1  836 130 CHEMICAL TOXICITY AND RADIOACTIVITY OF DEPLETED URANIUM: THE EVIDENCE FROM IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDIES. THE MAIN AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE AND DISCUSS THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON CHEMICAL TOXICITY AND RADIOACTIVITY OF DEPLETED URANIUM (DU) AND THEIR EFFECT ON LIVING SYSTEMS AND CELL LINES. THIS WAS DONE BY PRESENTING A SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED ON DIFFERENT MAMMALIAN BODY SYSTEMS AND CELL CULTURES IN TERMS OF POTENTIAL CHANGES CAUSED BY EITHER CHEMICAL TOXICITY OR RADIOACTIVITY OF DU. IN ADDITION, THE AUTHORS AIMED TO POINT OUT THE LIMITATIONS OF THOSE STUDIES AND POSSIBLE FUTURE DIRECTIONS. THE MAJORITY OF BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES PERFORMED USING ANIMAL MODELS REGARDING POSSIBLE EFFECTS CAUSED BY ACUTE OR CHRONIC DU EXPOSURE HAS BEEN REVIEWED. FURTHERMORE, EXPOSURE TIME AND DOSE, DU PARTICLE SOLUBILITY, AND URANIUM ISOTOPES AS FACTORS AFFECTING THE EXTENT OF DU EFFECTS HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED. SPECIAL ATTENTION HAS BEEN DEDICATED TO CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS, DNA DAMAGE AND DNA BREAKS, AS WELL AS MICRONUCLEI FORMATION AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AS DU HAS RECENTLY BEEN CONSIDERED A POSSIBLE CAUSATIVE FACTOR OF ALL THESE PROCESSES. THEREFORE, THIS APPROACH MIGHT REPRESENT A NOVEL AREA OF STUDY OF DU-RELATED IRRADIATION EFFECTS ON HEALTH. SINCE DIFFERENT STUDIES OFFER CONTRADICTORY RESULTS, THE MAIN AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE AND BRIEFLY DISCUSS PREVIOUSLY OBTAINED RESULTS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY THE CURRENT OPINION ON DU TOXICITY AND RADIOACTIVITY EFFECTS IN RELATION TO EXPOSURE TYPE AND DURATION, AS WELL AS DU PROPERTIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  396  30 AN UPDATE ON EPIGENETICS AND CHILDHOOD RESPIRATORY DISEASES. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, DEFINED AS CHANGES IN PHENOTYPE OR GENE EXPRESSION CAUSED BY MECHANISMS OTHER THAN CHANGES IN THE UNDERLYING DNA SEQUENCE, HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO CONSTITUTE A LINK BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT COMPLEX DISEASES. RECENT STUDIES SHOW THAT DNA METHYLATION, ONE OF THE KEY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, IS ALTERED IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE EARLY IN LIFE. SEVERAL CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES ON EPIGENETICS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED TO DATE, BUT IT IS ONLY RECENTLY THAT GLOBAL METHYLATION ANALYSES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED FOR RESPIRATORY DISORDERS SUCH AS ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. HOWEVER, LARGE-SCALE STUDIES WITH ADEQUATE POWER ARE YET TO BE PRESENTED IN CHILDREN, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL USE REMAIN TO BE EVALUATED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE RECENT ADVANCES IN EPIGENETICS AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS IN CHILDREN, WITH A MAIN FOCUS ON METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES AND ANALYSES RELATED TO PHENOTYPE AND EXPOSURE USING GLOBAL METHYLATION APPROACHES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3 6790  26 [DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CANCER RESEARCH]. THE PRESENT PAPER REVIEWS RECENT LABORATORY METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE CONCERNING EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS INVOLVED IN CARCINOGENESIS MECHANISMS. WE INTRODUCE DNA METHYLATION AND ITS ROLE IN GENE EXPRESSION CONTROL. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS MAY ALLOW TO IDENTIFY EARLY CHANGES LEADING TO CANCER AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. WE DESCRIBE HERE STRATEGIES FOR LABORATORY ANALYSES AND THEIR POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS. WE EXAMINE RESULTS FROM RECENT EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGESTING THAT THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN OCCUPATIONAL AGENTS ARE MEDIATED BY ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. PLANNING AND CONDUCTING INVESTIGATIONS ON EXPOSED HUMAN SUBJECTS WILL ALLOW TO VERIFY WHETHER DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IDENTIFIED IN ANIMAL AND IN-VITRO STUDIES MAY BE USED AS EARLY-EFFECT AND SUSCEPTIBILITY BIOMARKERS. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS HAS THE POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE APPLICATIONS IN RISK ASSESSMENT AND PREVENTION PROGRAMS CONDUCTED ON SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO HUMAN CARCINOGENS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4  266  35 ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAYS FOR IONIZING RADIATION AND BREAST CANCER INVOLVE DIRECT AND INDIRECT DNA DAMAGE, OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, GENOMIC INSTABILITY, AND INTERACTION WITH HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE BREAST. