1  808 112 CHANGED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS IN NORMAL-APPEARING WHITE MATTER AND EARLY MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS LESIONS. THE EPIGENETIC IDENTITY OF OLIGODENDROCYTES IS MODULATED BY POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES. ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 RESULTS FROM THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE ACTIVITY OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND MODULATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT, IN RODENTS, HISTONE DEACETYLATION FAVORS OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, WHEREAS ACETYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS OF OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. HERE, WE REPORT, IN HUMANS BRAINS, A SHIFT TOWARD HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE WHITE MATTER OF THE FRONTAL LOBES OF AGED SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS). INCREASED IMMUNOREACTIVITY FOR ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 WAS OBSERVED IN THE NUCLEI OF NOGOA+ OLIGODENDROCYTES IN A SUBSET OF MS SAMPLES. THESE CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS OF OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION (I.E., TCF7L2, ID2, AND SOX2) AND HIGHER HAT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS (I.E., CBP, P300) IN FEMALE MS PATIENTS COMPARED WITH NON-NEUROLOGICAL CONTROLS AND CORRELATED WITH DISEASE DURATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FROM SAMPLES OF MS PATIENTS REVEALED ENRICHMENT OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AT THE PROMOTER OF THE INCREASED TARGET GENES (I.E., TCF7L2). THE DATA IN CHRONIC LESIONS CONTRASTED WITH FINDINGS IN EARLY MS LESIONS, WHERE A MARKED OLIGODENDROGLIAL HISTONE DEACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED. TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS A PROCESS THAT OCCURS AT THE EARLY STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND WHOSE EFFICIENCY DECREASES WITH DISEASE DURATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2 5279  24 PROMOTER-SPECIFIC RELEVANCE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY DEXAMETHASONE DURING THE REGULATION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS (GCS) ARE WIDELY USED TO TREAT DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNE DISEASES THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES. MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY GCS IS KNOWN TO OCCUR THROUGH DIVERSE MECHANISMS OF VARYING RELEVANCE TO SPECIFIC CLASSES OF GENES. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE INDEED A PIVOTAL REGULATORY FEATURE OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. IN THIS STUDY, HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS WERE INVESTIGATED FOR THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE REGULATION OF SELECTED PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENES - EXPRESSED IN HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES - IN RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH SYNTHETIC GC DEXAMETHASONE (DEX). WE SHOW THAT HISTONE TAIL ACETYLATION STATUS IS MODIFIED FOLLOWING DEX ADMINISTRATION, THROUGH DISTINCT AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS AT THE PROMOTERS OF INTERLEUKIN-8 AND INTERLEUKIN-23. IN ADDITION TO HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT H3 LYSINE 4 TRIMETHYLATION IS AFFECTED FOLLOWING DRUG TREATMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3 4173  31 MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE RAT BRAIN. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN MOUSE NEURAL STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ROLE FOR THIS PLEIOTROPIC HORMONE. TO SUPPORT SUCH A ROLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MELATONIN PRODUCES SIMILAR EFFECTS IN VIVO. HISTONE ACETYLATION, FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MELATONIN (4MUG/ML IN DRINKING WATER FOR 17 DAYS), WAS EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN SELECTED RAT BRAIN REGIONS. MELATONIN INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HISTONE H4 WAS ALSO HYPERACETYLATED IN THE STRIATUM, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THIS BRAIN REGION. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ACETYLATION OF EITHER HISTONE H3 OR H4 WERE OBSERVED IN THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM. AN EXAMINATION OF KINASE ACTIVATION, WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THESE CHANGES, REVEALED THAT MELATONIN TREATMENT INCREASED THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHO-ERK (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND STRIATUM, BUT PHOSPHO-AKT (PROTEIN KINASE B) LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLIE THE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4 1731  32 DYSREGULATION OF THE HISTONE DEMETHYLASE KDM6B IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING PATHWAYS. EPIGENETIC ENZYMES OVERSEE LONG-TERM CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION BY INTEGRATING GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CUES. WHILE THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF ENZYMES THAT CONTROL HISTONE AND DNA MODIFICATIONS, THEIR POTENTIAL ROLES IN SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REMAIN UNDEREXPLORED. A FEW RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES COULD UNDERLIE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND BEHAVIORAL HALLMARKS OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC ENZYMES IN THE BRAIN THAT ARE DYSREGULATED DURING PROTRACTED ABSTINENCE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. THROUGH QUANTITATIVE MRNA EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF OVER 100 EPIGENETIC ENZYMES, WE IDENTIFIED 11 THAT ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. FOLLOW-UP STUDIES OF ONE OF THESE ENZYMES, THE HISTONE DEMETHYLASE KDM6B, SHOWED THAT THIS ENZYME EXHIBITS REGION-SPECIFIC DYSREGULATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS. KDM6B WAS ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE HUMAN ALCOHOLIC BRAIN. UPREGULATION OF KDM6B PROTEIN IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A DECREASE OF TRIMETHYLATION LEVELS AT HISTONE H3, LYSINE 27 (H3K27ME3), CONSISTENT WITH THE KNOWN DEMETHYLASE SPECIFICITY OF KDM6B. SUBSEQUENT EPIGENETIC (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION [CHIP]-SEQUENCING) ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN H3K27ME3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED AT GENES IN THE IL-6 SIGNALING PATHWAY, CONSISTENT WITH THE WELL-CHARACTERIZED ROLE OF KDM6B IN MODULATION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES. KNOCKDOWN OF KDM6B IN CULTURED MICROGLIAL CELLS DIMINISHED IL-6 INDUCTION IN RESPONSE TO AN INFLAMMATORY STIMULUS. OUR FINDINGS IMPLICATE A NOVEL KDM6B-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC SIGNALING PATHWAY INTEGRATED WITH INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT ARE KNOWN TO UNDERLIE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  531  31 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6 2493  31 EPIGENETICS AND CHROMATIN REMODELING PLAY A ROLE IN LUNG DISEASE. EPIGENETICS IS DEFINED AS HERITABLE CHANGES THAT AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING THE DNA SEQUENCE. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS FACILITATED THROUGH DIFFERENT MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND RNA-ASSOCIATED SILENCING BY SMALL NON-CODING RNAS. ALL THESE MECHANISMS ARE CRUCIAL FOR NORMAL DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENTIATION AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION. THESE THREE SYSTEMS INTERACT AND STABILIZE ONE ANOTHER AND CAN INITIATE AND SUSTAIN EPIGENETIC SILENCING, THUS DETERMINING HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE ACETYLATION REGULATES DIVERSE CELLULAR FUNCTIONS INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION, DNA REPAIR AND CELL PROLIFERATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATORS POSSESS INTRINSIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY AND THIS ACTIVITY DRIVES INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION. ELEVEN CLASSICAL HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ACT TO REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF DISTINCT SUBSETS OF INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNE GENES. THUS, LOSS OF HDAC ACTIVITY OR THE PRESENCE OF HDAC INHIBITORS CAN FURTHER ENHANCE INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION BY PRODUCING A GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGE IN HAT ACTIVITY. FOR EXAMPLE, HDAC2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY ARE REDUCED IN LUNG MACROPHAGES, BIOPSY SPECIMENS, AND BLOOD CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ASTHMA AND SMOKING ASTHMATICS, AS WELL AS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THIS MAY ACCOUNT, AT LEAST IN PART, FOR THE ENHANCED INFLAMMATION AND REDUCED STEROID RESPONSIVENESS SEEN IN THESE PATIENTS. OTHER PROTEINS, PARTICULARLY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, ARE ALSO ACETYLATED AND ARE TARGETS FOR DEACETYLATION BY HDACS AND SIRTUINS, A RELATED FAMILY OF 7 PREDOMINANTLY PROTEIN DEACETYLASES. THUS THE ACETYLATION/DEACETYLATION STATUS OF NF-KAPPAB AND THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR CAN ALSO AFFECT THE OVERALL EXPRESSION PATTERN OF INFLAMMATORY GENES AND REGULATE THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. UNDERSTANDING AND TARGETING SPECIFIC ENZYMES INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS MIGHT LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS, PARTICULARLY IN SITUATIONS IN WHICH CURRENT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES ARE SUBOPTIMAL.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7 6801  43 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017	

