1  852 176 CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) AND CARRIES A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESIS OF CCA IN PSC IS LARGELY UNKNOWN, INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN CARCINOGENESIS CONCOMITANT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE UNDERLYING FACTORS. THE MAJORITY OF CCA CASES DEVELOP FROM A DOMINANT STRICTURE (DS), WHICH IS DEFINED AS A STRICTURE WITH A DIAMETER < 1.5 MM IN THE COMMON BILE DUCT OR < 1.0 MM IN THE HEPATIC DUCT. IN PSC PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ABRUPT AGGRAVATION OF JAUNDICE, PAIN, FATIGUE, PRURITUS, WEIGHT LOSS, OR WORSENING LIVER BIOCHEMISTRIES, CCA SHOULD BE SUSPECTED AND EVALUATED UTILIZING A VARIETY OF DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES. HOWEVER, EARLY RECOGNITION OF CCA IN PSC REMAINS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. IMPORTANTLY, 30-50% OF CCA IN PSC PATIENTS ARE OBSERVED WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR FOLLOWING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PSC FOLLOWED BY AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE RANGING FROM 0.5 TO 1.5 PER 100 PERSONS, WHICH IS NEARLY 10 TO 1000 TIMES HIGHER THAN THAT IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. CUMULATIVE 5-YEAR, 10-YEAR, AND LIFETIME INCIDENCES ARE 7%, 8-11%, AND 9-20%, RESPECTIVELY. WHEN PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS DIAGNOSED, MOST TUMORS ARE UNRESECTABLE, AND NO EFFECTIVE MEDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. GIVEN THE POOR THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME, THE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF PSC PATIENTS WHO ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA ARE OF IMPORTANCE. SUCH PATIENTS INCLUDE OLDER MALES WITH LARGE-DUCT PSC AND POSSIBLY CONCURRENT ULCERATIVE COLITIS. THUS, MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO PATIENTS WITH THESE CLINICAL FEATURES, IN PARTICULAR WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR AFTER PSC DIAGNOSIS. IN CONTRAST, CCA IS LESS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PEDIATRIC OR FEMALE PSC PATIENTS OR IN THOSE WITH SMALL-DUCT PSC OR CONCURRENT CROHN'S DISEASE. RECENTLY, NEW BIOMARKERS SUCH AS ANTIBODIES TO GLYCOPROTEIN 2 HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA IN PSC. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE LITERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS, INCIDENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND RISK FACTORS, WITH A FOCUS ON VARIOUS DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2 2936  52 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS-ASSOCIATED CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) IS A CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY, CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE BILIARY TREE WITH SUBSEQUENT FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER. PATIENTS WITH PSC ARE AT INCREASED RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA), A HIGHLY MALIGNANT EPITHELIAL TUMOR ARISING FROM THE INTRAHEPATIC AND EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS. CURRENTLY, ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IS THE ONLY CURATIVE TREATMENT. THE LACK OF EFFICIENT DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR EARLY DETECTION AND THE LIMITED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS FOR CCA ARE MAJOR PROBLEMS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL. THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS COMPLEX AND POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IT SEEMS THAT PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE CARCINOGENIC PROCESS. THE MAPPING OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY ELUCIDATE MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT MAY BE APPLIED AS BIOMARKERS TO FACILITATE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF MALIGNANT DEGENERATION TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOME. IN THE LAST DECADE, THE INTRODUCTION OF SEVERAL NOVEL MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE FOR GENOME-WIDE SCREENING HAS ADVANCED OUR KNOWLEDGE ON MANY OF THE GENETIC ABNORMALITIES THAT ARE PREVALENT IN CCA AND PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, WHICH HAVE IMPORTANT POTENTIAL FOR CLINICAL APPLICATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3 6653  34 UPDATE ON PANCREATIC CANCER AND ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED RISK. DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS IS CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, WITH AN OVERALL 5-YEAR SURVIVAL OF <4%. BECAUSE CONVENTIONAL AND SPECIFICALLY TAILORED THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS HAVE LITTLE IMPACT ON