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ESTABLISHED BREAST CARCINOGENS CAN SUPPORT IMPROVED AND MODERNIZED TOXICOLOGICAL TESTING METHODS BY IDENTIFYING KEY MECHANISTIC EVENTS. IONIZING RADIATION (IR) INCREASES THE RISK OF BREAST CANCER, ESPECIALLY FOR WOMEN AND FOR EXPOSURE AT YOUNGER AGES, AND EVIDENCE OVERALL SUPPORTS A LINEAR DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP. WE USED THE ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAY (AOP) FRAMEWORK TO OUTLINE AND EVALUATE THE EVIDENCE LINKING IONIZING RADIATION WITH BREAST CANCER FROM MOLECULAR INITIATING EVENTS TO THE ADVERSE OUTCOME THROUGH INTERMEDIATE KEY EVENTS, CREATING A QUALITATIVE AOP. WE IDENTIFIED KEY EVENTS BASED ON REVIEW ARTICLES, SEARCHED PUBMED FOR RECENT LITERATURE ON KEY EVENTS AND IR, AND IDENTIFIED ADDITIONAL PAPERS USING REFERENCES. WE MANUALLY CURATED PUBLICATIONS AND EVALUATED DATA QUALITY. IONIZING RADIATION DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY CAUSES DNA DAMAGE AND INCREASES PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES (RONS). RONS LEAD TO DNA DAMAGE AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES LEADING TO MUTATIONS AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY (GI). PROLIFERATION AMPLIFIES THE EFFECTS OF DNA DAMAGE AND MUTATIONS LEADING TO THE AO OF BREAST CANCER. SEPARATELY, RONS AND DNA DAMAGE ALSO INCREASE INFLAMMATION. INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS (EFFECTS IN CELLS NOT DIRECTLY REACHED BY IR) VIA POSITIVE FEEDBACK TO RONS AND DNA DAMAGE, AND SEPARATELY INCREASES PROLIFERATION AND BREAST CANCER THROUGH PRO-CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS ON CELLS AND TISSUE. FOR EXAMPLE, GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES ALTER INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, RESULTING IN IMPROVED SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF CANCER CELLS AND A MORE HOSPITABLE TISSUE ENVIRONMENT. ALL OF THESE EVENTS OVERLAP AT MULTIPLE POINTS WITH EVENTS CHARACTERISTIC OF "BACKGROUND" INDUCTION OF BREAST CARCINOGENESIS, INCLUDING HORMONE-RESPONSIVE PROLIFERATION, OXIDATIVE ACTIVITY, AND DNA DAMAGE. THESE OVERLAPS MAKE THE BREAST PARTICULARLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO IONIZING RADIATION AND REINFORCE THAT THESE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES ARE IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF CARCINOGENS. AGENTS THAT INCREASE THESE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED POTENTIAL BREAST CARCINOGENS, AND PREDICTIVE METHODS ARE NEEDED TO IDENTIFY CHEMICALS THAT INCREASE THESE PROCESSES. TECHNIQUES ARE AVAILABLE TO MEASURE RONS, DNA DAMAGE AND MUTATION, CELL PROLIFERATION, AND SOME INFLAMMATORY PROTEINS OR PROCESSES. IMPROVED ASSAYS ARE NEEDED TO MEASURE GI AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS THE INTERACTION WITH HORMONALLY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT AND PROLIFERATION. SEVERAL METHODS MEASURE DIVERSE EPIGENETIC CHANGES, BUT IT IS NOT CLEAR WHICH CHANGES ARE RELEVANT TO BREAST CANCER. IN ADDITION, MOST TOXICOLOGICAL ASSAYS ARE NOT CONDUCTED IN MAMMARY TISSUE, AND SO IT IS A PRIORITY TO EVALUATE IF RESULTS FROM OTHER TISSUES ARE GENERALIZABLE TO BREAST, OR TO CONDUCT ASSAYS IN BREAST TISSUE. DEVELOPING AND APPLYING THESE ASSAYS TO IDENTIFY EXPOSURES OF CONCERN WILL FACILITATE EFFORTS TO REDUCE SUBSEQUENT BREAST CANCER RISK.	2020	

5 6809  24 [EPIGENETICS IN INFLAMMATORY SYSTEMIC DISEASES]. IN ADDITION TO ANALYSIS OF THE GENETIC CODE, IN RECENT YEARS MORE AND MORE STUDIES HAVE CONCENTRATED ON CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC CODE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS DETERMINE WHICH GENES IN A CELL ARE TRANSCRIBED AND THUS FORM THE PHENOTYPE OF A CELL. THE EPIGENETIC CODE CAN BE CHANGED BY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES, WHICH ALLOWS CELLS TO ADAPT TO LONGSTANDING CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THEREFORE, IT IS FEASIBLE TO ASSUME THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IN PARTICULAR IN TUMORS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE FOUND TO CORRELATE WITH DISEASE SEVERITY AND PROGRESSION. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES MIGHT HELP THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN BE USED IN THE FUTURE AS BIOMARKERS, PROGNOSTIC FACTORS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 1844  35 EFFECTS OF THE LIFESTYLE HABITS IN BREAST CANCER TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. THROUGH RESEARCH CARRIED OUT IN THE LAST 25 YEARS ABOUT THE BREAST CANCER ETIOLOGY, IT HAS BEEN POSSIBLE TO ESTIMATE THAT LESS THAN 10 % OF PATIENTS WHO ARE DIAGNOSED WITH THE CONDITION ARE CARRIERS OF SOME GERMLINE OR SOMATIC MUTATION. THE CLINICAL REPORTS OF BREAST CANCER PATIENTS WITH HEALTHY TWINS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE IN WOMEN WITHOUT HIGH PENETRANCE MUTATIONS DETECTED, WARN THE PARTICIPATION MORE FACTORS IN THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS. THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF MAMMARY ADENOCARCINOMA IN THE MODERN WOMAN AND THE URGENT NEED FOR NEW METHODS OF PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION HAVE DEMANDED MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE ROLE THAT ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE HAVE ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF MAMMARY GLAND EPITHELIAL CELLS. OBESITY, ALCOHOLISM AND SMOKING ARE FACTORS THAT HAVE SHOWN A CLOSE CORRELATION WITH THE RISK OF DEVELOPING BREAST CANCER. AND ALTHOUGH THESE CONDITIONS AFFECT DIFFERENT CELL REGULATION LEVELS, THE STUDY OF ITS EFFECTS IN THE MECHANISMS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS CONSIDERED CRITICAL FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE LOSS OF IDENTITY OF EPITHELIAL CELLS DURING CARCINOGENESIS OF THIS TISSUE. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO ESTABLISH THE IMPORTANCE OF CHANGES OCCURRING TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL IN THE MAMMARY GLAND AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HARMFUL PRODUCTS SUCH AS OBESITY-CAUSING FOODS, ETHANOL AND CIGARETTE SMOKE COMPONENTS. AT ANALYZE THE MAIN STUDIES RELATED TO TOPIC, IT HAS CONCLUDED THAT THE UNDERSTANDING OF EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE LIFESTYLE FACTORS IN PERFORMANCE OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS THAT DETERMINE GENE EXPRESSION OF THE MAMMARY GLAND EPITHELIAL CELLS, MAY HELP EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DISEASE IN WOMEN WITHOUT GENETIC PROPENSITY AND DIFFERENT PHENOTYPIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THIS CANCER TYPE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7 2507  27 EPIGENETICS AND OBESITY: THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS. OBESITY IS A COMPLEX DISEASE WITH MULTIPLE WELL-DEFINED RISK FACTORS. NEVERTHELESS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OBESITY AND ITS SEQUELAE WITHIN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS VARIES GREATLY FROM ONE PERSON TO THE NEXT, SUGGESTING A ROLE FOR GENE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF THE DISORDER. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE HUMAN GENOME PROVIDES A PUTATIVE MECHANISM BY WHICH SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES CONVEY RISK FOR OBESITY AND OTHER HUMAN DISEASES AND IS ONE POSSIBLE MECHANISM THAT UNDERLIES THE GENE X ENVIRONMENT/TREATMENT INTERACTIONS OBSERVED IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS. A STUDY PUBLISHED IN BMC MEDICINE THIS MONTH BY WANG ET AL. REPORTS ON AN EXAMINATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES OF LEAN AND OBESE ADOLESCENTS, COMPARING METHYLATION PATTERNS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS. THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED TWO GENES THAT WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED, BOTH OF WHICH HAVE ROLES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION. HERE WE OVERVIEW THE FINDINGS FROM THIS STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF THOSE EMERGING FROM OTHER RECENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES, DISCUSS THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDY AND SPECULATE ON THE FUTURE OF EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC DISEASE RESEARCH.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8 2523  34 EPIGENETICS AND THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN. OBJECTIVE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO REVIEW THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN AND TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL, INDIVIDUALIZED PAIN THERAPEUTICS. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETICS IS THE STUDY OF HERITABLE MODIFICATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION AND PHENOTYPE THAT DO NOT REQUIRE A CHANGE IN GENETIC SEQUENCE TO MANIFEST THEIR EFFECTS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, MEDICATIONS, DIET, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSES CAN ALTER EPIGENETIC PROCESSES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION, AND RNA INTERFERENCE. AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS POTENTIALLY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE METABOLISM, STEROID RESPONSIVENESS, AND OPIOID SENSITIVITY, THEY ARE LIKELY KEY FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. ALTHOUGH OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE HUMAN GENETIC CODE AND DISEASE-ASSOCIATED POLYMORPHISMS HAS GROWN SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE PAST DECADE, WE HAVE NOT YET BEEN ABLE TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT PAIN AFTER NERVE INJURY OR SURGERY. DESIGN: THIS IS A FOCUSED LITERATURE REVIEW OF EPIGENETIC SCIENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CHRONIC PAIN. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANT LABORATORY AND CLINICAL DATA SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE AFFECTED BY THE ENVIRONMENT AND LEAD TO DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION. SIMILAR TO MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS, THE LITERATURE ENDORSES AN IMPORTANT POTENTIAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC PAIN. