1  614 147 BINGE ALCOHOL-INDUCED MICROVESICULAR LIVER STEATOSIS AND INJURY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC HDAC 1, 7, 9, 10, 11 AND UP-REGULATION OF HDAC 3. BACKGROUND: BINGE, AS WELL AS CHRONIC, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AFFECTS GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION LEADING TO CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY EVIDENT THAT THESE HISTONE-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL-MEDIATED HEPATIC INJURY. METHODS: C57BL/6 MICE WERE GAVAGED 3 TIMES (12-HOUR INTERVALS) WITH ETHANOL (ETOH; 4.5 G/KG). HEPATIC HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MRNAS WERE ASSESSED BY QRT-PCR. TOTAL HDAC ACTIVITY WAS ESTIMATED BY A COLORIMETRIC HDAC ACTIVITY/INHIBITION ASSAY. HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS WERE EVALUATED BY WESTERN BLOT. LIVER STEATOSIS AND INJURY WERE EVALUATED BY HISTOPATHOLOGY, PLASMA AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT) ACTIVITY, AND LIVER TRIGLYCERIDE ACCUMULATION. EXPRESSION OF FATTY ACID SYNTHASE (FAS) AND CARNITINE PALMITOYL TRANSFERASE 1A (CPT1A) WAS ALSO EXAMINED. HDAC 9 ASSOCIATION WITH FAS PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED. RESULTS: BINGE ALCOHOL EXPOSURE RESULTED IN ALTERATIONS OF HEPATIC HDAC MRNA LEVELS. DOWN-REGULATION OF HDAC CLASS I (HDAC 1), CLASS II (HDAC 7, 9, 10), AND CLASS IV (HDAC 11) AND UP-REGULATION OF HDAC CLASS I (HDAC 3) GENE EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED. CORRESPONDENT TO THE DECREASE IN HDAC ACTIVITY, AN INCREASE IN HEPATIC HISTONE ACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED. THESE MOLECULAR EVENTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MICROVESICULAR HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND INJURY CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED HEPATIC TRIGLYCERIDES (48.02 +/- 3.83 VS. 19.90 +/- 3.48 MG/G LIVER, P < 0.05) AND ELEVATED PLASMA ALT ACTIVITY (51.98 +/- 6.91 VS. 20.8 +/- 0.62 U/L, P < 0.05). HEPATIC STEATOSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN FAS AND A DECREASE IN CPT1A MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION. FAS PROMOTER ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT BINGE ETOH TREATMENT DECREASED HDAC 9 OCCUPANCY AT THE FAS PROMOTER RESULTING IN ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. CONCLUSIONS: DEREGULATION OF HEPATIC HDAC EXPRESSION LIKELY PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN THE BINGE ALCOHOL-INDUCED HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND LIVER INJURY BY AFFECTING LIPOGENESIS AND FATTY ACID BETA-OXIDATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2 3241  43 HEPATIC MICRORNA MODULATION MIGHT BE AN EARLY EVENT TO NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE DEVELOPMENT DRIVEN BY HIGH-FAT DIET IN MALE MICE. INTRODUCTION: METABOLIC ALTERATIONS CAUSED BY AN IMBALANCE OF MACRONUTRIENT CONSUMPTION ARE OFTEN RELATED TO THE MODULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), WHICH COULD ALTER MRNAS EXPRESSION PROFILE AND ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD). AIMS: THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE CONTRIBUTION OF MIRNAS IN MODULATING EARLY STAGES OF NAFLD IN MICE SUBMITTED TO A HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD). METHODS AND RESULTS: MALE SWISS MICE, FED EITHER A CONTROL DIET OR AN HFD FOR 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, 56 DAYS, WERE ASSESSED FOR METABOLIC ALTERATIONS, GENE EXPRESSION AND NAFLD MARKERS. A HEPATOCYTE CELL LINE WAS USED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF MIR-370 MODULATION ON ENZYMES INVOLVED IN BETA-OXIDATION. BODY WEIGHT AND ADIPOSITY WERE HIGHER AFTER 7 DAYS OF HFD. FASTING GLUCOSE AND INSULIN INCREASED AFTER 3 AND 7 DAYS OF HFD, RESPECTIVELY. WHILE HEPATIC LIPID CONTENT INCREASED FROM THE FIRST DAY ON, HEPATIC GLYCOGEN HAD A DECREASE AFTER 3 DAYS OF HFD CONSUMPTION. MIR-370 AND LET-7 EXPRESSION INCREASED WITH ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HFD, ACCOMPANIED BY CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE 1A (CPT1A), ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE VERY LONG CHAIN (ACADVL) AND PROTEIN KINASE AMP-ACTIVATED CATALYTIC SUBUNIT 2 (PRKAA2) DOWNREGULATION, WHILE DECREASED MIR-122 EXPRESSION WAS ACCOMPANIED BY 1-ACYLGLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE-O-ACYLTRANSFERASE (AGPAT) UPREGULATION AFTER 56 DAYS OF HFD CONSUMPTION, SOME OF THEM CONFIRMED BY IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS. DESPITE FLUCTUATIONS IN TNFA AND IL6 MRNA LEVELS, MOLECULAR MODULATION WAS CONSISTENT WITH HEPATIC TG AND NAFLD DEVELOPMENT. CONCLUSION: HEPATIC MIR-370-122-LET7 MIRNA MODULATION COULD BE THE FIRST INSULT TO NAFLD DEVELOPMENT, PRECEDING CHANGES IN GLYCEMIC HOMEOSTASIS AND ADIPOSITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3 2590  45 EPIGENETICS OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN THE LIVER OF RATS FED ETHANOL CHRONICALLY. AIM: TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL-INDUCED PROTEASOME INHIBITION, AND THE EFFECTS OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN THE REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: RATS WERE FED ETHANOL FOR 1 MO USING THE TSUKAMOTO-FRENCH MODEL AND WERE COMPARED TO RATS GIVEN THE PROTEASOME INHIBITOR PS-341 (BORTEZOMIB, VELCADE(TM)) BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS AND REAL TIME PCR WERE PERFORMED AND PROTEASOME ACTIVITY ASSAYS AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED USING ISOLATED NUCLEI. RESULTS: CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF THE UBIQUITIN PROTEASOME PATHWAY IN THE NUCLEUS, WHICH LED TO CHANGES IN THE TURNOVER OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS, HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES, AND, THEREFORE, AFFECTED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING WAS RELATED TO AN INCREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION, AND IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE PROTEASOME PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY REGULATED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY CONTROLLING THE STABILITY OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES, AND, THEREFORE, REGULATED THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, ALLOWING EASY ACCESS TO CHROMATIN BY RNA POLYMERASE, AND, THUS, PROPER GENE EXPRESSION. PROTEASOME INHIBITION BY PS-341 INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION SIMILAR TO CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. IN ADDITION, PROTEASOME INHIBITION CAUSED DRAMATIC CHANGES IN HEPATIC REMETHYLATION REACTIONS AS THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGENERATION OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, AND, IN PARTICULAR, A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE BETAINE-HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME. THIS SUGGESTED THAT HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEASOME INHIBITION, AS INDICATED BY THE DECREASE IN HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE ROLE OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN REGULATING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND ITS LINK TO LIVER INJURY IN ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE, IS THUS A PROMISING APPROACH TO STUDY LIVER INJURY DUE TO CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4 3792  31 INTERLEUKIN-1BETA INCREASES THE RISK OF GASTRIC CANCER THROUGH INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN A MOUSE MODEL. INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA) HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN CHRONIC GASTRIC INFLAMMATION AND MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTRIC DISEASES. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF IL-1BETA IN INDUCTION OF DNA METHYLATION USING IL-1 RECEPTOR TYPE 1 KNOCKOUT (IL-1R1(-)/(-)) MICE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WILD-TYPE (WT) AND IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE WERE INJECTED WITH IL-1BETA (5 MICROG/KG/DAY). SERUM LEVELS OF IL-1BETA, INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) AND NITRIC OXIDE (NO) WERE MEASURED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT OR NO ASSAYS. E-CADHERIN (E-CAD) METHYLATION STATUS AND MESSENGER (M)RNA EXPRESSION OF IL-1BETA, IL-6, E-CAD AND INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) WERE ANALYZED. RESULTS FROM THE PRESENT STUDY INDICATED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IL-1BETA MRNA EXPRESSION (P<0.001) IN WT MICE COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. IL-1BETA AND IL-6 RELEASE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN TREATED WT MICE COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE AT 1 H, 4 H AND 8 H (ALL P<0.005). IL-1BETA RELEASE WAS ONLY DETECTED IN WT MICE FOLLOWING A SECOND DOSE MEASURED AT DAY 3, WEEK 1 AND WEEK 2 WHEN COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. PROMOTER METHYLATION OF E-CAD AND A DECREASE IN GENE EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN TREATED WT MICE. MRNA EXPRESSION OF INOS IN WT MICE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AT WEEK 1 COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE (P=0.0411). FURTHERMORE, A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED LEVEL OF NO PRODUCTION WAS OBSERVED IN TREATED WT MICE (P<0.005 AT 8 H AND WEEK 1; P<0.001 AT 4 H AND DAY 3) WHEN COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. THE PRESENT RESULTS INDICATED THAT IL-1BETA WAS ABLE TO DIRECTLY INDUCE DNA METHYLATION, WHICH MAY LINK INFLAMMATION-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5 1236  37 CURCUMIN AMELIORATES NEPHROSCLEROSIS VIA SUPPRESSION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION INDEPENDENT OF HYPERTENSION. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH HISTONE ACETYLATION, AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE RELATED TO THE PROGRESSION OF VARIOUS DISEASES, ITS INVOLVEMENT IN NEPHROSCLEROSIS IS UNCLEAR. METHODS: DAHL SALT-SENSITIVE RATS WERE USED AS A MODEL OF NEPHROSCLEROSIS IN THIS STUDY. THE RATS WERE DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS: (I) NORMAL-SALT DIET GROUP, (II) HIGH-SALT DIET GROUP (HS), AND (III) HS ADMINISTERED DAILY WITH CURCUMIN, A HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (HS+C). AT 6 WEEKS AFTER THE TREATMENT, THE KIDNEYS WERE DISSECTED. MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES WERE ASSESSED BY MASSON'S TRICHROME STAINING. THE NUMBER OF MACROPHAGES, FIBROBLASTS AND THE CELLS EXPRESSING ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AT LYS 9 (H3K9) WERE ASSESSED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. RESULTS: ALTHOUGH BOTH HS AND HS+C RATS REVEALED A MARKED INCREASE IN SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE, SERUM CREATININE WAS INCREASED ONLY IN HS RATS AT 6 WEEKS. IN THE HS RATS, NEPHROSCLEROSIS WAS INDUCED, ACCOMPANYING A SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION OF MACROPHAGES AND FIBROBLASTS. THE INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS WAS MARKEDLY SUPPRESSED IN THE HS+C GROUP. THE LEVEL OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AT LYS 9 WAS ENHANCED IN THE HS RATS, WHEREAS CURCUMIN ADMINISTRATION SUPPRESSED THE HISTONE ACETYLATION. MOREOVER, IN THE HS RATS, INTERLEUKIN-6 GENE EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ACETYLATED