8 3341  22 HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 IS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VIA HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY MODIFICATION. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS UPREGULATES BLOOD GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS AND IMPAIRS COGNITION VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLATION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION CAN LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MANY PROTEINS INVOLVED IN COGNITION AND MAY ALSO CAUSE LEARNING AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE?2 (HDAC2) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO EPIGENETICALLY BLOCK COGNITION VIA A REDUCTION IN THE HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL; HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER HDAC2 IS INVOLVED IN THE COGNITIVE DECLINE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. TO THE BEST OF AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTEROID UPREGULATE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN NEURO?2A CELLS AND CAUSE CELL INJURIES. HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT AMELIORATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN N2A CELLS VIA THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS IN THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3?KINASE/PROTEIN KINASE B SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN 12?MONTH?OLD FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE UNDER CHRONIC STRESS IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT HDAC2 MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEGATIVE REGULATOR INVOLVED IN CHRONIC STRESS?INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9 2297  28 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ACUTE PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGE, WHICH RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. RECENT STUDIES POINT TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN. WE HAVE FOUND THAT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% MUSTARD OIL ON THE TONGUES OF RATS, LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B WERE ELEVATED MARKEDLY (36 AND 42 % RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY. PREVIOUS INJECTION OF XEFOCAM WITH 0,4 MG/KG DOSE DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B (25 AND 24% RESPECTIVELY). THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT INHIBITORS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES COULD BE USEFUL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT NSAIDS (ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH DNMT INHIBITORS) MAY BE PROPOSED AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AGENTS, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ALTERING THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INVOLVED IN PAIN DEVELOPMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10 1336  22 DESCRIBING A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DEPENDENT REGULATION OF THE MICRORNA TRANSCRIPTOME. WHILE THE TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION OF PROTEIN CODING GENES WAS EXTENSIVELY STUDIED, LITTLE IS KNOWN ON HOW TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN TRANSCRIPTION OF NON-CODING RNAS, SPECIFICALLY OF MICRORNAS. HERE, WE PROPOSE A STRATEGY TO STUDY THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IN REGULATING TRANSCRIPTION OF MICRORNAS USING PUBLICALLY AVAILABLE DATA, COMPUTATIONAL RESOURCES AND HIGH THROUGHPUT DATA. WE USE THE H3K4ME3 EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE TO IDENTIFY MICRORNA PROMOTERS AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP)-SEQUENCING DATA FROM THE ENCODE PROJECT TO IDENTIFY MICRORNA PROMOTERS THAT ARE ENRICHED WITH TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SITES. BY TRANSFECTING CELLS OF INTEREST WITH SHRNA TARGETING A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR OF INTEREST AND SUBJECTING THE CELLS TO MICRORNA ARRAY, WE STUDY THE EFFECT OF THIS TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ON THE MICRORNA TRANSCRIPTOME. AS AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE WE USE OUR STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF STAT3 ON THE MICRORNA TRANSCRIPTOME OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11 2280  37 EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DRUG ADDICTION. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS AND GENES HAS NOW TAKEN ON A CLEAR MOLECULAR FORM AS DEMONSTRATED BY STABLE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. THESE CHANGES OCCUR THROUGH ACTIVATION OR REPRESSION OF SPECIFIC GENE PROGRAMMES BY A COMBINATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELLING, ACTIVATION AND ENZYMATIC MODIFICATION OF DNA AND HISTONES AS WELL AS NUCLEOSOMAL SUBUNIT EXCHANGE. RECENT RESEARCH INVESTIGATING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING DRUG-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY HAS SHOWN A DIRECT ROLE FOR CHROMATIN REMODELLING--TERMED AS EPIGENETIC REGULATION--OF NEURONAL GENE PROGRAMMES AND SUBSEQUENT ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR ARISING FROM IT. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT REPEATED EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN DRUGS PROMOTES CHANGES IN LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AND METHYLATION, TOGETHER WITH ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN REWARD CENTRE, LOCALISED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) REGION OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM. THE COMBINATION OF ACETYLATING, PHOSPHORYLATING AND METHYLATING H3 AND H4 HISTONE TAILS ALTER CHROMATIN COMPACTION THEREBY PROMOTING ALTERED LEVELS OF CELLULAR GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH WEAKEN HISTONE INTERACTION WITH DNA OR THAT PROMOTE RECRUITMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATING COMPLEXES, CORRELATE WITH PERMISSIVE GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION, (WHICH STRENGTHEN HISTONE: DNA CONTACTS), OR HISTONE METHYLATION, (WHICH RECRUITS REPRESSIVE COMPLEXES TO CHROMATIN), PROMOTE A STATE OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. USING ANIMAL MODELS, ACUTE COCAINE TREATMENT INCREASES H4 ACETYLATION AT ACUTELY REGULATED GENE PROMOTERS, WHEREAS H3 ACETYLATION APPEARS TO PREDOMINATE AT CHRONICALLY INDUCED PROMOTERS. CHRONIC COCAINE AND ALCOHOL TREATMENT ACTIVATE AND REPRESS MANY GENES SUCH AS FOSB, CDK5, AND BDNF, WHERE THEIR DYSREGULATION, AT THE CHROMATIN LEVEL, CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ADDICTION. FOLLOWING DRUG EXPOSURE, IT IS STILL UNKNOWN, HOWVER, HOW LONG THESE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE PERSIST IN AFFECTING NEURONAL FUNCTION, BUT SOME DO SO FOR LIFE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12 2417  23 EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE IN RATS. CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE DECLINE IN AGING AND AGE-RELATED NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE MAINTENANCE OF LONG-TERM HYPOXIA-ADAPTED CELLULAR PHENOTYPES. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION, AS WELL AS S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM) CYCLE USING CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION RAT MODEL WERE EXPLORED. CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED GLOBAL DNA HYPERMETHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCREASE OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 3A AS WELL AS ALTERATION OF SAM CYCLE. MEANWHILE, AN ENHANCED LEVEL OF GLOBAL HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION ACCOMPANIED WITH THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, P300/CREB-BINDING PROTEIN (CBP), AND THE DOWNREGULATION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS), WAS ALSO OBSERVED. SAM COULD IMPROVE SPATIAL CAPACITY THROUGH THE UPREGULATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) RATHER THAN ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION LEVELS. IN CONCLUSION, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED A GENOME-WIDE ADJUSTMENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION UNDER CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOXIC CONDITIONS IN A RAT'S BRAIN. THESE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES MAY REPRESENT AN ADDITIONAL MECHANISM TO PROMOTE AND MAINTAIN A HYPOXIC-ADAPTED CELLULAR RESPONDS WITH A POTENTIAL ROLE IN MEMORY DEFICITS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13 4093  30 MATERNAL SEPARATION FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC MILD STRESS IN ADULTHOOD IS ASSOCIATED WITH CONCERTED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AP-1 COMPLEX GENES. DEPRESSION IS ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT MENTAL DISEASES WORLDWIDE. PATIENTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES OFTEN HAVE A HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD NEGLECT, INDICATING THAT EARLY-LIFE EXPERIENCES PREDISPOSE TO PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD. TWO STRONG MODELS WERE USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY: THE MATERNAL SEPARATION/EARLY DEPRIVATION MODEL (MS) AND THE CHRONIC MILD STRESS MODEL (CMS). IN BOTH MODELS, WE FOUND CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF GENES SUCH AS CREB AND NPY. STRIKINGLY, THERE WAS A CLEAR REGULATION OF EXPRESSION OF FOUR GENES INVOLVED IN THE AP-1 COMPLEX: C-FOS, C-JUN, FOSB, AND JUN-B. INTERESTINGLY, DIFFERENT EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE OBSERVED DEPENDING ON THE MODEL, WHEREAS THE COMBINATION OF THE MODELS RESULTED IN A NORMAL LEVEL OF GENE EXPRESSION. THE EFFECTS OF MS AND CMS ON GENE EXPRESSION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DISTINCT HISTONE METHYLATION/ACETYLATION PATTERNS OF ALL FOUR GENES. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES, LIKE GENE EXPRESSION, WERE ALSO DEPENDENT ON THE SPECIFIC STRESSOR OR THEIR COMBINATION. THE OBTAINED RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SINGLE LIFE EVENTS LEAVE A MARK ON GENE EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF GENE PROMOTERS, BUT A COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT STRESSORS AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES CAN FURTHER CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC FACTORS, POSSIBLY CAUSING THE LONG-LASTING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF STRESS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14 2119  30 EPIGENETIC HISTONE MODIFICATION REGULATES DEVELOPMENTAL LEAD EXPOSURE INDUCED HYPERACTIVITY IN RATS. LEAD (PB) EXPOSURE WAS COMMONLY CONSIDERED AS A HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD). HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF THIS PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS STILL REMAINS ELUSIVE. IN LIGHT OF THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN MODULATING THE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE AND THE CAUSATIVE ENVIRONMENT, THE ALTERATIONS OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS EXPOSED BY VARIOUS DOSES OF LEAD, ALONG WITH CONCOMITANT BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS, WERE