PATIENT SURVIVAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH AIMS AT IDENTIFYING AND REDUCING RISK FACTORS. CIGARETTE SMOKING, OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS ARE AMENABLE TO MEDICAL PREVENTION OR THERAPY. HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS AN INCONSISTENT SINGLE RISK FACTOR FOR PANCREATIC CANCER BUT MAY PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS BY INCREASING THE RISK OF DIABETES MELLITUS OR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. FOR VARIOUS AGENTS, THE KEY CARCINOGENIC EFFECT IS PROBABLY AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE PANCREATIC TISSUE. ON THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, MUTATIONS OF ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, AS WELL AS VARIOUS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS OVEREXPRESSION OF GROWTH FACTORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS, ARE IMPORTANT IN TUMORIGENESIS. COMPLETE AND SAFE SURGICAL RESECTION, TOGETHER WITH ADJUVANT THERAPY, OFFERS PROLONGED SURVIVAL, WITH 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES OF APPROXIMATELY 25%. HOWEVER, FOR UNRESECTABLE OR DISSEMINATED DISEASE, WHICH CONSTITUTES THE VAST MAJORITY OF CASES, TREATMENT IS PALLIATIVE. DESPITE INCREASING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF PANCREATIC CANCER AND DESPITE ADVANCES IN TREATMENT, THE OVERALL COURSE OF THE DISEASE IS DISMAL, AND REINFORCED EFFORTS TO REDUCE INCIDENCE AND IMPROVE OUTCOME ARE NEEDED DESPERATELY.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4 1972  38 EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (REVIEW). CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS A HIGHLY LETHAL MALIGNANT TUMOR ARISING FROM THE BILIARY TRACT EPITHELIUM. CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, INCLUDING PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS, LIVER FLUKE INFESTATION, AND HEPATOLITHIASIS, ARE CONSIDERED RISK FACTORS, BUT THE CAUSE IS STILL UNKNOWN IN MOST CASES. RECENT ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION, IN THE PROCESS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOGENESIS. MORE RECENTLY, RESEARCH INTEREST HAS BEEN FOCUSING ON MICRORNA (MIR), A MAJOR SUBTYPE OF NON-CODING RNA. MIR IS HIGHLY CONSERVED AMONG SPECIES AND REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC TARGET GENES BY BINDING TO THE 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS OF MESSENGER RNA. THE NUMBER OF STUDIES ON A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN MIR AND VARIOUS CANCERS IS GROWING. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE GENES CURRENTLY KNOWN TO BE HYPERMETHYLATED IN CCA AND THEIR PUTATIVE ROLES IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOGENESIS. THE EPIGENETIC ROLE OF MIR IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CCA IS ALSO DISCUSSED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5 4594  42 NATURAL HISTORY AND LONG-TERM CLINICAL COURSE OF CROHN'S DISEASE. CROHN'S DISEASE IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE PROCESS INVOLVING DIFFERENT SITES IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. OCCASIONALLY, SO-CALLED METASTATIC DISEASE OCCURS IN EXTRA-INTESTINAL SITES. GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION MAY BE DETECTED IN ENDOSCOPIC BIOPSIES OR RESECTED TISSUES. GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS APPEAR TO PLAY A ROLE. MULTIPLE SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN BOTH FAMILIAL AND NON-FAMILIAL FORMS WHILE THE DISEASE IS PHENOTYPICALLY HETEROGENEOUS WITH A FEMALE PREDOMINANCE. THE DISORDER OCCURS OVER A BROAD AGE SPECTRUM, FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD TO LATE ADULTHOOD. MORE THAN 80% ARE DIAGNOSED BEFORE AGE 40 YEARS USUALLY WITH TERMINAL ILEAL AND COLONIC INVOLVEMENT. PEDIATRIC-ONSET DISEASE IS MORE SEVERE AND MORE EXTENSIVE, USUALLY WITH A HIGHER CHANCE OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DISEASE, COMPARED TO ADULT-ONSET DISEASE. LONG-TERM STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE DISORDER MAY EVOLVE WITH TIME INTO MORE COMPLEX DISEASE WITH STRICTURE FORMATION AND PENETRATING DISEASE COMPLICATIONS (I.E., FISTULA, ABSCESS). ALTHOUGH PROLONGED REMISSION MAY OCCUR, DISCRETE PERIODS OF SYMPTOMATIC DISEASE MAY RE-APPEAR OVER MANY DECADES SUGGESTING RECURRENCE OR RE-ACTIVATION OF THIS INFLAMMATORY PROCESS. EVENTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF A CURE WILL LIKELY DEPEND ON IDENTIFICATION OF AN ETIOLOGIC CAUSE AND A FUNDAMENTAL UNDERSTANDING OF ITS PATHOGENESIS. UNTIL NOW, TREATMENT HAS FOCUSED ON REMOVING RISK FACTORS, PARTICULARLY CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND IMPROVING SYMPTOMS. IN CLINICAL TRIALS, CLINICAL REMISSION IS LARGELY DEFINED AS IMPROVED NUMERICAL AND ENDOSCOPIC INDICES FOR "MUCOSAL HEALING". "DEEP REMISSION" IS A CONCEPTUAL, MORE "EXTENDED" GOAL THAT MAY OR MAY NOT ALTER THE LONG-TERM NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE IN SELECTED PATIENTS, ALBEIT AT A SIGNIFICANT RISK FOR TREATMENT COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING SERIOUS AND UNUSUAL OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6 3793  42 INTERLEUKIN-22 IN ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS AND BEYOND. ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS (AH) IS A CLINICAL SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY JAUNDICE AND PROGRESSIVE INFLAMMATORY LIVER INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF PROLONGED PERIODS OF EXCESS ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND RECENT HEAVY ALCOHOL ABUSE. SEVERE AH IS A LIFE-THREATENING FORM OF ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED LIVER DISEASE WITH A HIGH SHORT-TERM MORTALITY RATE AROUND 30-50% AT ONE MONTH FROM THE INITIAL PRESENTATION. A LARGE NUMBER OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, METABOLIC PATHWAYS, TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF AH. SEVERAL FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LIVER FAILURE AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AH INCLUDING HEPATOCYTE DEATH, INFLAMMATION, AND IMPAIRED LIVER REGENERATION. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESES OF AH HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY INVESTIGATED AND MANY THERAPEUTIC TARGETS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED OVER THE LAST FIVE DECADES, NO NEW DRUGS FOR AH HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS INTERLEUKIN-22 (IL-22) BIOLOGY AND ITS ROLES OF ANTI-APOPTOSIS, ANTI-FIBROSIS, ANTI-OXIDATION, ANTI-BACTERIAL INFECTION AND REGENERATIVE STIMULATION IN PROTECTING AGAINST LIVER INJURY IN MANY PRECLINICAL MODELS INCLUDING SEVERAL RECENTLY DEVELOPED MODELS SUCH AS CHRONIC-PLUS-BINGE ETHANOL FEEDING, ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE, C-X-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE LIGAND 1 PLUS HIGH-FAT DIET-INDUCED NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS. FINALLY, CLINICAL TRIALS OF IL-22 FOR THE TREATMENT OF AH ARE ALSO DISCUSSED, WHICH SHOWED SOME PROMISING BENEFITS FOR AH PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7 5787  43 SPUTUM ANALYSIS: NON-INVASIVE EARLY LUNG CANCER DETECTION. LUNG CANCER IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS OVER THE WORLD, CHARACTERIZED BY A VERY HIGH MORTALITY RATE. MOLECULAR TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT TRIES TO FOCUS ON EARLY DETECTION OF CANCERS BY STUDYING MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS THAT CHARACTERIZE CANCER CELLS. WORLDWIDE LUNG CANCER RESEARCH HAS FOCUSED ON AN EVER-INCREASING NUMBER OF MOLECULAR ELEMENTS OF CARCINOGENESIS AT GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND PROTEIN LEVELS. THE NON-INVASIVENESS IS THE CHARACTERISTIC THAT ALL CLINICAL TRIALS ON CANCER DETECTION SHOULD HAVE. ABNORMAL CHEST IMAGING AND/OR NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS ARE INITIAL SIGNALS OF LUNG CANCER THAT APPEAR IN AN ADVANCED STAGE OF DISEASE. THIS FACT REPRESENTS THE CAUSE OF THE LOW 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATE: OVER 90% OF PATIENTS DYING WITHIN 5 YEARS OF DIAGNOSIS. SINCE SMOKERS HAVE HIGHER QUANTITY OF SPUTUM CONTAINING EXFOLIATED CELLS FROM THE BRONCHIAL TREE, AND THE SPUTUM REPRESENTS THE MOST EASILY ACCESSIBLE BIOLOGICAL FLUID AND ITS COLLECTION IS NON-INVASIVE, ANALYSIS OF THIS SAMPLE REPRESENTS A GOOD AREA OF RESEARCH IN EARLY LUNG CANCER DIAGNOSIS. CONTINUED CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE CAUSE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), WITH AN ESTIMATED ATTRIBUTABLE RISK FACTOR EXCEEDING 80% IN SMOKING AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. LUNG CANCER IS FOUND IN 40-70% OF PATIENTS WITH COPD, PARTICULARLY IN SEVERE DISEASE, AND IT IS A COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH IN THESE PATIENTS. A LARGE PROSPECTIVE TRIAL OF ALMOST HALF A MILLION NON-SMOKERS SHOWED AS LUNG CANCER IS ALSO COMMON IN PATIENTS WITH COPD WHO HAVE NEVER SMOKED. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES ISSUES RELATED TO EARLY LUNG CANCER SCREENING USING NON-INVASIVE METHODS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8 4431  44 MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND INTRAHEPATIC CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA: ONE STEP CLOSER TO PERSONALIZED MEDICINE? HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND INTRAHEPATIC CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (ICC) ARE THE TWO MAJOR FORMS OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCERS (PLC), ACCOUNTING FOR APPROXIMATELY 90% AND 5% RESPECTIVELY. THE INCIDENCE OF EACH IS INCREASING RAPIDLY IN THE WESTERN WORLD, HOWEVER OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAINS LIMITED AND THE OUTCOME, DISMAL. THE ETIOLOGIES OF EACH VARY GEOGRAPHICALLY; NEVERTHELESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED IN MORE THAN 80% OF THE CASES AND APPEARS TO BE A KEY MEDIATOR IN ALTERING THE LIVER MICROENVIRONMENT, INCREASING THE RISK OF CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, SINCE NOT ALL HCC AND ESPECIALLY ICC CASES HAVE A RECOGNIZED RISK FACTOR, THERE ARE CURRENTLY TWO PROPOSED MODELS FOR LIVER CARCINOGENESIS. THE CLONAL EVOLUTION MODEL DEMONSTRATES A MULTI-STEP PROCESS OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT FROM PRECANCEROUS LESIONS TO METASTATIC CARCINOMA, ARISING FROM THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN A CELL IN THE SETTING OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. WHILE THE MAJORITY OF CASES DO OCCUR AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MOST INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC INFECTION DO NOT DEVELOP PLC, SUGGESTING THE INVOLVEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. FURTHER, SINCE HEPATOCYTES AND CHOLANGIOCYTES BOTH HAVE REGENERATIVE POTENTIAL AND ARISE FROM THE SAME BI-POTENTIAL PROGENITOR CELL, THE MORE RECENTLY PROPOSED CANCER STEM CELL MODEL IS GAINING ITS DUE ATTENTION. THE INTEGRATION OF THESE MODELS AND THE CONSTANT IMPROVEMENT IN MOLECULAR PROFILING PLATFORMS IS ENABLING A BROADER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE TWO DEVASTATING MALIGNANCIES, PERHAPS MOVING US CLOSER TO A NEW WORLD OF MOLECULARLY-INFORMED PERSONALIZED MEDICINE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9 4918  39 PANCREATIC CANCER: FROM BENCH TO 5-YEAR SURVIVAL. PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA IS ONE OF THE MOST AGGRESSIVE HUMAN MALIGNANCIES, WITH AN OVERALL 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATE OF LESS THAN 4%. ON THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED, WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON GROWTH FACTORS AND RELATED PATHWAYS. SMALL-MOLECULE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ANTIBODIES, AND OTHER APPROACHES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN RECENT YEARS TO TARGET THESE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS, AND FIRST CLINICAL TRIALS SHOW ENCOURAGING RESULTS. IN ADDITION, MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT ENABLE THE CANCER CELLS TO INVADE THE PERINEURIUM AND THE RETROPERITONEAL SPACE, THUS EXPLAINING AT LEAST IN PART THE HIGH RATE OF LOCAL RECURRENCE AND THE SEVERE PAIN SYNDROME. TECHNICALLY, PANCREATIC SURGERY HAS ADVANCED, WITH ACCEPTABLE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATES IN HIGH-VOLUME CENTERS. RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS ARE INCREASINGLY CARRIED OUT TO DEFINE THE BEST PALLIATIVE AND ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR THIS DISEASE. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH COMBINED WITH CLINICAL TRIALS WILL HOPEFULLY LEAD TO IMPROVED SURVIVAL AND BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE FOR PANCREATIC CANCER PATIENTS IN THE FUTURE.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10 4472  46 MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: CHOLANGIOCARCINOMAS ARE A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF MALIGNANCIES ARISING FROM A NUMBER OF CELLS OF ORIGIN ALONG THE BILIARY TREE. ALTHOUGH MOST CASES IN WESTERN COUNTRIES ARE SPORADIC, LARGE POPULATION-BASED STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED A NUMBER OF RISK FACTORS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE EVIDENCE BEHIND REPORTED RISK FACTORS AND CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA, WITH A FOCUS ON INFLAMMATION AND CHOLESTASIS AS THE DRIVING FORCES IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA DEVELOPMENT. RISK FACTORS FOR CHOLANGIOCARCINOGENESIS: CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASES (E.G. PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND FIBROPOLYCYSTIC LIVER DISEASES), LIVER CIRRHOSIS, AND BILIARY STONE DISEASE ALL INCREASE THE RISK OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. CERTAIN BACTERIAL, VIRAL OR PARASITIC INFECTIONS SUCH AS HEPATITIS B AND C AND LIVER FLUKES ALSO INCREASE CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA RISK. OTHER RISK FACTORS INCLUDE INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS (SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS), TOXINS (E.G. ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO), METABOLIC CONDITIONS (DIABETES, OBESITY AND NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE) AND A NUMBER OF GENETIC DISORDERS. MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA: REGARDLESS OF AETIOLOGY, MOST RISK FACTORS CAUSE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OR CHOLESTASIS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION LEADS TO INCREASED EXPOSURE OF CHOLANGIOCYTES TO THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INTERLEUKIN-6, TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR-A, CYCLO-OXYGENASE-2 AND WNT, RESULTING IN PROGRESSIVE MUTATIONS IN TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES, PROTO-ONCOGENES AND DNA MISMATCH-REPAIR GENES. ACCUMULATING BILE ACIDS FROM CHOLESTASIS LEAD TO REDUCED PH, INCREASED APOPTOSIS AND ACTIVATION OF ERK1/2, AKT AND NF-KAPPAB PATHWAYS THAT ENCOURAGE CELL PROLIFERATION, MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL. OTHER MEDIATORS UPREGULATED IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA INCLUDE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR, HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR AND SEVERAL MICRORNAS. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR C-MET, THE GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER GLUT-1 AND THE SODIUM IODIDE SYMPORTER LEAD TO TUMOUR GROWTH, ANGIOGENESIS AND CELL MIGRATION. STROMAL CHANGES ARE ALSO OBSERVED, RESULTING IN ALTERATIONS TO THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPOSITION AND RECRUITMENT OF FIBROBLASTS AND MACROPHAGES THAT CREATE A MICROENVIRONMENT PROMOTING CELL SURVIVAL, INVASION AND METASTASIS. CONCLUSION: REGARDLESS OF AETIOLOGY, MOST RISK FACTORS FOR CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA CAUSE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR CHOLESTASIS, LEADING TO THE ACTIVATION OF COMMON INTRACELLULAR PATHWAYS THAT RESULT IN REACTIVE CELL PROLIFERATION, GENETIC/EPIGENETIC MUTATIONS AND CHOLANGIOCARCINOGENESIS. AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IS VITAL WHEN DEVELOPING NEW DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS AND TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THIS DISEASE.	2019	

11 4859  32 ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS. OSCC IS THE MOST FREQUENT MALIGNANT TUMOUR OF THE ORAL CAVITY, ACCOUNTING FOR MORE THAN 90% OF MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF THIS ANATOMIC REGION AND IT OFTEN ARISES FROM PRECURSOR LESIONS. ASIDE FROM TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, FURTHER DETERMINANTS HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED TO INCREASE THE RISK OF OSCC DEVELOPMENT, SUCH AS MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, CHRONIC TRAUMATISM, POOR ORAL HYGIENE AND VIRUSES. RECURRENCE, SURVIVAL AND CONVERSELY, MORTALITY DEPENDS ON NUMEROUS AND DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL, HISTOLOGICAL, MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC FACTORS THAT HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED IN ORDER TO DEFINE CAUSES, TO HELP DIAGNOSIS AND TO REFINE APPROPRIATE TREATMENTS THAT PERFECTLY FIT WITH THE DIFFERENT FEATURES OF OSCCS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, DURING THE LAST DECADES, THE IMPROVEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGIES AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES HAVE ALLOWED TO INVESTIGATE MARKERS AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, IN ORDER TO CLARIFY THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES RELATED TO EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND OSCC PROGRESSION AND PROGNOSIS IN ORDER TO ADDRESS THEM AS TARGETS IN FUTURE SELECTIVE AND INDIVIDUALLY-SHAPED THERAPIES. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON THE ETIOLOGY, ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR ORAL CANCERS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12 3265  46 HEPATOCARCINOMA: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES. HCC IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS WORLDWIDE, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 1 MILLION DEATHS ANNUALLY. THE INCIDENCE OF HCC IS HIGHEST IN ASIA AND AFRICA, WHERE THE ENDEMIC HIGH PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH HCC GENERALLY PRESENT AT AN ADVANCED STAGE DUE TO COMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS DEFINED BY THE ABSENCE OF PATHOGNOMONIC SYMPTOMS, RESULTING IN DEATH WITHIN 6 TO 20 MONTHS, SUGGESTING AN URGENT NEED IN TREATMENT MODALITIES THAT WILL DRAMATICALLY DECREASE THE MORTALITY RATE OF HCC. THE MOLECULAR HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS, HOWEVER, A GRADUAL PROCESS DURING WHICH GENETIC ALTERATIONS PROGRESSIVELY ACCUMULATE AND LEAD TO HCC THROUGH INTERMEDIATE PRENEOPLASTIC STAGES. WITH THE ADVENT OF WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING TOOLS, VARIOUS MUTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HCC HAVE BEEN IDENTI FI ED, WHICH HAVE ADVANCED OUR MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF HCC. HOWEVER, THE FREQUENCY OF THESE MUTATIONS IS RARE, AND THESE GENETIC MUTATIONS ONLY PARTLY EXPLAIN THE ETIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE. BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, MAY HELP UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF HCC, AS WELL AS PROVIDING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR HCC TREATMENT. FURTHER CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO DEVELOPING MORE EFFECTIVE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND TARGETED DRUG THERAPY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13 4951  32 PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA: FROM GENETICS TO SIGNALLING PATHWAYS. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS A MALIGNANT TUMOUR OF BILE DUCT EPITHELIAL CELLS WITH DISMAL PROGNOSIS AND RISING INCIDENCE. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION RESULTING FROM LIVER FLUKE INFECTION, HEPATITIS AND OTHER INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES IS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO CHOLANGIOCARCINOGENESIS, LIKELY THROUGH ACCUMULATION OF SERIAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS RESULTING IN ABERRATION OF ONCOGENES AND TUMOUR SUPPRESSORS. RECENT STUDIES MAKING USE OF ADVANCES IN HIGH-THROUGHPUT GENOMICS HAVE REVEALED THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE OF CCA, GREATLY INCREASING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF ITS UNDERLYING BIOLOGY. A SERIES OF HIGHLY RECURRENT MUTATIONS IN GENES SUCH AS TP53, KRAS, SMAD4, BRAF, MLL3, ARID1A, PBRM1 AND BAP1, WHICH ARE KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN CELL CYCLE CONTROL, CELL SIGNALLING PATHWAYS AND CHROMATIN DYNAMICS, HAVE LED TO INVESTIGATIONS OF THEIR ROLES, THROUGH MOLECULAR TO MOUSE MODELLING STUDIES, IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOGENESIS. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE LANDSCAPE GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CCA AND ITS FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE TO THE FORMATION AND PROGRESSION OF CCA.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14 5770  35 SPECIFIC MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE MAY PREDICT A RISK OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON HUMAN CANCERS AND A MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH WORLDWIDE. THE BLEAK OUTCOMES OF HCC PATIENTS EVEN AFTER CURATIVE TREATMENT HAVE BEEN, AT LEAST PARTIALLY, ATTRIBUTED TO ITS MULTICENTRIC ORIGIN. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO EXAMINE NOT ONLY TUMOR TISSUE BUT ALSO NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE TO INVESTIGATE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OPERATING DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF "FIELD CANCERIZATION". SEVERAL STUDIES PREVIOUSLY INVESTIGATED THE ASSOCIATION OF MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE WITH CLINICAL FEATURES AND PROGNOSIS IN HCC PATIENTS ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. IN PARTICULAR, SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION PROFILES HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE POSSIBLE CLINICAL VALUE OF ARRAY-BASED COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSES OF MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS, ESPECIALLY ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE TO CLARIFY THE RISK OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION BASED ON SPECIFIC METHYLATION SIGNATURES MAY BE ADVANTAGEOUS FOR CLOSE FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WHO ARE AT HIGH RISK OF HCC DEVELOPMENT. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES MAY BE HELPFUL TO REDUCE THE RISK OF HCC DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE, AND THUS PROVIDE PROMISING MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15 5622  32 SEARCH FOR USEFUL BIOMARKERS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, TUMOR FACTORS AND BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS (REVIEW). HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS A COMPLEX AND MULTISTEP PROCESS THAT INVOLVES THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN REGULATORY GENES. TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), CURRENT RESEARCH HAS UTILIZED IMPROVED ARRAY TECHNOLOGIES. THE IDENTIFICATION OF CANCER-RELATED MOLECULES COULD LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR TREATMENT AND BIOMARKERS FOR PREDICTING PROGNOSIS. HOWEVER, PROGNOSTIC PREDICTION IS INSUFFICIENT WHEN CONSIDERING ONLY TUMOR FACTORS, SINCE HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS ALSO GREATLY INFLUENCED BY THE STATUS OF THE BACKGROUND LIVER. CLINICAL BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS, SUCH AS THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS, ARE WELL KNOWN AS RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING HCC. IN CONTRAST, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS REMAIN UNKNOWN, ALBEIT THOSE ARE IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPING PROCESS OF HCC. INVESTIGATING BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARCINOGENIC MARKERS OF HCC AND TO THE PREVENTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE REVIEW THE CURRENTLY IDENTIFIED TUMOR FACTORS AND BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS FROM A MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT AND ALSO INTRODUCE OUR COMBINATION ARRAY ANALYSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16 1858  35 ELUCIDATING POTENTIAL PROFIBROTIC MECHANISMS OF EMERGING BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY PROGNOSIS OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS. HEPATIC FIBROSIS HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A SERIES OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CAUSING EXCESSIVE ACCUMULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS. SEVERAL CELLULAR PROCESSES AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE DISEASED LIVER THAT AUGMENTS FIBROGENESIS, FIBROGENIC CYTOKINES AND ASSOCIATED LIVER COMPLICATIONS. LIVER BIOPSY REMAINS AN ESSENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR HISTOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS TO ESTABLISH A PROGNOSIS. IN ADDITION TO BEING INVASIVE, THIS METHODOLOGY PRESENTS WITH SEVERAL LIMITATIONS INCLUDING POOR COST-EFFECTIVENESS, PROLONGED HOSPITALIZATIONS, AND RISKS OF PERITONEAL BLEEDING, WHILE THE CLINICAL USE OF THIS METHOD DOES NOT REVEAL UNDERLYING PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS. SEVERAL ALTERNATE NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED, TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS, INCLUDING THE USE OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT BIOMARKERS. IMMEDIATE DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS BY NONINVASIVE MEANS WOULD BE MORE PALATABLE THAN A BIOPSY AND COULD ASSIST CLINICIANS IN TAKING EARLY INTERVENTIONS TIMELY, AVOIDING FATAL COMPLICATIONS, AND IMPROVING PROGNOSIS. THEREFORE, WE SOUGHT TO REVIEW SOME COMMON BIOMARKERS OF LIVER FIBROSIS ALONG WITH SOME EMERGING CANDIDATES, INCLUDING THE OXIDATIVE STRESS-MEDIATED BIOMARKERS, EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC MARKERS, EXOSOMES, AND MIRNAS THAT NEEDS FURTHER EVALUATION AND WOULD HAVE BETTER SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY. WE ALSO AIM TO ELUCIDATE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF CARDIOTONIC STEROIDS (CTS) AND EVALUATE THE PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND PROFIBROTIC EFFECTS OF CTS IN EXACERBATING HEPATIC FIBROSIS. BY UNDERSTANDING THE UNDERLYING PATHOGENIC PROCESSES, THE EFFICACY OF THESE BIOMARKERS COULD ALLOW FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, ONCE VALIDATED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17 5742  26 SMOKING MOLECULAR DAMAGE IN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF LUNG CANCER IS ADVANCING RAPIDLY WITH SEVERAL SPECIFIC GENES AND CHROMOSOMAL REGIONS BEING IDENTIFIED. LUNG CANCER APPEARS TO REQUIRE MANY MUTATIONS IN BOTH DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE ONCOGENES TO POSSESS MALIGNANT PHENOTYPES. SEVERAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE COMMON TO ALL LUNG CANCER HISTOLOGIC TYPES, WHILE OTHERS APPEAR TO BE CELL TYPE SPECIFIC. HOWEVER, SPECIFIC ROLES OF THE GENES UNDERGOING MUTATIONS AND THE ORDER OF CUMULATIVE MOLECULAR CHANGES THAT LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EACH LUNG TUMOR HISTOLOGIC TYPE REMAIN TO BE FULLY ELUCIDATED. RECENT FINDINGS OF MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN NORMAL APPEARING AND PRENEOPLASTIC BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM FROM PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER AND CHRONIC SMOKERS SUGGEST THAT GENETIC CHANGES MAY SERVE AS BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS, RISK ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING RESPONSE TO CHEMOPREVENTION.