H3K9, AS REVEALED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT CURCUMIN AMELIORATES NEPHROSCLEROSIS VIA SUPPRESSION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, INDEPENDENTLY OF HYPERTENSION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6 2774  37 EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (EC-SOD) REGULATES GENE METHYLATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS DURING CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS. CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAINLY DNA METHYLATION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS, INACTIVATING TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (RASSF1A) AND ACTIVATING KINASES (ERK1/2) LEADING TO FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS. THE RAS/ERK SIGNALING PATHWAY IS AN INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION. RASSF1A FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS EFFECT ON DOWNSTREAM ERK1/2. THE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME, EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (EC-SOD), DECREASES OXIDATIVE STRESS FROM CHRONIC HYPOXIA, BUT ITS EFFECTS ON THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY EXPLORED. TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS, WE USED AN IN-VITRO MODEL: WILD-TYPE C57B6 MALE MICE (WT) AND TRANSGENIC MALES WITH AN EXTRA COPY OF HUMAN HEC-SOD (TG). THE STUDIED ANIMALS WERE HOUSED IN HYPOXIA (10% O(2)) FOR 21 DAYS. THE RIGHT VENTRICULAR TISSUE WAS STUDIED FOR CARDIAC FIBROSIS MARKERS USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSES. PRIMARY C57BL6 MOUSE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST TISSUE CULTURE WAS USED TO STUDY THE IN-VITRO MODEL, THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF RASSF-1 EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION, AND ITS RELATION TO ERK1/2. OUR FINDINGS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN CARDIAC FIBROSIS MARKERS: COLLAGEN 1, ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ASMA), AND SNAIL, IN THE WT HYPOXIC ANIMALS AS COMPARED TO THE TG HYPOXIC GROUP (P < 0.05). THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION ENZYMES (DNMT 1&3B) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE WT HYPOXIC MICE AS COMPARED TO THE HYPOXIC TG MICE (P < 0.001). RASSF1A EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER AND ERK1/2 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HYPOXIA WT COMPARED TO THE HYPOXIC TG GROUP (P < 0.05). USE OF SIRNA TO BLOCK RASSF1A GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST TISSUE CULTURE LED TO INCREASED FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION (P < 0.05). METHYLATION OF THE RASSF1A PROMOTER REGION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN THE TG HYPOXIC GROUP COMPARED TO THE WT HYPOXIC GROUP (0.59 VS. 0.75, RESPECTIVELY). BASED ON OUR FINDINGS, WE CAN SPECULATE THAT EC-SOD SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATES RASSF1A GENE METHYLATION AND CAN ALLEVIATE CARDIAC FIBROSIS INDUCED BY HYPOXIA.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7 2030  32 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN INFLAMMATORY GENES AND THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF COOKED RHUBARB ON PANCREATIC TISSUE OF RATS WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, WHICH IS OBSERVED WORLDWIDE, CAN DAMAGE PANCREATIC TISSUE AND PROMOTE PANCREATITIS. RHUBARB IS A WIDELY USED TRADITIONAL CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE FOR TREATING PANCREATITIS IN CHINA. HOWEVER, FEW PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL CAN ALTER INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION EFFECT OF COOKED RHUBARB IN THE PANCREATIC TISSUE OF RATS. FIRST, CHANGES IN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE DNA METHYLATION (IL-10, IL-1ALPHA, TNF-ALPHA, NF-KAPPAB AND TGF-BETA) WERE DETECTED IN PANCREATIC TISSUE OF SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WITH VARYING ALCOHOL EXPOSURE TIMES (4, 6, 8, OR 12 WEEKS), AND THEN WITH VARYING DOSES OF COOKED RHUBARB TREATMENT (3, 6, OR 12 G/DAY). DNA METHYLATION LEVELS, RELATED RNA CONCENTRATIONS AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL SCORE WERE ANALYSED IN PANCREATIC TISSUE OF SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE (8 WEEKS) REDUCED THE LEVEL OF IL-1ALPHA DNA METHYLATION AND INCREASED ITS PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN ACINAR CELLS (P < 0.05). IN THE ACINAR CELLS, THE LEVEL OF IL-10 DNA METHYLATION INCREASED, RESULTING IN A REDUCTION OF PROTEIN EXPRESSION (P < 0.05). SIMULTANEOUSLY, CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE INCREASED THE PATHOLOGICAL DAMAGE TO THE PANCREAS (P < 0.05). FINALLY, COOKED RHUBARB TREATMENT (3 G/KG/DAY) EFFECTIVELY ALLEVIATED THESE CHANGES IN PANCREATIC TISSUE FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE (P < 0.05). THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL LEADS TO CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES, AND COOKED RHUBARB MAY HAVE A PROTECTIVE EFFECT ON THE PANCREATIC TISSUE OF RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8 1144  42 CONCOMITANT HETEROCHROMATINISATION AND DOWN-REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNVEILS EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF RELB IN AN AGGRESSIVE SUBSET OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IN MALES. BACKGROUND: THE SENSITIVITY OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS TO CURRENT TREATMENTS, BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, RELIES ON THEIR ABILITY TO ACTIVATE APOPTOTIC DEATH. CLL CELLS RESISTANT TO DNA DAMAGE-INDUCED APOPTOSIS DISPLAY DEREGULATION OF