INVESTIGATED IN THIS STUDY. ACCORDING TO THE FREE AND FORCED OPEN FIELD TEST, THERE SHOWED THAT IN A DOSAGE-DEPENDENT MANNER, LEAD EXPOSURE COULD RESULT IN THE INCREASED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY OF RATS, THAT IS, HYPERACTIVITY: A SUBTYPE OF ADHD. WESTERN BLOTTING ASSAYS REVEALED THAT THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS BY CHRONIC LEAD EXPOSURE, WHILE NO DRAMATIC CHANGES WERE DETECTED IN TERMS OF EXPRESSION YIELDS OF ADHD-RELATED DOPAMINERGIC PROTEINS, INDICATING THAT HISTONE ACETYLATION PLAYS ESSENTIAL ROLES IN THIS TOXICANT-INVOLVED PATHOGENESIS. IN ADDITION, THE INCREASED LEVEL OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF P300, A TYPICAL HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, AS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL OF P300 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED UPON HIGHER-DOSE PB EXPOSURE. IN SUMMARY, THIS STUDY FIRST DISCOVERED THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM BRIDGING THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE (PB) AND THE DISEASE ITSELF (ADHD) IN THE HISTONE MODIFICATION LEVEL, PAVING THE WAY FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF ADHD'S ETIOLOGY AND IN FURTHER STEPS, ESTABLISHING THE THERAPY STRATEGY OF THIS WIDESPREAD NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15 4604  20 NEGATIVE EVIDENCE FOR A FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF NEURONAL DNMT3A IN PERSISTENT PAIN. TRADITIONALLY, NEUROSCIENCE HAS HAD TO RELY ON MIXED TISSUE ANALYSIS TO EXAMINE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE CONTEXT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION OR PATHOLOGY. HOWEVER, PARTICULARLY WHEN STUDYING CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS, THIS APPROACH CAN BE FLAWED, SINCE IT NEGLECTS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE SHIFTING CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES ACROSS EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THIS USING THE EXAMPLE OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) - A GROUP OF EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS CONSISTING OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. WE USED SENSORY NEURON-SPECIFIC KNOCKOUT MICE FOR DNMT3A/3B AS WELL AS PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKADE OF DNMT1 TO STUDY THEIR ROLE IN NOCICEPTION. IN CONTRAST TO PREVIOUS ANALYSES ON WHOLE TISSUE, WE FIND THAT DNMT3A AND 3B PROTEIN IS NOT EXPRESSED IN ADULT DRG NEURONS, THAT NONE OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES ARE REGULATED WITH INJURY AND THAT INTERFERING WITH THEIR FUNCTION HAS NO EFFECT ON NOCICEPTION. OUR RESULTS THEREFORE CURRENTLY DO NOT SUPPORT A ROLE FOR NEURONAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN PAIN PROCESSING IN ADULT ANIMALS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16 5624  32 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17  141  26 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF MTOR PATHWAY GENES PROMOTES INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE CELLS IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD), BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL IMMUNE CELLS CONTRIBUTES TO DKD PROGRESSION. WE SHOWED THAT LEVELS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), A KEY ENZYME FOR DNA METHYLATION, WERE INCREASED ALONG WITH INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN DKD PATIENTS. INHIBITION OF DNMT1 WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA) MARKEDLY INCREASED THE PROPORTION OF CD4(+)CD25(+) REGULATORY T CELLS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN CULTURE AND IN DIABETIC ANIMALS. ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNE CELLS FROM 5-AZA-TREATED ANIMALS SHOWED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM, RESULTING IN A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF DKD. USING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS, WE IDENTIFIED THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CYTOSINES IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) REGULATORS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS OF DIABETIC PATIENTS. FURTHER, MRNA ARRAYS CONFIRMED THE CONSISTENT INDUCTION OF GENES EXPRESSED IN THE MTOR PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, DOWN-REGULATION OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION VIA RNA INTERFERENCE RESULTED IN PROMINENT CYTOSINE DEMETHYLATION OF MTOR NEGATIVE REGULATORS AND SUBSEQUENT DECREASE OF MTOR ACTIVITY. LASTLY, MODULATION OF MTOR RESULTED IN CHANGES IN THE EFFECT OF 5-AZA ON DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS. THUS, UP-REGULATION OF DNMT1 IN DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS INDUCES ABERRANT CYTOSINE METHYLATION OF THE UPSTREAM REGULATORS OF MTOR, LEADING TO PATHOGENIC ACTIVATION OF THE MTOR PATHWAY AND CONSEQUENT INFLAMMATION IN DIABETIC KIDNEYS. HENCE, THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR TREATING DKD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  213  23 ACUTE AND CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURES (ECS) DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MACHINERY IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE TREATMENT IS A FAST-ACTING