MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: IN THIS STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATE A PIVOTAL ROLE FOR SIRT1 IN ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW THAT STRESS STABLY INDUCES SIRT1 EXPRESSION IN THIS BRAIN REGION AND THAT ALTERING SIRT1 ACTIVITY USING A PHARMACOLOGICAL OR GENETIC APPROACH REGULATES ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN REGULATING MOOD-RELATED BEHAVIORS AND INTRODUCES A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANTS TO TREAT DEPRESSION AND OTHER STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS. A RECENT GROUNDBREAKING PUBLICATION BY THE CONVERGE CONSORTIUM (2015) IDENTIFIED A REPRODUCIBLE ASSOCIATION OF THE SIRT1 LOCUS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION IN HUMANS. THEREFORE, OUR RESULTS ARE TIMELY AND HAVE SIGNIFICANT TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12 5820  33 STRESS DYNAMICALLY REGULATES BEHAVIOR AND GLUTAMATERGIC GENE EXPRESSION IN HIPPOCAMPUS BY OPENING A WINDOW OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY. EXCITATORY AMINO ACIDS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN BOTH ADAPTIVE AND DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF STRESSORS ON THE BRAIN, AND DYSREGULATED GLUTAMATE HOMEOSTASIS HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHIATRIC AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. HERE, WE ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A HISTORY OF CHRONIC STRESS AND FAMILIAR AND NOVEL ACUTE STRESSORS THAT ALTER EXPRESSION OF ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT ACUTE RESTRAINT AND ACUTE FORCED SWIM STRESSORS INDUCE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON THESE BEHAVIORS IN NAIVE MICE AND IN MICE WITH A HISTORY OF CHRONIC-RESTRAINT STRESS (CRS). THEY REVEAL A KEY ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC UP- AND DOWN-REGULATION OF THE PUTATIVE PRESYNAPTIC TYPE 2 METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE (MGLU2) RECEPTORS AND THE POSTSYNAPTIC NR1/NMDA RECEPTORS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARTICULARLY IN THE DENTATE GYRUS (DG), A REGION OF ACTIVE NEUROGENESIS AND A TARGET OF ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT. WE SHOW CHANGES IN DG LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP) THAT PARALLEL BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES, WITH HABITUATION TO THE SAME ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESSOR AND SENSITIZATION TO A NOVEL FORCED-SWIM STRESSOR. IN WT MICE AFTER CRS AND IN UNSTRESSED MICE WITH A BDNF LOSS-OF-FUNCTION ALLELE (BDNF VAL66MET), WE SHOW THAT THE EPIGENETIC ACTIVATOR OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, P300, PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE DYNAMIC UP- AND DOWN-REGULATION OF MGLU2 IN HIPPOCAMPUS VIA HISTONE-3-LYSINE-27-ACETYLATION (H3K27AC) WHEN ACUTE STRESSORS ARE APPLIED. THESE HIPPOCAMPAL RESPONSES REVEAL A WINDOW OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY THAT MAY BE USEFUL FOR TREATMENT OF DISORDERS IN WHICH GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION IS DYSREGULATED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 3363  40 HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES OF JMJD2 OR KDM4 FAMILY ARE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN REWARD CIRCUITRY IN THE ETIOPATHOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) IS DEBILITATING MENTAL ILLNESS AND IS ONE OF THE LEADING CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE, BUT UNFORTUNATELY NEWER AND BETTER DRUGS ARE NOT FORTHCOMING. THE REASON IS LACK OF COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DISORDER. RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS DYSREGULATION IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS, PARTICULARLY THE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSIVE DI- AND TRI-METHYLATION OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9ME2/ME3) IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A CRITICAL REGION OF THE REWARD PATHWAY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANHEDONIA, THE HALLMARK OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES, WHICH CAN REMOVE METHYLATION FROM H3K9, IN PARTICULAR JUMONJI DOMAIN CONTAINING DEMETHYLASES 2 OR JMJD2 FAMILY, HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED. USING SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS-INDUCED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION, THIS STUDY UNCOVERED THAT TRANSCRIPTS OF MOST OF THE JMJD2 MEMBERS WERE UNCHANGED AFTER 5 DAYS OF DEFEAT DURING THE ONSET OF DEPRESSION, BUT WERE