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS MAY IDENTIFY MECHANISMS CRITICAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN AFTER INJURY, AND MAY PROVIDE NEW PATHWAYS AND TARGET MECHANISMS FOR FUTURE DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9 1511  37 DNA METHYLATION AND POTENTIAL MULTIGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS LINKED TO URANIUM CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE IN GONADS OF MALES AND FEMALES RATS. INTRODUCTION: AN INCREASED HEALTH PROBLEM IN INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES IS THE CONTEMPORARY CONCERN OF PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY AS WELL. THIS HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED IN PART TO ACCUMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ESPECIALLY RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS WORLDWIDE. HOWEVER, THE OUTCOME OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF A RADIONUCLIDE SUCH AS URANIUM REMAINS UNKNOWN. RECENTLY, A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERCEPTION OF RISK OF RADIOTOXICOLOGY HAS EMERGED THROUGH INVESTIGATING THE POSSIBILITY OF TRANSMISSION OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OVER GENERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR BY EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS. THESE PROCESSES ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR CRUCIAL ROLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: THE CURRENT WORK INVESTIGATES THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM AND ITS INHERITANCE ACROSS GENERATIONS. MATERIALS AND METHODS TO TEST THIS PROPOSITION, A RODENT MULTIGENERATIONAL MODEL, MALES AND FEMALES, WERE EXPOSED TO A NON-TOXIC CONCENTRATION OF URANIUM (40MGL(-1) DRINKING WATER) FOR NINE MONTHS. THE URANIUM EFFECTS ON WERE EVALUATED OVER THREE GENERATIONS (F0, F1 AND F2) BY ANALYSING THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AND DNMT GENES EXPRESSION IN OVARIES AND TESTES TISSUES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT A SIGNIFICANT HYPERMETHYLATION OF TESTES DNA (P <0.005) WHEREAS OVARIES SHOWED HYPOMETHYLATED DNA (P <0.005). INTERESTINGLY, THIS DNA METHYLATION PROFILE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MAINTAINED ACROSS GENERATIONS F0, F1 AND F2. FURTHERMORE, QPCR RESULTS OF BOTH TISSUES IMPLY A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE GENES (DNMT 1 AND DNMT3A/B) AS WELL. CONCLUSION: ALTOGETHER, OUR WORK DEMONSTRATES FOR THE FIRST TIME A SEX-DEPENDANCE AND INHERITANCE OF EPIGENETIC MARKS, DNA METHYLATION, AS A BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR WHICH TYPE OF REPRODUCTIVE CELL TYPE IS MORE RESPONSIVE IN THIS CONTEXT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10 6199  32 THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT GENETIC PREDISPOSITION PLAYS A ROLE IN COPD DEVELOPMENT IN SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. THEREFORE, MANY CANDIDATE GENES THAT COULD BE LINKED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE HAVE BEEN EXAMINED IN COPD. HOWEVER, INCONSISTENT RESULTS IN DIFFERENT STUDY POPULATIONS OFTEN LIMIT THIS APPROACH, SUGGESTING THAT NOT ONLY GENETICS, BUT ALSO OTHER FACTORS, MAY BE CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COPD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CAN AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF SPECIFIC GENES, AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN TIME, AND IN DIFFERENT ORGANS. MOREOVER, THESE MECHANISMS CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON PEOPLE'S HEALTH. RECENTLY, THERE IS EMERGING EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A ROLE OF EPIGENETICS FOR THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IN DISEASES SUCH AS ASTHMA AND COPD. MOREOVER, RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE CURRENTLY USED TREATMENTS INCLUDING CORTICOSTEROIDS MAY WORK THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION CAN BE REPROGRAMMED, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING THE RISK, AETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF VARIOUS DISEASE STATES. THE EPIGENETICALLY INFLUENCED PHENOTYPE COULD BE REVERSED WITH DEMETHYLATING OR DEACETYLATING AGENTS, CONSISTENT WITH EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY. THE POSTNATAL REVERSIBILITY OF THESE METHYLATION OR ACETYLATION EVENTS MAY THEREFORE PROVIDE GOOD OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERVENTION. THE RECOGNITION OF THE ROLE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPD MAY IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS THAT HATCH NEW THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11 4018  44 LOW-DOSE IONIZING RADIATION: INDUCTION OF DIFFERENTIAL INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING POSSIBLY AFFECTING INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION. GIVEN THE COMPLEXITY OF THE CARCINOGENIC PROCESS AND THE LACK OF ANY MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF HOW IONIZING RADIATION AT LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURES AFFECTS THE MULTISTAGE, MULTIMECHANISM PROCESSES OF CARCINOGENESIS, IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT CONCEPTS AND PARADIGMS BE REEXAMINED WHEN EXTRAPOLATING FROM HIGH DOSE TO LOW DOSE. ANY HEALTH EFFECT DIRECTLY LINKED TO LOW-DOSE RADIATION EXPOSURE MUST HAVE MOLECULAR/BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL BASES. ON THE OTHER HAND, DEMONSTRATING SOME MOLECULAR/BIOCHEMICAL OR CELLULAR EFFECT, USING SURROGATE SYSTEMS FOR THE HUMAN BEING, DOES NOT NECESSARILY IMPLY A CORRESPONDING HEALTH EFFECT. GIVEN THE GENERAL ACCEPTANCE OF AN EXTRAPOLATED LNT