1  653 98 BISPHENOL A, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, LABORATORY, AND CLINICAL TRIAL EVIDENCE. BISPHENOL A (BPA) EXPOSURE HAS BECOME ONE OF THE MOST COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURES IN HUMANS. THERE IS GROWING EVIDENCE REGARDING AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD). IF BPA EXPOSURE IS INDEED ASSOCIATED WITH RAISED BLOOD PRESSURE AND CVD, IT WOULD BE A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM. THEREFORE, WE REVIEWED THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, LABORATORY, AND CLINICAL TRIAL EVIDENCE FOR AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, CVD, AND HYPERTENSION, AND DISCUSSED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS IN THIS ARTICLE. CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES IN VARIOUS ETHNICITIES SUGGESTED A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE AND HYPERTENSION; THIS ASSOCIATION WAS SUPPORTED BY A PANEL STUDY AND A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. DESPITE THE DISCORDANCE AMONG CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES ABOUT AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE AND CVD, A LONGITUDINAL STUDY SHOWS THAT BPA EXPOSURE IS A RISK FACTOR FOR CVD. THE EFFECTS OF BPA EXPOSURE SUCH AS ENDOCRINAL DISTURBANCE, INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE, AND LINKS WITH OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES MAY HIGHLIGHT A POSSIBLE MECHANISM BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, CVD, AND HYPERTENSION. TO CLARIFY THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP, WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES ARE NEEDED IN THE FUTURE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  652 43 BISPHENOL A AS EPIGENETIC MODULATOR: SETTING THE STAGE FOR CARCINOGENESIS? BACKGROUND: BISPHENOL A (BPA) IS ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY PRODUCED CHEMICALS WORLDWIDE AND IS OFTEN USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CONTAINERS. AS A RESULT OF BPA CONTACT WITH FOOD, DRINK AND TOILETRIES, ITS INGESTION AND ABSORPTION BY HUMANS HAS BEEN GROWING. THE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERN LIFESTYLES BROUGHT A CONSTANT EXPOSURE TO SEVERAL HEALTH-DISTURBING COMPOUNDS AND USHERED A NEW ERA OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR POTENTIAL OF BPA IS WELL KNOWN, BUT THE RESEARCH AROUND ITS EPIGENOTOXIC EFFECTS RAISED FURTHER CONCERNS WHETHER CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO BPA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC HUMAN ILLNESS, INCLUDING CANCER IN HORMONE-SENSITIVE ORGANS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: FOCUSING ON COMPUTERIZED DATABASES, WE REVIEWED ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES WHICH ELUCIDATE AND LINK SOME OF THE INFORMATION ALREADY AVAILABLE ABOUT BPA AND RELATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. RESULTS: A NUMBER OF STUDIES INDICATE THAT SHORT-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF LOW OR HIGH-DOSES OF BPA MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCREASING THE RISK FOR CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, IT IS CLEAR THAT MORE STUDIES CONSIDERING REAL DAILY EXPOSURES ARE ESSENTIAL TO DEFINE A REAL TOLERABLE DAILY INTAKE AND TO TIGHTEN UP MANUFACTORY REGULATIONS. CONCLUSION: IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT SOME EVIDENCES SUGGESTING A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH MAY PRIME FOR CARCINOGENESIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3 1919 35 ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS: NEW DIABETOGENS? THE PREVALENCE OF TYPE-2 DIABETES HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED WORLDWIDE DURING THE LAST FEW DECADES. WHILE LIFESTYLE FACTORS (SEDENTARINESS, NOXIOUS FOOD), TOGETHER WITH GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, ARE WELL-KNOWN ACTORS, THERE IS ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) MAY ALSO PLAY A PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE IN THE OCCURRENCE OF METABOLIC DISEASES. BOTH EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORT A ROLE FOR EARLY AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS WITH ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISRUPTING EFFECTS. MOST ARE PRESENT IN THE FOOD CHAIN AND ACCUMULATE IN THE FAT MASS AFTER ABSORPTION. IN RODENTS, BISPHENOL A STIMULATES SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF PANCREATIC BETA CELLS AND DISTURBS INSULIN SIGNALING IN LIVER, MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGES LEADING TO INSULIN RESISTANCE AND BETA CELL IMPAIRMENT. IN HUMANS, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORTS SHOW STATISTICAL LINK BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES, POLYCHLORINATED BISPHENYLS, BISPHENOL A, PHTHALATES, DIOXINS OR AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBIDES OR HEAVY METALS AND DT2 AFTER ACUTE ACCIDENTAL RELEASES OR EARLY IN LIFE AND/OR CHRONIC, LOW DOSES EXPOSURE. MORE PROSPECTIVE, LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE IMPORTANCE OF SUCH ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4 6781 48 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