DOWNREGULATED AFTER 10 DAYS OF DEFEAT IN FULL-BLOWN DEPRESSION. BLOCKING THE JUMONJI DOMAIN CONTAINING DEMETHYLASES BY CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF INHIBITORS DIMETHYLOXALYLGLYCINE (DMOG) AND ML324 RESULTED IN DEPRESSION-LIKE PHENOTYPE EVEN IN ABSENCE OF STRESS EXPOSURE, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MARKS H3K9ME2/ME3 IN NAC, CAUSING ALTERED NEUROPLASTIC CHANGES AS REPORTED IN NAC IN DEPRESSION MODELS. THUS, WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT JMJD2 CLASS DEMETHYLASES ARE CRITICAL EPIGENETIC REGULATORS INVOLVED IN ETIOPATHOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND RELATED DISORDERS AND ACTIVATION OF THESE DEMETHYLASES CAN BE A GOOD STRATEGY IN THE TREATMENT OF MDD AND RELATED PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14 4173  28 MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE RAT BRAIN. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN MOUSE NEURAL STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ROLE FOR THIS PLEIOTROPIC HORMONE. TO SUPPORT SUCH A ROLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MELATONIN PRODUCES SIMILAR EFFECTS IN VIVO. HISTONE ACETYLATION, FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MELATONIN (4MUG/ML IN DRINKING WATER FOR 17 DAYS), WAS EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN SELECTED RAT BRAIN REGIONS. MELATONIN INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HISTONE H4 WAS ALSO HYPERACETYLATED IN THE STRIATUM, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THIS BRAIN REGION. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ACETYLATION OF EITHER HISTONE H3 OR H4 WERE OBSERVED IN THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM. AN EXAMINATION OF KINASE ACTIVATION, WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THESE CHANGES, REVEALED THAT MELATONIN TREATMENT INCREASED THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHO-ERK (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND STRIATUM, BUT PHOSPHO-AKT (PROTEIN KINASE B) LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLIE THE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15 6801  51 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017	

16 3952  30 LOCUS-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC REMODELING CONTROLS ADDICTION- AND DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO DRUGS OF ABUSE OR STRESS REGULATES TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYMES AND HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN DISCRETE BRAIN REGIONS. GIVEN THE PROMISCUITY OF THE ENZYMES INVOLVED, IT HAS NOT YET BEEN POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN DIRECT CAUSAL EVIDENCE TO IMPLICATE THE REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND CONSEQUENT BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY BY CHROMATIN REMODELING THAT OCCURS AT A SINGLE GENE. WE INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM LINKING CHROMATIN DYNAMICS TO NEUROBIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA BY APPLYING ENGINEERED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO SELECTIVELY MODIFY CHROMATIN AT A SPECIFIC MOUSE GENE IN VIVO. WE FOUND THAT HISTONE METHYLATION OR ACETYLATION AT THE FOSB LOCUS IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BRAIN REWARD REGION, WAS SUFFICIENT TO CONTROL DRUG- AND STRESS-EVOKED TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES VIA INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENDOGENOUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY. THIS APPROACH ALLOWED US TO RELATE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE AT A GIVEN GENE DIRECTLY TO REGULATION OF ITS EXPRESSION AND TO ITS SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS ON REWARD BEHAVIOR.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17 4643  31 NEUROPATHIC PAIN AS A TRIGGER FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN LIMBIC CIRCUITRY. CHRONIC PAIN INVOLVES BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NEURONAL PLASTICITY THAT ENCOMPASSES CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL NOCICEPTORS. WITHIN THE FOREBRAIN, MESOCORTICOLIMBIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL REGULATION HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXHIBIT LASTING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW SUCH ENDURING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MIGHT BE REGULATED WITHIN BRAIN STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSING OF PAIN OR AFFECT, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED WITH ACTIVE OR PERMISSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES (HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 MONO AND TRIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION) IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY (PAG), LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) 5 WEEKS AFTER SCIATIC NERVE INJURY IN MICE TO MODEL CHRONIC PAIN. FOR BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MICE IN CHRONIC PAIN, WE OBSERVED AN OVERALL TREND FOR A REDUCTION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, LH, AND NAC, BUT NOT VTA. MOREOVER, WE DISCOVERED THAT SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS EXHIBITED CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HISTORY, WHILE OTHERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY. WHEN TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY LEADS TO CHRONIC CHROMATIN-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN KEY LIMBIC BRAIN STRUCTURES AND CIRCUITS, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE ENDURING CHANGES IN PAIN PROCESSING AND SENSITIVITY WITHIN THESE SYSTEMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18 5709  46 SIRT1 DECREASES EMOTIONAL PAIN VULNERABILITY WITH ASSOCIATED CAMKIIALPHA DEACETYLATION IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA. EMOTIONAL DISORDERS ARE COMMON COMORBID CONDITIONS THAT FURTHER EXACERBATE THE SEVERITY AND CHRONICITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, INDIVIDUALS SHOW CONSIDERABLE VULNERABILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN UNDER SIMILAR PAIN CONDITIONS. IN THIS STUDY ON MALE RAT AND MOUSE MODELS OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WE IDENTIFY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA AS A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT CONTROLS THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBID EMOTIONAL DISORDERS UNDERLYING THE INDIVIDUAL VULNERABILITY TO CHRONIC PAIN. WE FOUND THAT ANIMALS THAT WERE VULNERABLE TO DEVELOPING BEHAVIORS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION UNDER THE PAIN CONDITION DISPLAYED REDUCED SIRT1 PROTEIN LEVELS IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA, BUT NOT THOSE ANIMALS RESISTANT TO THE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. VIRAL OVEREXPRESSION OF LOCAL SIRT1 REVERSED THIS VULNERABILITY, BUT VIRAL KNOCKDOWN OF LOCAL SIRT1 MIMICKED THE PAIN EFFECT, ELICITING THE PAIN VULNERABILITY IN PAIN-FREE ANIMALS. THE SIRT1 ACTION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CAMKIIALPHA DOWNREGULATION AND DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA, SIRT1 FUNCTIONS TO GUARD AGAINST THE EMOTIONAL PAIN VULNERABILITY UNDER CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. THIS STUDY INDICATES THAT SIRT1 MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC MOLECULE FOR INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN WITH VULNERABLE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT CHRONIC PAIN IS A PREVALENT NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AT PRESENT. PAIN PATIENTS DISPLAY CONSIDERABLY VARIABLE VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOPING CHRONIC PAIN, INDICATING INDIVIDUAL-BASED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE PAIN VULNERABILITY, WHICH IS HARDLY ADDRESSED IN CURRENT PRECLINICAL RESEARCH. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) AS A KEY REGULATOR THAT CONTROLS THIS PAIN VULNERABILITY. THIS STUDY REVEALS THAT THE SIRT1-CAMKIIAALPHA PATHWAY IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA ACTS AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THAT GUARDS AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBID EMOTIONAL DISORDERS UNDER CHRONIC PAIN, AND THAT ITS DYSFUNCTION CAUSES INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 ACTIVATORS MAY BE USED IN A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR INDIVIDUAL-BASED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19 5007  28 PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC, REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOUSE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MANY CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS INCLUDING LOW BACK PAIN AND FIBROMYALGIA. THE MAGNITUDE OF THESE CHANGES CORRELATES WITH THE DURATION AND/OR THE INTENSITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES REPORT CHANGES IN COMMON AREAS INVOLVED IN PAIN MODULATION, INCLUDING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), AND PAIN-RELATED PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE PFC CAN BE REVERSED WITH EFFECTIVE TREATMENT. WHILE THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE CHANGES ARE UNKNOWN, THEY MUST BE DYNAMICALLY REGULATED. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT IS REVERSIBLE AND DYNAMIC. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PATHOLOGICAL GENE EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. DNA METHYLATION MIGHT ALSO BE INVOLVED IN MEDIATING THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN IN THE BRAIN. WE THEREFORE TESTED A) WHETHER ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION ARE FOUND IN THE BRAIN LONG AFTER CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS INDUCED IN THE PERIPHERY USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY MODAL AND B) WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY INTERVENTIONS THAT REVERSE THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. SIX MONTHS FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, ABNORMAL SENSORY THRESHOLDS AND INCREASED ANXIETY WERE ACCOMPANIED BY DECREASED GLOBAL METHYLATION IN THE PFC AND THE AMYGDALA BUT NOT IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OR THE THALAMUS. ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ATTENUATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY AND REVERSED THE CHANGES IN GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH MECHANICAL AND THERMAL SENSITIVITY IN NEUROPATHIC MICE. IN SUMMARY, INDUCTION OF CHRONIC PAIN BY PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. THESE CHANGES ARE DETECTED LONG AFTER THE ORIGINAL INJURY, AT A LONG DISTANCE FROM THE SITE OF INJURY AND ARE REVERSIBLE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATION. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS MAY THEREFORE BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20 5019  33 PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN IS LINKED WITH ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, INCREASED BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE, AND REDUCED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE RAT AMYGDALA. CHRONIC PAIN INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING ANXIETY, WITH LIMBIC AREAS BEING LIKELY NEUROLOGICAL SUBSTRATES. DESPITE HIGH CLINICAL RELEVANCE, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE PRECISE BEHAVIORAL, HORMONAL, AND BRAIN NEUROPLASTIC CORRELATES OF ANXIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF PERSISTENT PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT DECREASED NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS IN CHRONIC PAIN MODELS ARE PARALLELED BY ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN RATS, BUT THERE ARE CONFLICTING IDEAS REGARDING ITS EFFECTS ON THE STRESS RESPONSE AND CIRCULATING CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS. EVEN LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE BRAIN ENCODES PAIN-RELATED ANXIETY. THIS STUDY EXAMINES HOW PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN IN A RAT MODEL WOULD IMPACT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND CORTICOSTERONE RELEASE, AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES WOULD BE REFLECTED IN LEVELS OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BRAIN AREAS INVOLVED IN STRESS REGULATION. COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) OR SALINE WAS ADMINISTERED IN THE RIGHT HINDPAW OF ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS. BEHAVIORAL TESTING INCLUDED THE MEASUREMENT OF NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS (DIGITAL ANESTHESIOMETER), MOTOR FUNCTION (OPEN FIELD TEST), AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS (ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND THE DARK-LIGHT BOX TEST). CORTICOSTERONE WAS MEASURED VIA RADIOIMMUNOASSAY. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION (ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY) AS WELL AS DNMT3A LEVELS (WESTERN BLOTTING) WERE QUANTIFIED IN THE AMYGDALA, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS. CFA ADMINISTRATION RESULTED IN PERSISTENT REDUCTION IN NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLD IN THE ABSENCE OF LOCOMOTOR ABNORMALITIES. INCREASED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE OBSERVED IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS 10 DAYS AFTER PAIN INDUCTION. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS DECREASED IN THE AMYGDALA, WITH NO CHANGES IN DNMT3A ABUNDANCE IN ANY OF THE REGIONS EXAMINED. PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN PROMOTES ANXIETY -LIKE BEHAVIORS, HPA AXIS ACTIVATION, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA. THESE FINDINGS DESCRIBE A MOLECULAR MECHANISM THAT LINKS PAIN AND STRESS IN A WELL-CHARACTERIZED RODENT MODEL.	2022