MODEL, OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF CARCINOGENESIS CRIES OUT FOR A RESOLUTION OF A REAL PROBLEM. HOW CAN A LOW-LEVEL ACUTE, OR EVEN A CHRONIC, EXPOSURE OF IONIZING RADIATION BRING ABOUT ALL THE DIFFERENT MECHANISMS (MUTAGENIC, CYTOTOXIC, AND EPIGENETIC) AND GENOTYPIC/PHENOTYPIC CHANGES NEEDED TO CONVERT NORMAL CELLS TO AN INVASIVE, MALIGNANT CELL, GIVEN ALL THE PROTECTIVE, REPAIR, AND SUPPRESSIVE SYSTEMS KNOWN TO EXIST IN THE HUMAN BODY? UNTIL RECENTLY, THE PREVAILING PARADIGM THAT IONIZING RADIATION BRINGS ABOUT CANCER PRIMARILY BY DNA DAMAGE AND ITS CONVERSION TO GENE AND CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS, DROVE OUR INTERPRETATION OF RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS. TODAY, OUR KNOWLEDGE INCLUDES THE FACTS BOTH THAT EPIGENETIC EVENTS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS AND THAT LOW-DOSE RADIATION CAN ALSO INDUCE EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN AND BETWEEN CELLS IN TISSUES. THIS CHALLENGES ANY SIMPLE EXTRAPOLATION OF THE LNT MODEL. ALTHOUGH A RECENT DELINEATION OF "HALLMARKS" OF THE CANCER PROCESS HAS HELPED TO FOCUS ON HOW IONIZING RADIATION MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE INDUCTION OF CANCERS, SEVERAL OTHER HALLMARKS, PREVIOUSLY IGNORED--NAMELY, THE STEM CELLS IN TISSUES AS TARGETS FOR CARCINOGENESIS AND THE ROLE OF CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION PROCESSES IN MODULATING THE RADIATION EFFECTS ON THE TARGET CELL--MUST BE CONSIDERED, PARTICULARLY FOR THE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE, BYSTANDER EFFECTS, AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY PHENOMENA.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12 1340  32 DESIGNING SAFER DRUGS: (Q)SAR-BASED IDENTIFICATION OF MUTAGENS AND CARCINOGENS. MUTAGENICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY ARE CHRONIC EFFECTS OF PRIMARY CONCERN FOR HUMAN HEALTH. A UNIFYING APPROACH TO THEIR MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING IS THE RECOGNITION THAT MANY CHEMICALS PROVOKE BOTH EFFECTS BY ELECTROPHILIC ATTACK TO THE BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES, AS SUCH OR AFTER METABOLISM (GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENICITY). QSARS OF INDIVIDUAL CLASSES OF GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE ELUCIDATION OF THE CHEMICAL DETERMINANTS OF THIS ACTIVITY. LITTLE WORK HAS BEEN DONE ON THE EPIGENETIC CARCINOGENS, ACTING THROUGH NON-GENOTOXIC, VERY SPECIFIC MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, THE EXISTING QSARS FOR INDIVIDUAL CHEMICAL CLASSES ARE TOO FEW TO BE OF REAL USEFULNESS IN THE SCREENING OF MASSES OF CANDIDATE DRUGS. MODELS FOR PREDICTING THE CARCINOGENICITY OF "ANY TYPE" OF CHEMICALS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED: PROSPECTIVE PREDICTION EXERCISES POINTED TO THE SERIOUS LIMITATIONS OF MOST OF THESE APPROACHES. THE BEST ALTERNATIVE IS PROVIDED BY PANELS OF HUMAN EXPERTS. THE ABOVE PREDICTION EXERCISES CONSIDERED SAMPLES OF GENERAL CHEMICALS, THUS WE SPECIFICALLY ADDRESSED IN THIS PAPER THE ISSUE OF PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS. WE APPLIED OUR EXPERT KNOWLEDGE TO A DATABASE OF DRUGS WHOSE CARCINOGENICITY/NONCARCINOGENICITY STATUS WAS KNOWN. WHEREAS MOST OF THE NONCARCINOGENS WERE CORRECTLY IDENTIFIED, OUR PREDICTION OF CARCINOGENS WAS LESS SUCCESSFUL THAN WITH THE GENERAL CHEMICALS. SEVERAL CARCINOGENIC DRUGS DID NOT SHOW RECOGNIZED STRUCTURAL ALERTS, AND SUPPOSEDLY ACTED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WHEREAS THE CONTRIBUTION OF HUMAN EXPERTS IS HIGHLY VALUABLE IN THIS PHASE (E.G. PRIORITY SETTING), MORE WORK IS NECESSARY ON: A) EPIGENETIC CARCINOGENS; B) EFFICIENT COMPUTERIZED MODELS.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  457  33 APPLYING A MULTISCALE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO URANIUM IN RAT KIDNEYS. PURPOSE: TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO URANIUM WITH A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH, A MULTISCALE HIGH-THROUGHPUT MULTI-OMICS ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED WITH A PROTOCOL FOR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO THE RAT KIDNEY. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE RATS WERE CONTAMINATED FOR NINE MONTHS THROUGH THEIR DRINKING WATER WITH A NONTOXIC SOLUTION OF URANYL NITRATE. A MULTISCALE APPROACH ENABLED CLINICAL MONITORING ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC (MRNA AND MICRORNA) ANALYSES. RESULTS: A SEX-INTERACTION EFFECT WAS OBSERVED IN THE KIDNEY, URINE, AND PLASMA METABOLOMES OF CONTAMINATED RATS. MOREOVER, URINE AND KIDNEY METABOLIC PROFILES CORRELATED AND CONFIRMED THAT THE PRIMARY DYSREGULATED METABOLISMS ARE THOSE OF NICOTINATE-NICOTINAMIDE AND OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS. UPSTREAM OF THE METABOLIC PATHWAYS, TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILES OF THE KIDNEY REVEAL GENE ACTIVITY FOCUSED ON GENE REGULATION MECHANISMS, CELL SIGNALING, CELL STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES, AND CELL PROLIFERATION. EXAMINATION OF EPIGENETIC POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE REGULATION PROCESSES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DYSREGULATION OF 70 MICRO-RNAS. THE MULTI-OMICS APPROACH HIGHLIGHTED THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CELLS' BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON MULTIPLE SCALES THROUGH ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION, CONFIRMED BY CHANGES OBSERVED IN THE METABOLOME. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SHOWED CHANGES IN MULTI-OMIC PROFILES OF RATS EXPOSED TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM CONTAMINATION, COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. THESE CHANGES INVOLVED GENE EXPRESSION AS WELL AS MODIFICATIONS IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND THE METABOLOME. THE METABOLOMIC PROFILE CONFIRMED THAT THE MAIN MOLECULAR TARGETS OF URANIUM IN KIDNEY CELLS ARE THE METABOLISM OF NICOTINATE-NICOTINAMIDE AND THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS. ADDITIONALLY, GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE METABOLISM OF FATTY ACIDS IS TARGETED BY PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CELL FUNCTION. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT MULTISCALE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY IS USEFUL IN ELUCIDATING THE MOST DISCRIMINATIVE PATHWAYS FROM GENOMIC TO METABOLOMIC LEVELS FOR ASSESSING THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THIS LOW-LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE, I.E. THE EXPOSOME.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14 3210  23 HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PRE- AND PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED HUMAN CARCINOGEN, ABLE TO INDUCE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. MORE THAN 200 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE ARE EXPOSED TO ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS IN DRINKING WATER EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED WHO THRESHOLD (10MUG/L). ADDITIONALLY, CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LEVELS BELOW THIS THRESHOLD IS KNOWN TO RESULT IN LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS. THE ARSENIC-RELATED HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION PROCESS, WHEREBY THE RESULTING METABOLITES CAN INDUCE MOLECULAR DAMAGE THAT ACCUMULATES OVER TIME. THE EFFECTS DERIVED FROM THESE ALTERATIONS INCLUDE GENOMIC INSTABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, ALTERATION OF GENE EXPRESSION (INCLUDING CODING AND NON-CODING RNAS), GLOBAL AND LOCALIZED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, AND HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. THESE ALTERATIONS DIRECTLY AFFECT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF MANY CONDITIONS THAT CAN ARISE EVEN DECADES AFTER THE EXPOSURE OCCURS. IMPORTANTLY, ARSENIC METABOLITES GENERATED DURING ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION CAN ALSO PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTAL BARRIER, RESULTING IN FETAL EXPOSURE TO THIS CARCINOGEN AT SIMILAR LEVELS TO THOSE OF THE MOTHER. AS SUCH, MORE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE ARSENIC-INDUCED MOLECULAR DAMAGE CAN BE OBSERVED AS DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT, PREGNANCY, AND BIRTH OUTCOMES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DAMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF ARSENIC, PARTICULARLY THOSE AFFECTING EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES. WE ALSO PRESENT HOW THESE ALTERATIONS OCCURRING DURING EARLY LIFE CAN IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN DISEASES IN ADULT LIFE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
15 2412  34 EPIGENETIC SIDE-EFFECTS OF COMMON PHARMACEUTICALS: A POTENTIAL NEW FIELD IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACOLOGY. THE TERM "EPIGENETICS" REFERS TO DNA AND CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS THAT PERSIST FROM ONE CELL DIVISION TO THE NEXT, DESPITE A LACK OF CHANGE IN THE UNDERLYING DNA SEQUENCE. THE "EPIGENOME" REFERS TO THE OVERALL EPIGENETIC STATE OF A CELL, AND SERVES AS AN INTERFACE BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE GENOME. THE EPIGENOME IS DYNAMIC AND RESPONSIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS NOT ONLY DURING DEVELOPMENT, BUT ALSO THROUGHOUT LIFE; AND IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY APPARENT THAT CHEMICALS CAN CAUSE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT PERSIST LONG AFTER EXPOSURE HAS CEASED. HERE WE PRESENT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT COMMONLY-USED PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS CAN CAUSE SUCH PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES. DRUGS MAY ALTER EPIGENETIC HOMEOSTASIS BY DIRECT OR INDIRECT MECHANISMS. DIRECT EFFECTS MAY BE CAUSED BY DRUGS WHICH AFFECT CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURE OR DNA METHYLATION. FOR EXAMPLE THE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE HYDRALAZINE INHIBITS DNA METHYLATION. AN EXAMPLE OF AN INDIRECTLY ACTING DRUG IS ISOTRETINOIN, WHICH HAS TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ACTIVITY. A TWO-TIER MECHANISM IS POSTULATED FOR INDIRECT EFFECTS IN WHICH ACUTE EXPOSURE TO A DRUG INFLUENCES SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT MAY LEAD TO AN ALTERATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ACTIVITY