A SPECIFIC SET OF GENES. METHODS: MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION (HUMAN GENECHIP, AFFYMETRIX), IMMUNOFLUORESCENT IN SITU LABELING COUPLED WITH VIDEO-MICROSCOPY RECORDING/ANALYSES, CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP), POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS (PCR), REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RT-QPCR) AND BISULFITE GENOME SEQUENCING WERE THE MAIN METHODS APPLIED. STATISTICAL ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED BY APPLYING GCRMA AND SAM ANALYSIS (MICROARRAY DATA) AND STUDENT'S T-TEST OR MANN & WHITNEY'S U-TEST. RESULTS: HEREIN WE SHOW THAT, REMARKABLY, IN A RESISTANT MALE CLL CELLS THE VAST MAJORITY OF GENES WERE DOWN-REGULATED COMPARED WITH SENSITIVE CELLS, WHEREAS THIS WAS NOT THE CASE IN CELLS DERIVED FROM FEMALES. THIS GENE DOWN-REGULATION WAS FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN OVERALL GAIN OF HETEROCHROMATIN AS EVIDENCED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENT LABELING OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1ALPHA (HP-1), TRIMETHYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (3METH3K9), AND 5-METHYLCYTIDINE (5METC). NOTABLY, 17 GENES WERE FOUND TO BE COMMONLY DEREGULATED IN RESISTANT MALE AND FEMALE CELL SAMPLES. AMONG THESE, RELB WAS IDENTIFIED AS A DISCRIMINATORY CANDIDATE GENE REPRESSED IN THE MALE AND UPREGULATED IN THE FEMALE RESISTANT CELLS. CONCLUSION: THE MOLECULAR DEFECTS IN THE SILENCING OF RELB INVOLVE AN INCREASE IN H3K9- BUT NOT CPG-ISLAND METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS. INCREASE IN ACETYL-H3 IN RESISTANT FEMALE BUT NOT MALE CLL SAMPLES AS WELL AS A DECREASE OF TOTAL CELLULAR LEVEL OF RELB AFTER AN INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) BY TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), FURTHER EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WHICH COULD DISCRIMINATE TWO CLL SUBSETS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHTED THE EPIGENETIC RELB SILENCING AS A NEW MARKER OF THE PROGRESSIVE DISEASE IN MALES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  613  41 BINGE ALCOHOL ALTERS PNPLA3 LEVELS IN LIVER THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISM INVOLVING HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION. THE HUMAN PNPLA3 (PATATIN-LIKE PHOSPHOLIPASE DOMAIN-CONTAINING 3) GENE CODES FOR A PROTEIN WHICH IS HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN ADIPOSE TISSUE AND LIVER, AND IS IMPLICATED IN LIPID HOMEOSTASIS. WHILE PNPLA3 PROTEIN CONTAINS REGIONS HOMOLOGOUS TO FUNCTIONAL LIPOLYTIC PROTEINS, THE REGULATION OF ITS TISSUE EXPRESSION IS REFLECTIVE OF LIPOGENIC GENES. A NATURALLY OCCURRING GENETIC VARIANT OF PNPLA3 IN HUMANS HAS BEEN LINKED TO INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE. WE HAVE EXAMINED THE MODULATORY EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON PNPLA3 PROTEIN AND MRNA EXPRESSION AS WELL AS THE ASSOCIATION OF ITS GENE PROMOTER WITH ACETYLATED HISTONE H3K9 BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY IN RAT HEPATOCYTES IN VITRO, AND IN VIVO IN MOUSE AND RAT MODELS OF ACUTE BINGE, CHRONIC, AND CHRONIC FOLLOWED BY ACUTE BINGE ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION. PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF PNPLA3 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BY ALCOHOL IN ALL THREE MODELS USED. PNPLA3 MRNA ALSO INCREASED, ALBEIT TO A VARYING DEGREE. CHIP ASSAY USING H3ACK9 ANTIBODY SHOWED INCREASED ASSOCIATION WITH THE PROMOTER OF PNPLA3 IN HEPATOCYTES AND IN MOUSE LIVER. THIS WAS LESS EVIDENT IN RAT LIVERS IN VIVO EXCEPT UNDER CHRONIC TREATMENT. IT IS CONCLUDED FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT HISTONE ACETYLATION PLAYS A ROLE IN THE MODULATION OF PNPLA3 LEVELS IN THE LIVER EXPOSED TO BINGE ETHANOL BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 1504  31 DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION REGULATING INSULIN SENSITIVITY DUE TO CHRONIC COLD EXPOSURE. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHRONIC COLD EXPOSURE AND INSULIN RESISTANCE AND THE MECHANISMS OF HOW DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION REGULATE COLD-REDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE. 46 ADULT MALE MICE FROM POSTNATAL DAY 90-180 WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO CONTROL GROUP AND COLD-EXPOSURE GROUP. MICE IN COLD-EXPOSURE GROUP WERE PLACED AT TEMPERATURE FROM -1 TO 4 DEGREES C FOR 30 DAYS TO MIMIC CHRONIC COLD ENVIRONMENT. THEN, FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE, BLOOD INSULIN LEVEL AND INSULIN RESISTANCE INDEX WERE MEASURED WITH ENZYMATIC METHODS. IMMUNOFLUORESCENT LABELING WAS CARRIED OUT TO VISUALIZE THE INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE 2 (IRS2), OBESE RECEPTOR (OB-R, A LEPTIN RECEPTOR), VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ANION CHANNEL PROTEIN 1 (VDAC1), CYTOCHROME C (CYTC), 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5-MC) POSITIVE CELLS IN HIPPOCAMPAL CA1 AREA. FURTHERMORE, THE EXPRESSIONS OF SOME PROTEINS MENTIONED ABOVE WERE DETECTED WITH WESTERN BLOT. THE RESULTS SHOWED: 1 IN CIRCLE CHRONIC COLD EXPOSURE COULD REDUCE THE INSULIN RESISTANCE INDEX (P < 0.01) AND INCREASE THE NUMBER OF IRS2 POSITIVE CELLS AND OB-R POSITIVE CELLS IN HIPPOCAMPUS (P < 0.01). 2 IN CIRCLE THE EXPRESSIONS OF MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGY-RELATIVE PROTEINS, VDAC1 AND CYTC, WERE HIGHER IN COLD-EXPOSURE GROUP THAN IN CONTROL GROUP WITH BOTH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING AND WESTERN BLOT (P < 0.01). 