ANTIDEPRESSANT THERAPY THAT EVOKES RAPID TRANSCRIPTIONAL, NEUROGENIC, AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO ALTERED GENE REGULATION, WHICH UNDERLIES THE NEUROGENIC AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE MAY MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MACHINERY, THUS ESTABLISHING POTENTIAL ALTERATIONS IN THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE. METHODS: WE EXAMINED THE INFLUENCE OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE ON THE GENE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFIERS, NAMELY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE DEACETYLASES, HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND HISTONE (LYSINE) DEMETHYLASES AS WELL AS DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES, INCLUDING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, DNA DEMETHYLASES, AND METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEINS IN THE HIPPOCAMPI OF ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS USING QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME-PCR ANALYSIS. FURTHER, WE EXAMINED THE INFLUENCE OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE ON GLOBAL AND RESIDUE-SPECIFIC HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION LEVELS WITHIN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A BRAIN REGION IMPLICATED IN THE CELLULAR AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE. RESULTS: ACUTE AND CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE INDUCED A PRIMARILY UNIQUE, AND IN CERTAIN CASES BIDIRECTIONAL, REGULATION OF HISTONE AND DNA MODIFIERS, AND METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEINS, WITH AN OVERLAPPING PATTERN OF GENE REGULATION RESTRICTED TO SIRT4, MLL3, JMJD3, GADD45B, TET2, AND TET3. GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION LEVELS WERE PREDOMINANTLY UNCHANGED, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF A SIGNIFICANT DECLINE IN H3K9 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWING CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE. CONCLUSIONS: ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE TREATMENT EVOKES THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF SEVERAL HISTONE AND DNA MODIFIERS, AND METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEINS WITHIN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, WITH A PREDOMINANTLY DISTINCT PATTERN OF REGULATION INDUCED BY ACUTE AND CHRONIC ELECTROCONVULSIVE SEIZURE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19 4879  17 OVERLAPPING SIGNATURES OF CHRONIC PAIN IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND PERIPHERAL T CELLS. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE BRAIN AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSESSED IN 9 MONTHS POST NERVE-INJURY (SNI) AND SHAM RATS, IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) AS WELL AS IN T CELLS REVEALED A VAST DIFFERENCE IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE IN THE BRAIN BETWEEN THE GROUPS AND A REMARKABLE OVERLAP (72%) BETWEEN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES IN T CELLS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. DNA METHYLATION STATES IN THE PFC SHOWED ROBUST CORRELATION WITH PAIN SCORE OF ANIMALS IN SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN PAIN. FINALLY, ONLY 11 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES IN T CELLS WERE SUFFICIENT TO DISTINGUISH SNI OR SHAM INDIVIDUAL RATS. THIS STUDY SUPPORTS THE PLAUSIBILITY OF DNA METHYLATION INVOLVEMENT IN CHRONIC PAIN AND DEMONSTRATES THE POTENTIAL FEASIBILITY OF DNA METHYLATION MARKERS IN T CELLS AS NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF CHRONIC PAIN SUSCEPTIBILITY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20 5067  28 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DNA METHYLATION IN HUMANS. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS A STRONG STIMULUS INFLUENCING THE OVERALL PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN BODY. EXERCISES LEAD TO BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN VARIOUS TISSUES AND EXERT AN IMPACT ON GENE EXPRESSION. EXERCISE-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION MAY BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH REARRANGE THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND THEREFORE MODULATE ITS ACCESSIBILITY FOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. ONE OF SUCH EPIGENETIC MARK IS DNA METHYLATION THAT INVOLVES AN ATTACHMENT OF A METHYL GROUP TO THE FIFTH CARBON OF CYTOSINE RESIDUE PRESENT IN CG DINUCLEOTIDES (CPG). DNA METHYLATION IS CATALYZED BY A FAMILY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES. THIS REVERSIBLE DNA MODIFICATION RESULTS IN THE RECRUITMENT OF PROTEINS CONTAINING METHYL BINDING DOMAIN AND FURTHER TRANSCRIPTIONAL CO-REPRESSORS LEADING TO THE SILENCING OF GENE EXPRESSION. THE ACCUMULATION OF CPG DINUCLEOTIDES, REFERRED AS CPG ISLANDS, OCCURS AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS IN A GREAT MAJORITY OF HUMAN GENES. THEREFORE, CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF MULTIPLE GENES. A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT EXERCISE TRAINING MODULATES DNA METHYLATION IN MUSCLES AND ADIPOSE TISSUE. SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN HUMANS.	2021