5 1932 32 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES: AN UNDERRECOGNIZED CONTRIBUTION TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES. PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE TO WHICH EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) HAVE BEEN VERY CONSERVATIVE AND HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY UNDERESTIMATED THE ACTUAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR AT LEAST TWO REASONS. FIRSTLY, MOST PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE EXCLUDED THE CONTRIBUTION OF LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS, BUT THESE USUALLY INVOLVE SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS THAT INCREASE RISK OF DISEASE. SECONDLY, EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IS NOW CLEARLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN ELEVATED RISK OF SEVERAL DISEASES LATER IN LIFE, BUT THESE CONNECTIONS ARE OFTEN DIFFICULT TO DISCERN. THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR ASTHMA AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS, BUT THERE IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASES. MOST CANCERS ARE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. IN ADDITION, NEW INFORMATION SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND DIABETES AND EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS PRESENT IN AIR, FOOD, AND WATER. THESE RELATIONSHIPS LIKELY REFLECT THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AND GENE INDUCTION. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE TO NCDS THAN PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE SUGGESTED. PREVENTION NEEDS TO SHIFT FOCUS FROM INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND AN UNDERSTANDING THAT EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OF NCDS ULTIMATELY RELIES ON IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO MODIFIABLE RISKS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 4541 40 MULTISYSTEMIC ALTERATIONS IN HUMANS INDUCED BY BISPHENOL A AND PHTHALATES: EXPERIMENTAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES REVEAL THE NEED TO CHANGE HEALTH POLICIES. A VAST AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT BISPHENOL A (BPA) AND PHTHALATES ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN THE ENVIRONMENT SINCE THESE COMPOUNDS ARE MASS-PRODUCED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS AND PLASTICIZERS. THESE COMPOUNDS BELONG TO A LARGE GROUP OF SUBSTANCES TERMED ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDC). IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT HUMANS AND LIVING ORGANISMS ARE UNAVOIDABLY AND UNINTENTIONALLY EXPOSED TO BPA AND PHTHALATES FROM FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS AND MANY OTHER EVERYDAY PRODUCTS. BPA AND PHTHALATES EXERT THEIR EFFECT BY INTERFERING WITH HORMONE SYNTHESIS, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND ACTION, THEREBY ALTERING CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION, TISSUE DEVELOPMENT, AND THE REGULATION OF SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. IN FACT, THESE EDC CAN ALTER FETAL PROGRAMMING AT AN EPIGENETIC LEVEL, WHICH CAN BE TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSMITTED AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS CHRONIC PATHOLOGIES LATER IN THE ADULTHOOD, INCLUDING METABOLIC, REPRODUCTIVE AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES, AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE MOST RECENT PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF THESE EDC AND OFFER A COMPELLING SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES, WHICH SHOW EVIDENCE OF HOW EXPOSURE TO THESE POLLUTANTS AFFECTS OUR HEALTH DURING DEVELOPMENT, AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH A WIDE RANGE OF REPRODUCTIVE, METABOLIC AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES, AS WELL AS HORMONE-RELATED CANCERS. WE STRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF CONCERN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION AND THE URGENT NEED FOR THE MEDICAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM TO CLOSELY MONITOR EDC LEVELS IN THE POPULATION DUE TO UNAVOIDABLE AND INVOLUNTARY EXPOSURE TO THESE POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  625 31 BIOLOGICAL AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEMENTIA AND STROKE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. SINCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND VACCINATION, AS WELL AS MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC HYGIENE, THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE AGE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, BOTH OF WHICH CAN INTERACT WITH GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AS THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE POPULATION INCREASES, THE PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF CHRONIC DISEASES, ESPECIALLY NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING. THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, DEVELOP CHRONICALLY OVER RELATIVELY LONG PERIODS OF TIME, IN CONTRAST TO THE RELATIVELY RAPID DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR ACCIDENTS. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE MEDIATED BY ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE. THIS HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE THAT DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH UNIVERSALLY DELAYS AGE-RELATED DISEASES, ALSO AMELIORATES DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. CONVERSELY, BOTH AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCUMULATION OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN MITOTIC CELLS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE A MEASURE OF "BIOLOGICAL AGE", A BETTER PREDICTOR OF AGE-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. HERE WE REVIEW EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS SUCH AS SMOKING AND AIR POLLUTION MAY ALSO DRIVE NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, BY THE ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE, MEDIATED BY CUMULATIVE AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AS WELL AS SOMATIC MUTATIONS. ELUCIDATION OF SUCH MECHANISMS COULD PLAUSIBLY ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS WHICH DELAY DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF BOTH AGING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 4805 31 OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES: ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES? OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES REPRESENT INCREASING HEALTH PROBLEMS. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS (EDCS) ARE EXOGENOUS AGENTS THAT CHANGE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AND CAUSE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. MOST EDCS ARE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS; SOME ARE NATURAL FOOD COMPONENTS AS PHYTOESTROGENS. PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO COMPLEX MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. EDCS IMPACT HORMONE-DEPENDENT METABOLIC SYSTEMS AND BRAIN FUNCTION. LABORATORY AND HUMAN STUDIES PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT HUMAN CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION CAN PLAY A ROLE IN OBESITY EPIDEMIC. CHEMICAL EXPOSURES MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF OBESITY BY ALTERING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOCYTES. EDCS CAN ALTER METHYLATION PATTERNS AND NORMAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN CELLS. OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE INDUCED BY MANY OF THESE CHEMICALS, AND ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT IT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY TO CHEMICALS IS VARIABLE, DEPENDING ON ENVIRONMENT AND ABILITY TO METABOLIZE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS. A NUMBER OF GENES, ESPECIALLY THOSE REPRESENTING ANTIOXIDANT AND DETOXIFICATION PATHWAYS, HAVE POTENTIAL APPLICATION AS BIOMARKERS OF RISK ASSESSMENT. THE POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMBINED EXPOSURES MAKE THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS MORE COMPLEX COMPARED TO THE ASSESSMENT OF SINGLE CHEMICALS. TECHNIQUES AND METHODS NEED TO BE FURTHER DEVELOPED TO FILL DATA GAPS AND INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE ON HARMFUL EXPOSURE COMBINATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9 1371 34 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE: NEW INSIGHTS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES SHOW THAT SMALL CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENT CAN INDUCE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES AFFECTING AN INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSES TO THEIR LATER ENVIRONMENT. THESE MAY ALTER THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME OR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS THAT ANIMALS EXPOSED TO SUCH A MISMATCH BETWEEN PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT DEVELOP OBESITY, REDUCED ACTIVITY, LEPTIN AND INSULIN RESISTANCE, ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE INVOLVED IN SUCH EFFECTS, TARGETED TO PROMOTER REGIONS OF SPECIFIC GENES IN SPECIFIC TISSUES. SUCH FINE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION SUGGESTS THAT THE MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN RETAINED THROUGH EVOLUTION THROUGH THEIR ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE, RATHER THAN REPRESENTING EXTREME EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISRUPTION AKIN TO TERATOGENESIS. THERE MAY BE ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE IN A DEVELOPMENTAL CUE INDUCING A PHENOTYPIC CHANGE IN GENERATIONS BEYOND THE IMMEDIATE PREGNANCY, AND A RANGE OF DATA THAT SUPPORT THIS CONCEPT. IN ANIMALS, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION CAN BE PASSED TO SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, INCLUDING ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, MAY INDUCE GREATER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE, EVEN AT LOW EXPOSURE LEVELS, IF THEY AFFECT SUCH NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS MAY HAVE LONG-TERM MULTIGENERATIONAL EFFECTS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10 1324 34 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS DEVELOPMENT. AIR POLLUTION IS A SUBSTANTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO CHILDREN AND ACTS AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK FACTORS