3 IN CIRCLE CHRONIC COLD EXPOSURE INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION IN THE PYRAMIDAL CELLS OF CA1 AREA AND LED TO AN INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 (HDAC1) AND DNA METHYLATION RELATIVE ENZYMES (P < 0.01). IN CONCLUSION, CHRONIC COLD EXPOSURE CAN IMPROVE INSULIN SENSITIVITY, WITH THE INVOLVEMENT OF DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND THE REGULATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGY METABOLISM. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PROBABLY FORM THE BASIC MECHANISM OF COLD-REDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11 6411  46 THE SITE SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATION IN THE 5'-REGULATORY AREA OF NMDA RECEPTOR 2B SUBUNIT GENE ASSOCIATED WITH CIE-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION. BACKGROUND: THE NMDA RECEPTOR REPRESENTS A PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT SITE OF ETHANOL ACTION IN THE CNS. WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT NMDA RECEPTOR 2B (NR2B) GENE EXPRESSION WAS PERSISTENTLY UP-REGULATED FOLLOWING CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL (CIE) TREATMENT. INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN DYNAMIC AND LONG-LASTING REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN MULTIPLE NEUROADAPTIVE PROCESSES PROMPTED US TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MEDIATING CIE-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF NR2B GENE TRANSCRIPTION. TO DISSECT THE CHANGES OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE NR2B GENE, WE HAVE SCREENED A LARGE NUMBER OF CPG SITES WITHIN ITS 5'-REGULATORY AREA FOLLOWING CIE TREATMENT. METHODS: PRIMARY CORTICAL CULTURED NEURONS WERE SUBJECTED TO ETHANOL TREATMENT IN A CIE PARADIGM. BISULFITE CONVERSION FOLLOWED BY PYROSEQUENCING WAS USED FOR QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF CPG METHYLATION STATUS WITHIN THE 5'-REGULATORY AREA OF THE NR2B GENE; CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY WAS USED TO EXAMINE DNA LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING. ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAY (EMSA) AND IN VITRO DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE DIRECT IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DNA AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AND PROMOTER ACTIVITY. RESULTS: ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL CPG METHYLATION SITES WITHIN THE NR2B 5'REGULATORY AREA REVEALED THREE REGIONS WITH CLUSTERS OF SITE-SPECIFIC CPG DEMETHYLATION FOLLOWING CIE TREATMENT AND WITHDRAWAL. THIS WAS CONFIRMED BY CHIP SHOWING SIMILAR DECREASES OF METHYLATED DNA IN THE SAME REGIONS. THE CIE-INDUCED DEMETHYLATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY BEING LOCATED NEAR CERTAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SEQUENCES, AP-1 AND CRE, AND OCCURRED DURING TREATMENT AS WELL AS AFTER ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASE IN VITRO OF METHYLATED DNA DECREASED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING ACTIVITY AND PROMOTER ACTIVITY. AN ADDITIONAL CHIP ASSAY INDICATED THAT THE CIE-INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION IS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED OCCUPATION BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF DNA DEMETHYLATION IN MEDIATING CIE-INDUCED NR2B GENE UP-REGULATION, THUS IMPLICATING A NOVEL MOLECULAR SITE OF ALCOHOL ACTION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12 2120  37 EPIGENETIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN A CLINICALLY RELEVANT RAT MODEL OF CHRONIC ETHANOL-BINGE-MEDIATED LIVER INJURY. PURPOSE: ETHANOL BINGE AUGMENTS LIVER INJURY AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN HUMANS, BUT THE MECHANISM BEHIND THE ENHANCED LIVER INJURY BY ETHANOL BINGE IS NOT KNOWN. IN THIS STUDY WE USED A CLINICALLY RELEVANT RAT MODEL IN WHICH LIVER INJURY IS AMPLIFIED BY BINGE AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT AND INVESTIGATED THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. METHODS: EIGHT-WEEK-OLD SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE FED ETHANOL IN A LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS. CONTROL RATS WERE FED AN ISOCALORIC LIQUID DIET. THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY THREE BINGE ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL (INTRAGASTRIC 5 G/KG BODY WEIGHT, 12 H APART). IN THE CONTROL, ETHANOL WAS REPLACED BY WATER. FOUR HOURS AFTER THE LAST BINGE ADMINISTRATION, LIVER SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND PARAMETERS OF LIVER INJURY. RESULTS: CHRONIC ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION ALONE CAUSED AN INCREASE IN HISTONE H3 SER10 AND SER28 (H3S10 OR S28) PHOSPHORYLATION, AND BINGE ETHANOL REDUCED THEIR LEVELS. LEVELS OF DUALLY MODIFIED PHOSPHOACETYLATED HISTONE H3 (H3ACK9/PS10) INCREASED AFTER ACUTE BINGE ETHANOL AND REMAINED SAME AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE. IN CONTRAST, HISTONE H3 LYSINE-9 ACETYLATION (H3ACK9) WAS NOT INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BUT INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AFTER ACUTE BINGE AND CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE. INCREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED PHOSPHO-ERK1/2 IN THE NUCLEAR EXTRACTS. INCREASED ACETYLATION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE WAS ALSO ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED PROTEIN LEVELS OF GCN5 HISTONE ACETYL TRANSFERASE AND A MODEST INCREASE IN HDAC3 IN THE NUCLEUS. HISTONE LYSINE-9 DIMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE. CHRONIC ETHANOL BINGE ALSO RESULTED IN A DECREASE IN THE SAM:SAH RATIO WITH A RELATIVE DECREASE OF SAM LEVELS AND A CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN SAH LEVELS. CONCLUSIONS: ETHANOL BINGE AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL ALTERED THE PROFILE OF SITE-SPECIFIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MAY UNDERLIE THE MECHANISM OF AUGMENTED LIVER INJURY BY CHRONIC-ETHANOL-BINGE-TREATED RATS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  894  37 CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING ALTERS HEPATOCYTE MEMORY WHICH IS NOT ALTERED BY ACUTE FEEDING. BACKGROUND: GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN THE LIVER AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING MAY DIFFER FROM THE CHANGES SEEN IN CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING IN THE RAT. THE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING MAY SENSITIZE THE LIVER TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE, WHICH IS NOT SEEN AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING. METHODS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, GENE MICROARRAY ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED ON THE LIVERS OF RATS (N = 3) FED AN ACUTE BINGE DOSE OF ETHANOL (6 G/KG BODY WT) AND KILLED AT 3 AND 12 HOURS AFTER ETHANOL BY GAVAGE. THE GENE MICROARRAYS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE MADE ON THE LIVER OF RATS FROM A PREVIOUS STUDY, IN WHICH THE RATS WERE FED ETHANOL BY INTRAGASTRIC TUBE FOR 1 MONTH (36% OF CALORIES DERIVED FROM ETHANOL). RESULTS: MICROARRAY ANALYSIS DATA VARIED BETWEEN THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC MODELS IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT RESPECTS. GROWTH FACTORS INCREASED MAINLY IN THE CHRONIC ALCOHOL FED RAT. CHANGES IN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE STRESS WERE NOTED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. GENE EXPRESSION OF FAT METABOLISM WAS INCREASED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. MOST IMPORTANTLY, EPIGENETIC RELATED ENZYMES AND ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES CHANGED ONLY AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUPPORT THE CONCEPT THAT CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION INDUCES ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AS A RESULT OF CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHERE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES WERE ALTERED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14 4014  40 LOW-DOSE CD INDUCES HEPATIC GENE HYPERMETHYLATION, ALONG WITH THE PERSISTENT REDUCTION OF CELL DEATH AND INCREASE OF CELL PROLIFERATION IN RATS AND MICE. BACKGROUND: CADMIUM (CD) IS CLASSIFIED AS A HUMAN CARCINOGEN PROBABLY ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH CELLS CONTROL GENE EXPRESSION. THEREFORE, THE PRESENT STUDY GENOME-WIDELY SCREENED THE METHYLATION-ALTERED GENES IN THE LIVER OF RATS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO LOW-DOSE CD. METHODOLOGY PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: RATS WERE EXPOSED TO CD AT 20 NMOL/KG EVERY OTHER DAY FOR 4 WEEKS AND GENE METHYLATION WAS ANALYZED AT THE 48(TH) WEEK WITH METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-CPG ISLAND MICROARRAY. AMONG THE 1629 ALTERED GENES, THERE WERE 675 GENES WHOSE PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS (CGIS) WERE HYPERMETHYLATED, 899 GENES WHOSE PROMOTER CGIS WERE HYPOMETHYLATED, AND 55 GENES WHOSE PROMOTER CGIS WERE MIXED WITH HYPER- AND HYPO-METHYLATION. CASPASE-8 GENE PROMOTER CGIS AND TNF GENE PROMOTER CGIS WERE HYPERMETHYLATED AND HYPOMETHYLATED, RESPECTIVELY, ALONG WITH A LOW APOPTOSIS RATE IN CD-TREATED RAT LIVERS. TO LINK THE ABERRANT METHYLATION OF CASPASE-8 AND TNF GENES TO THE LOW APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY LOW-DOSE CD, MICE WERE GIVEN CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW-DOSE CD WITH AND WITHOUT METHYLATION INHIBITOR (5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCTIDENE, 5-AZA). AT THE 48(TH) WEEK AFTER CD EXPOSURE, LIVERS FROM CD-TREATED MICE DISPLAYED THE INCREASED CASPASE-8 CGI METHYLATION AND DECREASED CASPASE-8 PROTEIN EXPRESSION, ALONG WITH SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN CELL PROLIFERATION AND OVEREXPRESSION OF TGF-BETA1 AND CYTOKERATIN 8/18 (THE LATTER IS A NEW MARKER OF MOUSE LIVER PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS), ALL WHICH WERE PREVENTED BY 5-AZA TREATMENT. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CD-INDUCED GLOBAL GENE HYPERMETHYLATION, MOST LIKELY CASPASE-8 GENE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION THAT DOWN-REGULATED ITS EXPRESSION, LEADING TO THE DECREASED HEPATIC APOPTOSIS AND INCREASED PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 2297  24 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ACUTE PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGE, WHICH RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. RECENT STUDIES POINT TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN. WE HAVE FOUND THAT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% MUSTARD OIL ON THE TONGUES OF RATS, LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B WERE ELEVATED MARKEDLY (36 AND 42 % RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY. PREVIOUS INJECTION OF XEFOCAM WITH 0,4 MG/KG DOSE DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B (25 AND 24% RESPECTIVELY). THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT INHIBITORS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES COULD BE USEFUL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT NSAIDS (ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH DNMT INHIBITORS) MAY BE PROPOSED AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AGENTS, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ALTERING THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INVOLVED IN PAIN DEVELOPMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16 4159  40 MECP2 CONTROLS AN EPIGENETIC PATHWAY THAT PROMOTES MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION AND FIBROSIS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION GENERATES HEPATIC MYOFIBROBLASTS, WHICH PROMOTE LIVER FIBROGENESIS. THE PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA (PPARGAMMA) IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF THIS PROCESS. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PPARGAMMA AND MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION. METHODS: CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS ASSESSED THE BINDING OF METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) TO PPARGAMMA AND CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS THAT SILENCE THIS GENE. MECP2(-/Y) MICE AND AN INHIBITOR (DZNEP) OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY PROTEIN EZH2 WERE USED IN THE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE MODEL OF LIVER FIBROSIS. LIVER TISSUES FROM MICE WERE ASSESSED BY HISTOLOGIC ANALYSIS; MARKERS OF FIBROSIS WERE MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR). REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR DETECTED CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF THE MICRORNA MIR132 AND ITS TARGET, ELONGATED TRANSCRIPTS OF MECP2. MYOFIBROBLASTS WERE TRANSFECTED WITH MIR132; PPARGAMMA AND MECP2 EXPRESSIONS WERE ANALYZED BY QPCR OR IMMUNOBLOTTING. RESULTS: MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS IS CONTROLLED BY A COMBINATION OF MECP2, EZH2, AND MIR132 IN A RELAY PATHWAY. THE PATHWAY IS ACTIVATED BY DOWN-REGULATION OF MIR132, RELEASING THE TRANSLATIONAL BLOCK ON MECP2. MECP2 IS RECRUITED TO THE 5' END OF PPARGAMMA, WHERE IT PROMOTES METHYLATION BY H3K9 AND RECRUITS THE TRANSCRIPTION REPRESSOR HP1ALPHA. MECP2 ALSO STIMULATES EXPRESSION OF EZH2 AND METHYLATION OF H3K27 TO FORM A REPRESSIVE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IN THE 3' EXONS OF PPARGAMMA. GENETIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC DISRUPTIONS OF MECP2 OR EZH2 REDUCED THE FIBROGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MYOFIBROBLASTS AND ATTENUATED FIBROGENESIS. CONCLUSIONS: LIVER FIBROSIS IS REGULATED BY AN EPIGENETIC RELAY PATHWAY THAT INCLUDES MECP2, EZH2, AND MIR132. REAGENTS THAT INTERFERE WITH THIS PATHWAY MIGHT BE DEVELOPED TO REDUCE FIBROGENESIS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17 2907  38 GENE EXPRESSION MODIFICATIONS IN THE LIVER CAUSED BY BINGE DRINKING AND S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE FEEDING. THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES. CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION, ACHIEVED BY FEEDING ETHANOL AT A CONSTANT RATE USING INTRAGASTRIC TUBE FEEDING, ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF GENES IN THE LIVER. THIS IS DONE BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHICH DEPEND ON THE BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS AT THE TIME OF KILLING. HOWEVER, ACUTE BOLUS FEEDING OF ETHANOL CHANGES GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT LASTING EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THIS OCCURS WITH HISTONE 3 METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION MODIFICATIONS. THE GENE EXPRESSION RESPONSE TO AN ACUTE BOLUS OF ETHANOL MIGHT BE MODIFIED BY FEEDING S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME), A METHYL DONOR. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, RATS WERE GIVEN A BOLUS OF ETHANOL (6 G/KG BODY WEIGHT (BW), SAME (1 G/KG BW), ETHANOL + SAME, OR ISOCALORIC GLUCOSE. THE GROUP OF RATS (N = 3) WERE KILLED AT 3 AND 12 H POST BOLUS, AND GENE MICROARRAY ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED ON THEIR LIVER CELLS. SAME REDUCED THE 3 H BLOOD ETHANOL LEVELS AND INCREASED THE ALT LEVELS AT 3 H. VENN DIAGRAMS SHOWED THAT ALCOHOL CHANGED THE EXPRESSION OF 646 GENES AT 3 H POST BOLUS AND 586 GENES AT 12 H. SAME CHANGED THE EXPRESSION OF 1,012 GENES WHEN FED WITH ETHANOL 3 H POST ETHANOL BOLUS AND 554 GENES AT 12 H POST ETHANOL BOLUS. SAME ALONE CHANGED THE EXPRESSION OF 1,751 GENES AT 3 H AND 1,398 AT 12 H. THERE WERE MORE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AT 3 H THAN AT 12 H POST ETHANOL WHEN ETHANOL ALONE WAS COMPARED TO THE DEXTROSE CONTROL. THE SAME WAS TRUE WHEN SAME WAS COMPARED TO SAME + ETHANOL. ETHANOL UP REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION IN MOST FUNCTIONAL PATHWAYS AT 3 H. HOWEVER, WHEN SAME WAS FED WITH ETHANOL AT 3 H, MOST PATHWAYS WERE DOWN REGULATED. AT 12 H, HOWEVER, WHEN ETHANOL WAS FED, THE PATHWAYS WERE HALF UP REGULATED AND HALF DOWN REGULATED. THE SAME WAS TRUE WHEN SAME + ETHANOL WAS FED. THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETICALLY IMPORTANT GENES, SUCH AS BHMT AND FOXN3, WAS UP REGULATED 3 H POST ALCOHOL BOLUS. AT 3 H, SAME DOWN REGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF GENES, SUCH AS BHMT, MAT2A, JUN, TNFRS9, AHCY 1, TGFBR1 AND 2, AND PCAF. AT 12 H, THE INSULIN SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE HALF DOWN REGULATED BY ETHANOL, WHICH WAS PARTLY PREVENTED BY SAME. THE MAPK PATHWAY WAS UP REGULATED BY ETHANOL, BUT SAME DID NOT PREVENT THIS. IN CONCLUSION, PROFOUND CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION EVOLVED BETWEEN 3 H AND 12 POST ETHANOL BOLUS. SAME DOWN REGULATED THESE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AT 3 H, AND LESS SO AT 12 H.