AT GENE PROMOTERS. THIS STIMULATION RESULTS IN THE ALTERED EXPRESSION OF RECEPTORS, SIGNALING MOLECULES, AND OTHER PROTEINS NECESSARY TO ALTER GENETIC REGULATORY CIRCUITS. WITH MORE CHRONIC EXPOSURE, CELLS ADAPT BY AN UNKNOWN HYPOTHETICAL PROCESS THAT RESULTS IN MORE PERMANENT MODIFICATIONS TO DNA METHYLATION AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, LEADING TO ENDURING ALTERATION OF A GIVEN EPIGENETIC NETWORK. THEREFORE, ANY EPIGENETIC SIDE-EFFECT CAUSED BY A DRUG MAY PERSIST AFTER THE DRUG IS DISCONTINUED. IT IS FURTHER PROPOSED THAT SOME IATROGENIC DISEASES SUCH AS TARDIVE DYSKINESIA AND DRUG-INDUCED SLE ARE EPIGENETIC IN NATURE. IF THIS HYPOTHESIS IS CORRECT THE CONSEQUENCES FOR MODERN MEDICINE ARE PROFOUND, SINCE IT WOULD IMPLY THAT OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF PHARMACOLOGY IS AN OVERSIMPLIFICATION. WE PROPOSE THAT EPIGENETIC SIDE-EFFECTS OF PHARMACEUTICALS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE ETIOLOGY OF HEART DISEASE, CANCER, NEUROLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE DISORDERS, OBESITY, DIABETES, INFERTILITY, AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH EMPLOYING MICROARRAY ANALYSES OF GENE EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION PATTERNS CAN LEAD TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF LONG-TERM SIDE-EFFECTS OF DRUGS, AND THAT IN THE FUTURE, EPIGENETIC ASSAYS SHOULD BE INCORPORATED INTO THE SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF ALL PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS. THIS NEW APPROACH TO PHARMACOLOGY HAS BEEN TERMED "PHAMACOEPIGENOMICS", THE IMPACT OF WHICH MAY BE EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THAT OF PHARMACOGENETICS. WE PROVIDE HERE AN OVERVIEW OF THIS POTENTIALLY MAJOR NEW FIELD IN PHARMACOLOGY AND MEDICINE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16 5119  29 POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE INDUCTION OF CANCER IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES. SEVERAL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES INVOLVING DIFFERENT ORGANS AND TISSUES HAVE BEEN FOUND AT RISK OF PROGRESSION TO CANCER. A WIDE ARRAY OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, PROSTAGLANDINS, NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTS, AND MATRICELLULAR PROTEINS ARE CLOSELY INVOLVED IN PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT TRANSITION OF CELLS ALMOST ALWAYS IN A BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. INTERESTINGLY, EPIGENETIC PERTURBATIONS (I.E. MIRNA ABERRATIONS, ALTERED DNA METHYLATION) TOGETHER WITH IMPORTANT STEROID HORMONE METABOLIC CHANGES (I.E. OESTROGENS), OR THE ALTERED VITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS THAT MAY UNBALANCE THE IMMUNE / INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, HAVE BEEN FOUND LINKED TO THE RISK AND SEVERITY IN SEVERAL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, AS WELL AS IN CANCER. IN PARTICULAR, IT IS EVIDENT, THAT NOT ONLY THE PARENT OESTROGEN BUT ALSO OESTROGEN METABOLITES SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN THIS PROCESS IS EVALUATED, SPECIALLY THE FORMATION OF CATECHOLOESTROGEN METABOLITES, THAT ARE CAPABLE OF FORMING EITHER STABLE OR DEPURINATING DNA ADDUCTS, WHICH CAN CAUSE EXTENSIVE DNA DAMAGE. IT IS INTERESTING THAT TODAY THE SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF SEVERAL CHRONIC IMMUNE/INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATIC DISEASES IS OBTAINED ALSO BY USING MEDICATIONS INITIALLY DEVELOPED FOR THEIR USE IN ONCOLOGY. THE CIRCADIAN INCREASE OF GROWTH FACTORS, SPECIALLY DURING THE LATE NIGHT, IN BOTH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND IN CANCER PATIENTS, AS WELL AS THE PRESENCE OF OESTROGEN-REGULATED CIRCADIAN MECHANISMS, SUGGESTS FURTHER IMPORTANT LINKS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17 3418  26 HUMAN HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY-MODULATED GENE EXPRESSION: POTENTIAL ROLES OF ELF-EMF INDUCED EPIGENETIC VERSUS MUTAGENIC MECHANISMS OF DISEASE. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE IF THERE MIGHT BE BIOLOGICAL AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES AFTER EXPOSURES TO EXTREMELY-LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (ELF-EMF), EITHER EXPERIMENTALLY OR EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY, MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE POTENTIAL MEANS BY WHICH ANY ENVIRONMENTAL AGENT CAN AFFECT CELLS IN A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM HAS TO BE REVIEWED. THE GOAL OF THIS LIMITED REVIEW IS TO DEMONSTRATE THAT, WHILE THE PREVAILING PARADIGM OF THE ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES INVOLVES EITHER CELL KILLING (CYTOTOXICITY) OR GENE/CHROMOSOME MUTATIONS (GENOTOXICITY), ALTERATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL (TURNING GENES "ON" OR "OFF"), TRANSLATIONAL (STABILIZING OR DE-STABILIZING THE GENETIC MESSAGE), OR POSTTRANSLATIONAL (ALTERING THE GENE PRODUCT OR PROTEIN) LEVELS HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO VARIOUS DISEASES. THIS LATTER MECHANISM, "EPIGENETIC" TOXICITY, UNLIKE THE FORMER TWO WHICH ARE IRREVERSIBLE, IS CHARACTERIZED BY THRESHOLD-LIKE ACTION, MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS AND CHRONIC, REGULAR EXPOSURES TO BE EFFECTIVE. ULTIMATELY, EPIGENETIC TOXICANTS AFFECT ONE OF FOUR POTENTIAL CELL STATES, NAMELY ALTERATION OF CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL DIFFERENTIATION, PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (APOPTOSIS) OR ADAPTIVE RESPONSES OF DIFFERENTIATED CELLS.