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 3697  33 INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN CANCER: POTENTIAL RESOURCES. CANCER IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE AND A MAJOR BURDEN ON DEVELOPING AND LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD WITH LIMITED RESOURCES FOR PREVENTION AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF CANCER. ALTHOUGH CANCER IS MULTIFACTORIAL IN ORIGIN, VARIOUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC INFLAMMATION HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ALL STAGES OF CANCER, FROM INITIATION TO PROGRESSION AND EVEN SURVIVAL OF THE PATIENT. INFLAMMATORY PRODUCTS LIKE CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES, LEUCOCYTES, PROSTAGLANDINS, CYCLOOXYGENASE, REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES, METALLOPROTEINASE INDUCE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN NORMAL CELLS DAMAGING ITS DNA, INHIBITING ITS REPAIR, ALTERING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, PREVENTING APOPTOSIS, AND STIMULATING ANGIOGENESIS, AND THUS RESULTING IN CARCINOGENESIS. THUS, THESE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS HAVE A POTENTIAL ROLE TO BECOME CANCER BIOMARKERS FOR ALL STAGES OF CANCER AS MANY OF THEM CAN BE MEASURED IN A COST-EFFECTIVE MANNER. HOWEVER, LARGE SCALE PROSPECTIVE TRIALS ARE REQUIRED TO VALIDATE THESE POTENTIAL CANCER BIOMARKERS. NONETHELESS, A TRANSITION FROM POTENTIAL TO PRACTICAL UTILIZATION OF THESE MARKERS WILL BE AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR THE AMELIORATION OF CANCER BURDEN AND MORTALITY IN A RESOURCE LIMITED SETTING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19 6791  37 [DOES THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS WITH AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS AND THE FREQUENCY OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES INCREASE?]. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES GENERALLY BELONG TO THE RARE DISEASES, HOWEVER, SOME OF THEM ARE FREQUENT IN THE POPULATION. IN THE PRESENT WORK THE AUTHORS ANALYSE WHETHER CAN ANY INCREASE BE OBSERVED IN THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND WHETHER DO THE FREQUENCY OF CERTAIN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS INCREASE. DUE MAINLY TO EPIGENETIC FACTORS THE INCIDENCE OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES ARE INCREASING, THEREFORE THERE ARE MORE PATIENTS RECOGNISED WITH PARTICULAR DISORDERS. ON THE OTHER HAND THE INCIDENCE IS INCREASED BY IMPROVING DIAGNOSTIC POSSIBILITIES, BY THE USE OF MORE SPECIFIC AND SENSITIVE CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA AND MORE SOPHISTICATED LABORATORY TESTS, RESULTED IN THE RECOGNITION OF MILDER AND ATYPICAL DISEASE VARIANTS AS WELL. THE PREVALENCE IS ALSO INCREASING IN CONSEQUENCE OF NOVEL IMMUNE SUPPRESSIVE THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES AND THE CONSEQUENT IMPROVEMENT OF SURVIVAL IN THE MOST OF THESE DISEASES. BESIDES, MORE AND MORE DISEASES HAVE BEEN REVEALED TO HAVE AUTOIMMUNE BACKGROUND, AND LOT OF NEW AUTOIMMUNE SYNDROMES, DISEASES HAVE BEEN CHARACTERISED RECENTLY. THIS INCREASES THE NUMBER OF THE KNOWN AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISORDERS WITH A CONSEQUENT INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF AUTOIMMUNE PATIENTS. ASSIGNED TO THE INCREASING NUMBER OF VARIABLE CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS, AND THE INCREASING NUMBER OF DISABLED PATIENTS WITH SUCH DISEASES INCREASING MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ATTENTION HAS TO BE FOCUSED ON.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20 1958  30 EPIGENETIC AGING AND COLORECTAL CANCER: STATE OF THE ART AND PERSPECTIVES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. ALTHOUGH TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH HAS IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS INVOLVED IN COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) CARCINOGENESIS, A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLOGICAL AGING IN COLORECTAL CELLS AND TISSUES IS NEEDED. HERE, WE AIM TO SUMMARIZE THE STATE OF THE ART ABOUT THE ROLE OF AGE ACCELERATION, DEFINED AS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AGE AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CRC. SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ACCELERATED BIOLOGICAL AGING IS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE RISK OF CANCER AND DEATH IN GENERAL. IN LINE WITH THESE FINDINGS, OTHER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN HOW THE ASSESSMENT OF EPIGENETIC AGE IN PEOPLE AT RISK FOR CRC COULD BE HELPFUL FOR MONITORING THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS. MOREOVER, IT WOULD BE INTERESTING TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER ABERRANT EPIGENETIC AGING COULD HELP IDENTIFY CRC PATIENTS WITH A HIGH RISK OF RECURRENCE AND A WORST PROGNOSIS, AS WELL AS THOSE WHO RESPOND POORLY TO TREATMENT. YET, THE APPLICATION OF THIS NOVEL CONCEPT IS STILL IN ITS INFANCY, AND FURTHER RESEARCH SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED IN ANTICIPATION OF FUTURE APPLICATIONS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE.	2020