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18 2673  42 ETHANOL-INDUCED MODULATION OF GPR55 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED DENDRITIC CELLS IS ACCOMPANIED BY H4K12 ACETYLATION. INFLAMMATION SUPPORTS THE PROGRESSION OF ALCOHOL-RELATED ORGAN INJURY. RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS HAVE LINKED ETHANOL EXPOSURE TO CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION IN THE BRAIN AND IN PERIPHERAL TISSUES, LEADING TO ETHANOL-DEPENDENCE RELATED DAMAGE. ONE OF THE MECHANISMS THAT HAS BEEN SHOWN TO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE DURING INFLAMMATION IS THE CANNABINOID SYSTEM. PREVIOUS RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT ETHANOL CAN MODULATE CANNABINOID RECEPTORS' FUNCTIONS. OUR LAB HAS SHOWN THAT THE G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR (GPR55), A NOVEL CANNABINOID RECEPTOR, IS UPREGULATED IN BINGE DRINKERS AND IN CELLS TREATED ACUTELY WITH ETHANOL. ADDITIONALLY, OUR GROUP HAS ALSO UNCOVERED THAT CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE LEADS TO AN INCREASE IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS ACETYLATION. HOWEVER, THE REGULATORY MECHANISM OF GPR55 WITHIN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ETHANOL IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. SINCE CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT LEAD TO CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE MECHANISM OF ETHANOL-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF GPR55 IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES ON HISTONE PROTEINS. TAKING INTO ACCOUNT PREVIOUS FINDINGS FROM OUR LAB, THE GOAL OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THERE IS ANY RELEVANT ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND THE REGULATION OF THE NOVEL CANNABINOID RECEPTOR GPR55 IN MONOCYTE-DERIVED DENDRITIC CELLS (MDDCS) OF HUMAN ORIGIN TREATED ACUTELY WITH ETHANOL. THEREFORE, MONOCYTES WERE ISOLATED FROM BUFFY COATS AND ALLOWED TO DIFFERENTIATE INTO MDDCS. THE CELLS WERE TREATED WITH ETHANOL FOR 24 H, HARVESTED, FIXED, AND STAINED WITH ANTIBODIES AGAINST GPR55. AS EXPECTED, BASED ON PREVIOUS FINDINGS, CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY SHOWED THAT ETHANOL EXPOSURE INCREASES GPR55 EXPRESSION. IN ORDER TO DEMONSTRATE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND GPR55 EXPRESSION REGULATION, THE CELLS WERE TREATED WITH ETHANOL, HARVESTED, AND THEN THE CHROMATIN WAS EXTRACTED AND FRACTIONATED FOR CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME QPCR FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DNA FRAGMENTS. THE RESULTS SHOWED AN ENRICHMENT OF THE HISTONE MODIFICATION H4K12AC IN THE GPR55 GENE OF MDDCS TREATED WITH ETHANOL. FURTHERMORE, SIRNA AGAINST THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE TIP60 (RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACETYLATION OF H4K12) RESULTED IN A DOWNREGULATION OF GPR55. IN CONJUNCTION, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT IN THE PRESENCE OF ETHANOL, THE UPREGULATION OF GPR55 EXPRESSION IS ACCOMPANIED BY H4K12 ACETYLATION, WHICH MIGHT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT IN THE ABILITY OF THIS INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM'S CELLS TO COPE WITH CELLULAR STRESS INDUCED BY ETHANOL. HOWEVER, THE CAUSALITY OF ETHANOL REGULATION OF H4K12AC IN GPR55 EXPRESSION CHANGES STILL LACKS FURTHER ELUCIDATION; THEREFORE, ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO CONFIRM A SIGNIFICANT CAUSALITY BETWEEN H4K12 ACETYLATION AND ETHANOL REGULATION OF GPR55 ARE CURRENTLY UNDERGOING IN OUR LAB.	2018	

19 3240  34 HEPATIC LIPID ACCUMULATION ALTERS GLOBAL HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 AND 4 TRIMETHYLATION IN THE PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA NETWORK. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT THE ETIOLOGY OF SEVERAL METABOLIC DISEASES IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATION BY ABERRANT HISTONE METHYLATION. WE PERFORMED DNA MICROARRAY AND CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSES TO EXAMINE TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILING AND TRIMETHYLATION ALTERATIONS TO IDENTIFY THE GENOMIC SIGNATURE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), THE MOST COMMON FORM OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT STEATOTIC LIVERS IN HIGH-FAT DIET-FED APOLIPOPROTEIN E2 MICE SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED THE EXPRESSION OF APPROXIMATELY 70% OF TOTAL GENES COMPARED WITH NORMAL DIET-FED CONTROL LIVERS, SUGGESTING THAT HEPATIC LIPID ACCUMULATION INDUCES DRAMATIC ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION IN VIVO. ALSO, PATHWAY ANALYSIS SUGGESTED THAT GENES ENCODING CHROMATIN-REMODELING ENZYMES, SUCH AS JUMONJI C-DOMAIN-CONTAINING HISTONE DEMETHYLASES THAT REGULATE HISTONE H3K9 AND H3K4 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K9ME3, H3K4ME3), WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED IN STEATOTIC LIVERS. THUS, WE FURTHER INVESTIGATED THE GLOBAL H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 STATUS IN LIPID-ACCUMULATED MOUSE PRIMARY HEPATOCYTES BY CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSIS. RESULTS SHOWED THAT HEPATIC LIPID ACCUMULATION INDUCED ABERRANT H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 STATUS IN PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA AND HEPATIC LIPID CATABOLISM NETWORK GENES, REDUCING THEIR MRNA EXPRESSION COMPARED WITH NON-TREATED CONTROL HEPATOCYTES. THIS STUDY PROVIDES THE FIRST EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 IN HEPATOCYTES MAY BE INVOLVED IN HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD. THUS, CONTROL OF H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL NOVEL NAFLD PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20  531  42 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016