ALIKE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONCERNING ITS EXPOSURE ACROSS VARIOUS LIFE STAGES. HOWEVER, FINDINGS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS THE CONSEQUENCES OF AIR POLLUTION DURING CHILDHOOD ARE RATHER MINIMAL. THIS REVIEW EVALUATED HIGHLY RELEVANT STUDIES IN THE FIELD TO ANALYZE THE EXISTING LITERATURE REGARDING EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, WITH A FOCUS ON EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING CHILDHOOD AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS. THE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED USING READILY AVAILABLE ELECTRONIC DATABASES (PUBMED AND SCIENCEDIRECT) TO SCREEN FOR CHILDREN'S STUDIES ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOLLOWING EITHER PRE- OR POST-NATAL EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS. STUDIES RELEVANT ENOUGH AND MATCHED THE PREDETERMINED CRITERIA WERE CHOSEN TO BE REVIEWED. NON-ENGLISH ARTICLES AND STUDIES THAT DID NOT REPORT BOTH AIR MONITORING AND EPIGENETIC OUTCOMES IN THE SAME ARTICLE WERE EXCLUDED. THE REVIEW FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS DURING EARLY LIFE WITH EVIDENCE AND REPORTS OF HOW THEY MAY DEREGULATE THE EPIGENOME BALANCE, THUS INDUCING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN THE FUTURE. EPIGENETIC STUDIES EVOLVE AS A PROMISING NEW APPROACH IN DECIPHERING THE UNDERLYING IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) DUE TO LINKS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ILLNESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 1370 34 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE THEORY IN CARDIOLOGY. NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES DISCLOSED THAT BIRTH WEIGHT IS INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCIDENCE OF THE LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISORDERS IN ADULT LIFE, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES, AND /OR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT OCCURS IN NUMEROUS UNDESIRED INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTS INCLUDING MALNUTRITION, SMOKING, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OR STRESS. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) THEORY IS BASED ON THE CONCEPT THAT THE ORIGINS OF LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISEASE IS FORMED AT THE TIME OF FERTILIZATION, EMBRYONIC, FETAL, AND NEONATAL STAGES BY THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENTS (NUTRITION, STRESS, OR ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS). ADULT DISEASE DEVELOPS AFTER DELIVERY FACING TO ABNORMAL ENVIRONMENTS SUCH AS OVER-NUTRITION, MUCH STRESS, OR LACK OF EXERCISE. DISEASE DEVELOPS THROUGH THESE TWO INSULTS. THIS CONCEPT WAS FIRST PROPOSED AS THE "BARKER HYPOTHESIS." DAVID BARKER HAD DISCOVERED THE RELATION BETWEEN THE LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT AND THE HIGHER PREVALENCE OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE MORTALITY. PREVIOUS EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES HAVE FOUND THE PEOPLE EXPOSED TO FAMINE DURING EARLY LIFE HAD HIGHER RISKS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD. YET, THE EXACT MECHANISMS THAT PERMANENTLY CHANGE THE STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AND ENDOCRINE STATUS OF AN INDIVIDUAL ACROSS THEIR LIFESPAN FOLLOWING ALTERED GROWTH DURING FETAL LIFE ARE NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INCLUDING PROSPECTIVE COHORT AND OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE PEOPLE EXPOSED TO MALNUTRITION DURING FETAL OR INFANCY HAVE DISCLOSED THE STRONG RELATION BETWEEN THE LOWER BIRTH WEIGHT AND THE HIGHER CARDIOVASCULAR RISKS IN ADULTS. RECENT PROGRESS OF EPIGENETIC STUDIES UNVEILED STRONG GENETIC ASSOCIATION. HORMONAL REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR PROPER ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF PREDISPOSITION IS SUPPOSED TO BE THE EPIGENETICS MODIFICATIONS. THEIR DYSREGULATION IS RELATED TO THE ACQUISITION OF THE DISEASE-SUSCEPTIBLE TRAIT. IN THIS REVIEW, WE OVERVIEW THE CONCEPT OF DOHAD AND INTRODUCE RELATED CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12 4626 36 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS: EPIGENETICS AS AN UNDERLYING MECHANISM. THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS, ESPECIALLY AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD) AND ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD), CALLS FOR MORE RESEARCH INTO THE IDENTIFICATION OF ETIOLOGIC AND RISK FACTORS. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) HYPOTHESIZES THAT THE ENVIRONMENT DURING FETAL AND CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS THE RISK FOR MANY CHRONIC DISEASES IN LATER STAGES OF LIFE, INCLUDING NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. EPIGENETICS, A TERM DESCRIBING MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE CHANGES IN THE CHROMOSOME STATE WITHOUT AFFECTING DNA SEQUENCES, IS SUGGESTED TO BE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM, ACCORDING TO THE DOHAD HYPOTHESIS. MOREOVER, MANY NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS ARE ALSO RELATED TO EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO PRENATAL ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. IN ADDITION, THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS CAN RESULT IN EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, NOTABLY DNA METHYLATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FIRST FOCUS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS, IN PARTICULAR MATERNAL SMOKING, PLASTIC-DERIVED CHEMICALS (BISPHENOL A AND PHTHALATES), PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS, AND HEAVY METALS. WE THEN REVIEW STUDIES SHOWING THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF THOSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN HUMANS THAT MAY AFFECT NORMAL NEURODEVELOPMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 3577 40 IMPACT OF NUTRITION ON TELOMERE HEALTH: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES, BUT ALSO IN A LOWER TOTAL MORTALITY AND LONGER LIFE EXPECTANCY. ONE OF THE MECHANISMS IN WHICH DIET CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF DISEASE IS WITH REGARD TO ITS IMPACT ON TELOMERES. TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IS HIGHLY CORRELATED TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND METABOLIC STATUS. INDIVIDUALS WITH SHORTER TELOMERES ARE AT HIGHER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND MORTALITY. DIET MAY INFLUENCE TL BY SEVERAL MECHANISMS SUCH AS REGULATING OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION OR MODULATING EPIGENETIC REACTIONS. THE PRESENT SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AIMS TO EXAMINE THE RESULTS FROM EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND CLINICAL TRIALS CONDUCTED IN HUMANS EVALUATING THE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS, FOOD GROUPS, AND DIETARY PATTERNS ON TL. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION THAT INFLUENCE THIS PROCESS, WITH THE PERSPECTIVE THAT TL COULD BE A NOVEL BIOMARKER INDICATING THE RISK OF METABOLIC DISTURBANCES AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES. THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SOME ANTIOXIDANT NUTRIENTS, THE CONSUMPTION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, AND MEDITERRANEAN DIET ARE MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH LONGER TELOMERES. HOWEVER, MOST OF THE EVIDENCE IS BASED ON HIGH HETEROGENIC OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND VERY FEW RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS (RCTS). THEREFORE, THE ASSOCIATIONS SUMMARIZED IN THE PRESENT REVIEW NEED TO BE CONFIRMED WITH LARGER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES AND BETTER-DESIGNED RCTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14 3915 36 LINE-1 IN OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES, BY ACTIVATING OR SILENCING THE RELATED-GENES. SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THAT LINE-1 METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH BODY COMPOSITION AND OBESITY-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD). IT ALSO HAS BEEN EVALUATED AS PREDICTOR OF WEIGHT LOSS. THE STUDIES' RESULTS ARE STILL CONFLICTING, AND POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASSOCIATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO LINE-1 METHYLATION REGARDING ADIPOSITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC MARKERS. OVERALL, THIS REVIEW PRESENTS OBSERVATIONAL (CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL) STUDIES AND INTERVENTIONS (DIET, EXERCISES, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY) THAT EVALUATED THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE LINE-1 METHYLATION WITH OBESITY, WEIGHT LOSS, DYSLIPIDEMIAS, HYPERTENSION, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CVD, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. TEACHING POINTS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. MANY STUDIES HAVE RELATED METHYLATION OF LINE-1 WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES; HOWEVER, THE RESULTS ARE STILL CONTROVERSIAL. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND THE METHYLATION OF LINE-1 IS NOT FULLY ELUCIDATED. WITH ADVANCES IN EPIGENETIC STUDIES, RELATED MECHANISMS MAY BE EARLY BIOMARKERS IN WEIGHT CHANGE AND CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 4881 38 OVERVIEW OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL METALS: NEW PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL INSIGHTS. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVDS) ARE GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUES. IN PARTICULAR, AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN METAL EXPOSURE AND CVDS HAS BECOME EVIDENT BUT CAUSAL EVIDENCE STILL LACKS. THEREFORE, THIS SYMPOSIUM AT THE SOCIETY OF TOXICOLOGY 2022 ANNUAL MEETING ADDRESSED EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, PRE-CLINICAL ANIMAL MODEL-DERIVED AND MECHANISM-BASED EVIDENCE BY FIVE PRESENTATIONS: 1) AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY ON POTENTIAL CVD RISKS OF INDIVIDUALS EXPOSED OCCUPATIONALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY TO HEAVY METALS; 2) BOTH PRESENTATIONS OF THE SECOND AND THIRD WERE CLINICAL STUDIES FOCUSING ON THE POTENTIAL LINK BETWEEN HEAVY METALS AND PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (PAH), BY PRESENTING ALTERED BLOOD METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF BOTH NON-ESSENTIAL AND ESSENTIAL METALS IN THE PATIENTS WITH PAH AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES; 3) ARSENIC-INDUCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS VIA INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN MOUSE MODEL; 4) PATHOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE HEART BY ADULT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO VERY LOW-DOSE CADMIUM VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND WHOLE LIFE EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSE CADMIUM VIA EXACERBATING HIGH-FAT-DIET-LIPOTOXICITY. THIS SYMPOSIUM HAS BROUGHT EPIDEMIOLOGISTS, THERAPEUTIC INDUSTRY, PHYSICIANS, AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENTISTS TOGETHER TO DISCUSS THE HEALTH RISKS OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE TO HEAVY METALS THROUGH DIRECT CARDIOTOXICITY AND INDIRECT DISRUPTION OF HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS REGULATING ESSENTIAL METALS, AS WELL AS LIPID LEVELS. THE DATA SUMMARIZED BY THE PRESENTERS INFERS A POTENTIAL CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN MULTIPLE METALS AND CVDS AND DEFINES DIFFERENCES AND COMMONALITIES. THEREFORE, SUMMARY OF THESE PRESENTATIONS MAY ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES BY FACILITATING COLLABORATIONS AMONG MULTIDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 4803 24 OBESITY AND MALE INFERTILITY. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY IS INCREASING AMONG BOTH SEXES, WITH ASSOCIATED IMPACTS ON CHRONIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL COMORBIDITIES. SIMILARLY, THE EFFECTS OF OBESITY ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ARE INCREASINGLY BEING RECOGNIZED. ADIPOSITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED FERTILITY IN MEN, WITH A COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY. THE REPORTED EFFECTS OF OBESITY ON SEMEN PARAMETERS AND IMPAIRED FERTILITY ARE CONTRASTING, WITH SOME STUDIES SHOWING A CLEAR REDUCTION IN REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BODY MASS INDEX, WHILE OTHERS DO NOT SHOW SUCH IMPACTS. THESE CONTROVERSIES MAY BE DUE TO THE COMPLEX PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND INTERPLAY BETWEEN GONADOTROPINS AND END ORGANS, AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS ON MALE FERTILITY AND FUNCTION. THESE DIFFERENT ASPECTS HAVE LED TO HETEROGENEOUS PARTICIPANTS IN STUDIES AND VARYING IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES AS WELL AS OFFSPRING HEALTH. TREATMENT MODALITIES TO MANAGE OBESITY INCLUDE LIFESTYLE, MEDICAL, AND SURGICAL OPTIONS, WITH EMERGING AND EFFECTIVE MEDICAL TREATMENTS SHOWING PROMISE IN REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17 1157 33 CONTAMINANT METALS AS CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS: A SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION. EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IS LINKED TO INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. BEYOND THE EXTENSIVE EVIDENCE FOR PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION, ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THAT EXPOSURE TO NONESSENTIAL METALS SUCH AS LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC IS A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WORLDWIDE. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO METALS THROUGH AIR, WATER, SOIL, AND FOOD AND EXTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL AND PUBLIC USE. CONTAMINANT METALS INTERFERE WITH CRITICAL INTRACELLULAR REACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS LEADING TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION THAT RESULT IN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, HYPERTENSION, EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND CHANGES IN MYOCARDIAL EXCITATION AND CONTRACTILE FUNCTION. LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC HAVE BEEN LINKED TO SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CORONARY ARTERY STENOSIS, AND CALCIFICATION AS WELL AS TO INCREASED RISK OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND STROKE, LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HEART FAILURE, AND PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOW THAT EXPOSURE TO LEAD, CADMIUM, OR ARSENIC IS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH MOSTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES REDUCING METAL EXPOSURE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DEATH. POPULATIONS OF COLOR AND LOW SOCIOECONOMIC MEANS ARE MORE COMMONLY EXPOSED TO METALS AND THEREFORE AT GREATER RISK OF METAL-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. TOGETHER WITH STRENGTHENING PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES TO PREVENT METAL EXPOSURES, DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SENSITIVE AND SELECTIVE MEASUREMENT MODALITIES, CLINICAL MONITORING OF METAL EXPOSURES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF METAL CHELATION THERAPIES COULD FURTHER DIMINISH THE BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ATTRIBUTABLE TO METAL EXPOSURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 6295 34 THE PROMISES AND CHALLENGES OF TOXICO-EPIGENOMICS: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE EPIGENOME. BACKGROUND: IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF CHRONIC AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES CAN BE CAUSED OR EXACERBATED BY EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS. MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE INDICATE THAT EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AT RELATIVELY LOW CONCENTRATIONS COULD HAVE LASTING EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION HEALTH. ALTHOUGH THE POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS ARE KNOWN TO THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY, REGULATORY AGENCIES, AND THE PUBLIC, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MECHANISTIC BASIS BY WHICH THESE CHEMICALS CAN INDUCE LONG-TERM OR TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE EMERGED AS THE POTENTIAL LINK BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. OBJECTIVES: WE PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND A SUMMARY OF REPORTED EVIDENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS AS EPIGENETIC DISRUPTORS. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF USING EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS AS AN INDICATOR OF TOXICANT EXPOSURE, USING MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN TO IMPROVE RISK ASSESSMENT, AND OUR PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN TOXICOLOGY. DISCUSSION: UNTIL RECENTLY, EFFORTS TO APPLY EPIGENOMIC DATA IN TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT WERE RESTRICTED BY AN INCOMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENOMIC VARIABILITY ACROSS TISSUE TYPES AND POPULATIONS. THIS IS POISED TO CHANGE WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TOOLS AND CONCERTED EFFORTS BY RESEARCHERS ACROSS DISCIPLINES THAT HAVE LED TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND COMPREHENSIVE MAPS OF EPIGENOMIC VARIATION. WITH THE FOUNDATIONS NOW IN PLACE, WE FORESEE THAT UNPRECEDENTED ADVANCEMENTS WILL TAKE PLACE IN THE FIELD IN THE COMING YEARS. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1289/EHP6104.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19 2495 38 EPIGENETICS AND DOHAD: FROM BASICS TO BIRTH AND BEYOND. DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) IS THE STUDY OF HOW THE EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENT CAN IMPACT THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD AND THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNAS ARE INVOLVED IN MEDIATING HOW EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS LATER HEALTH. THIS REVIEW IS A SUMMARY OF THE EPIGENETICS AND DOHAD WORKSHOP HELD AT THE 2016 DOHAD SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND CONFERENCE. OUR EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW THE EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS LATER RISK FOR CHRONIC DISEASE WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT ANIMAL MODELS. IN THIS REVIEW WE HIGHLIGHT SOME ANIMAL MODEL EXAMPLES THAT DEMONSTRATE HOW AN ADVERSE EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC AND GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE LATER IN LIFE. TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ARE CHRONIC DISEASES WITH AN INCREASING INCIDENCE DUE TO THE INCREASED NUMBER OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS THAT ARE OBESE. EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC HEALTH MEASURES AND POTENTIALLY PREDICT FUTURE METABOLIC HEALTH STATUS. ALTHOUGH MORE DIFFICULT TO ELUCIDATE IN HUMANS, RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY BE ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATES THE EFFECTS OF EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES ON LATER LIFE RISK OF OBESITY AND OBESITY RELATED DISEASES. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS THE ROLE OF THE MICROBIOME AND HOW IT IS A NEW PLAYER IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING AND MEDIATING EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES ON LATER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20 3848 27 IS EPIGENETICS AN IMPORTANT LINK BETWEEN EARLY LIFE EVENTS AND ADULT DISEASE? BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PROVIDE ONE POTENTIAL EXPLANATION FOR HOW ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES IN EARLY LIFE CAUSE LONG-TERM CHANGES IN CHRONIC DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. WHEREAS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IS INCREASINGLY IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS RARE DEVELOPMENTAL SYNDROMES AND CANCER, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN COMPLEX CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND OBESITY, REMAINS LARGELY UNCHARACTERIZED. EXTENSIVE WORK IN ANIMAL MODELS IS REQUIRED TO DEVELOP SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES THAT CAN BE PRACTICABLY TESTED IN HUMANS. ANIMAL MODELS: WE HAVE DEVELOPED A MOUSE MODEL SHOWING THAT METHYL DONOR SUPPLEMENTATION PREVENTS TRANSGENERATIONAL AMPLIFICATION OF OBESITY, SUGGESTING A ROLE FOR DNA METHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT OF BODY WEIGHT REGULATION. CONCLUSIONS: COUPLING SUCH MODELS WITH RECENTLY DEVELOPED EPIGENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES SHOULD ULTIMATELY ENABLE US TO DETERMINE IF EPIGENETICS IS AN IMPORTANT LINK BETWEEN EARLY LIFE EVENTS AND ADULT DISEASE.	2009