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18  301  28 AIR POLLUTION ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS: TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE AND UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. AIR POLLUTION IS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATHS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES INCLUDING INDIA. EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS AFFECTS VITAL CELLULAR MECHANISMS AND IS INTIMATELY LINKED WITH THE ETIOLOGY OF A NUMBER OF CHRONIC DISEASES. EARLIER WORK FROM OUR LABORATORY HAS SHOWN THAT AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER DISTURBS THE MITOCHONDRIAL MACHINERY AND CAUSES SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO THE EPIGENOME. MITOCHONDRIAL REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES POSSESS THE ABILITY TO TRIGGER REDOX-SENSITIVE SIGNALING MECHANISMS AND INDUCE IRREVERSIBLE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES. THE ELECTROPHILIC NATURE OF REACTIVE METABOLITES CAN DIRECTLY RESULT IN DEPROTONATION OF CYTOSINE AT C-5 POSITION OR INTERFERE WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES ACTIVITY TO CAUSE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. IN ADDITION, IT ALSO PERTURBS LEVEL OF CELLULAR METABOLITES CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES LIKE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONE CODE AND DNA HYPO OR HYPERMETHYLATION. INTERESTINGLY, THESE MODIFICATIONS MAY PERSIST THROUGH DOWNSTREAM GENERATIONS AND RESULT IN THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENOMIC INHERITANCE. THIS PHENOMENON OF SUBSEQUENT TRANSFER OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IS MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE GERM CELLS AND RELIES ON THE GERMLINE STABILITY OF THE EPIGENETIC STATES. OVERALL, THE RECENT LITERATURE SUPPORTS, AND ARGUABLY STRENGTHENS, THE CONTENTION THAT AIR POLLUTION MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO TRANSMISSION OF EPIMUTATIONS FROM GAMETES TO ZYGOTES BY INVOLVING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, PARENTAL ALLELE IMPRINTING, HISTONE WITHHOLDING AND NON-CODING RNAS. HOWEVER, LARGER PROSPECTIVE STUDIES USING INNOVATIVE, INTEGRATED EPIGENOME-WIDE METABOLOMIC STRATEGY ARE HIGHLY WARRANTED TO ASSESS THE AIR POLLUTION INDUCED TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE AND ASSOCIATED HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19 5038  16 PHARMACOGENETICS OF CHRONIC PAIN AND ITS TREATMENT. THIS PAPER REVIEWS THE IMPACT OF GENETIC VARIABILITY OF DRUG METABOLIZING ENZYMES, TRANSPORTERS, RECEPTORS, AND PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CHRONIC PAIN PERCEPTION ON THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ANALGESICS AND OTHER DRUGS USED FOR CHRONIC PAIN TREATMENT. SEVERAL CANDIDATE GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THE LITERATURE, WHILE THERE IS USUALLY ONLY LIMITED CLINICAL EVIDENCE SUBSTANTIATING FOR THE PENETRATION OF THE TESTING FOR THESE CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS INTO THE CLINICAL PRACTICE. FURTHER, THE PAIN-PERCEPTION REGULATION AND MODULATION ARE STILL NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, AND THUS MORE COMPLEX KNOWLEDGE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND FOR ANALGESIA WILL BE NEEDED PRIOR TO THE CLINICAL USE OF THE CANDIDATE GENETIC BIOMARKERS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20 6905  22 [THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD DISEASES]. WITH THE ACCEPTANCE OF "THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE" CONCEPT IN THE 1990S, IT BECAME CLEAR THAT EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE, WHICH DO NOT INVOLVE CHANGES IN THE DNA SEQUENCE HAS IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASES. EPIGENETIC REGULATION SERVES THE ADAPTATION TO THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTAINS THE REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS EVEN ON THE DRAWBACK OF INCREASED RISK OF DISEASES IN LATER LIFE. THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES HAS BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED. RECENT STUDIES HAVE REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE ALSO CAUSAL ROLE IN CERTAIN PEDIATRIC DISEASES. THE REVIEW EVALUATES THE RECENT EPIGENETIC FINDINGS IN THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMMON PEDIATRIC DISEASES. THE WIDE RANGE AND LONG-LASTING DURATION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS GIVE IMPORTANCE TO THE SUBJECT. METHODS ARE ALREADY AVAILABLE TO EVALUATE A PART OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE CLINICAL PRACTICE, PRESENTLY AIMING PRIMARILY THE ESTIMATION OF THE DISEASE RISK OR DEFINITION OF DIAGNOSIS. FURTHERMORE, THERE ARE ALREADY AVAILABLE LIMITED MEANS TO INFLUENCE THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION.	2019