1  446 148 APABETALONE DOWNREGULATES FIBROTIC, INFLAMMATORY AND CALCIFIC PROCESSES IN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS AND PATIENTS WITH RENAL IMPAIRMENT. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE IMPLICATED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS DRIVING CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). APABETALONE IS AN ORALLY AVAILABLE INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS, WHICH ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE PHASE 3 BETONMACE TRIAL, APABETALONE REDUCED RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) BY 50% IN THE CKD SUBPOPULATION, INDICATING FAVORABLE EFFECTS ALONG THE KIDNEY-HEART AXIS. ACTIVATION OF HUMAN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS (HRMCS) TO A CONTRACTILE PHENOTYPE THAT OVERPRODUCES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND PROMOTES CALCIFICATION, FREQUENTLY ACCOMPANIES CKD TO DRIVE PATHOLOGY. HERE, WE SHOW APABETALONE DOWNREGULATED HRMC ACTIVATION WITH TGF-BETA1 STIMULATION BY SUPPRESSING TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION, ALPHA-SMA ASSEMBLY INTO STRESS FIBERS, ENHANCED CONTRACTION, COLLAGEN OVERPRODUCTION, AND EXPRESSION OF KEY DRIVERS OF FIBROSIS, INFLAMMATION, OR CALCIFICATION INCLUDING THROMBOSPONDIN, FIBRONECTIN, PERIOSTIN, SPARC, INTERLEUKIN 6, AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IL6, IL1B, AND PTGS2 WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED. TRANSCRIPTOMICS CONFIRMED APABETALONE AFFECTED GENE SETS OF ECM REMODELING AND INTEGRINS. CLINICAL TRANSLATION OF IN VITRO RESULTS WAS INDICATED IN CKD PATIENTS WHERE A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE REDUCED PLASMA LEVELS OF KEY PRO-FIBROTIC AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, AND INDICATED INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA1 SIGNALING. WHILE PLASMA PROTEINS CANNOT BE TRACED TO THE KIDNEY ALONE, ANTI-FIBROTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF APABETALONE IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE OBSERVED DECREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CKD PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2  445  61 APABETALONE (RVX-208) REDUCES VASCULAR INFLAMMATION IN VITRO AND IN CVD PATIENTS BY A BET-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. BACKGROUND: APABETALONE (RVX-208) IS A BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL PROTEIN INHIBITOR (BETI) THAT IN PHASE II TRIALS REDUCED THE RELATIVE RISK (RR) OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) BY 44% AND IN DIABETIC CVD PATIENTS BY 57% ON TOP OF STATINS. A PHASE III TRIAL, BETONMACE, IS CURRENTLY ASSESSING APABETALONE'S ABILITY TO REDUCE MACE IN STATIN-TREATED POST-ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME TYPE 2 DIABETIC CVD PATIENTS WITH LOW HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN C. THE LEADING CAUSE OF MACE IS ATHEROSCLEROSIS, DRIVEN BY DYSFUNCTIONAL LIPID METABOLISM AND CHRONIC VASCULAR INFLAMMATION (VI). IN VITRO STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED THE BET PROTEIN BRD4 AS AN EPIGENETIC DRIVER OF INFLAMMATION AND ATHEROGENESIS, SUGGESTING THAT BETI MAY BE CLINICALLY EFFECTIVE IN COMBATING VI. HERE, WE ASSESSED APABETALONE'S ABILITY TO REGULATE INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN GENE EXPRESSION AND CELL ADHESION IN VITRO AND INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM BY WHICH APABETALONE SUPPRESSES EXPRESSION. THE CLINICAL IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON MEDIATORS OF VI WAS ASSESSED WITH PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF PHASE II CVD PATIENT PLASMA. RESULTS: IN VITRO, APABETALONE PREVENTED INFLAMMATORY (TNFALPHA, LPS, OR IL-1BETA) INDUCTION OF KEY FACTORS THAT DRIVE ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION, MONOCYTE RECRUITMENT, ADHESION, AND PLAQUE DESTABILIZATION. BRD4 ABUNDANCE ON INFLAMMATORY AND ADHESION GENE PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS WAS REDUCED BY APABETALONE. BRD2-4 DEGRADATION BY MZ-1 ALSO PREVENTED TNFALPHA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF MONOCYTE AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES AND INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, CONFIRMING BET-DEPENDENT REGULATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY APABETALONE TRANSLATED INTO A REDUCTION IN MONOCYTE ADHESION TO AN ENDOTHELIAL MONOLAYER. IN A PHASE II TRIAL, APABETALONE TREATMENT REDUCED THE ABUNDANCE OF MULTIPLE VI MEDIATORS IN THE PLASMA OF CVD PATIENTS (SOMASCAN(R) 1.3 K). THESE PROTEINS CORRELATE WITH CVD RISK AND INCLUDE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES, AND METALLOPROTEINASES. INGENUITY(R) PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA(R)) PREDICTED THAT APABETALONE INHIBITS PRO-ATHEROGENIC REGULATORS AND PATHWAYS AND PREVENTS DISEASE STATES ARISING FROM LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT. CONCLUSIONS: APABETALONE SUPPRESSED GENE EXPRESSION OF VI MEDIATORS IN MONOCYTES AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BY INHIBITING BET-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION INDUCED BY MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY STIMULI. IN CVD PATIENTS, APABETALONE TREATMENT REDUCED CIRCULATING LEVELS OF VI MEDIATORS, AN OUTCOME CONDUCIVE WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE STABILIZATION AND MACE REDUCTION. INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY AND ADHESION MOLECULE GENE EXPRESSION BY APABETALONE IS PREDICTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO MACE REDUCTION IN THE PHASE III BETONMACE TRIAL.	2019	

3  587  51 BENEFIT OF APABETALONE ON PLASMA PROTEINS IN RENAL DISEASE. INTRODUCTION: APABETALONE, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR, TARGETS EPIGENETIC READERS TERMED BET PROTEINS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO GENE DYSREGULATION IN HUMAN DISORDERS. APABETALONE HAS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIATHEROSCLEROTIC PROPERTIES. IN PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIALS, THIS DRUG REDUCED THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF RENAL FUNCTION AND A HIGH RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WE STUDIED THE IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON THE PLASMA PROTEOME IN PATIENTS WITH IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION. METHODS: SUBJECTS WITH STAGE 4 OR 5 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND MATCHED CONTROLS RECEIVED A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE. PLASMA WAS COLLECTED FOR PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSIS AND FOR PROTEOMICS PROFILING USING THE SOMASCAN 1.3K PLATFORM. PROTEOMICS DATA WERE ANALYZED WITH INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY DYSREGULATED PATHWAYS IN DISEASED PATIENTS, WHICH WERE TARGETED BY APABETALONE. RESULTS: AT BASELINE, 169 PLASMA PROTEINS (ADJUSTED P VALUE <0.05) WERE DIFFERENTIALLY ENRICHED IN RENALLY IMPAIRED PATIENTS VERSUS CONTROL SUBJECTS, INCLUDING CYSTATIN C AND BETA(2) MICROGLOBULIN, WHICH CORRELATE WITH RENAL FUNCTION. BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS OF THE PLASMA PROTEOME REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT ACTIVATION OF 42 PATHWAYS THAT CONTROL IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, VASCULAR CALCIFICATION, AND COAGULATION. AT 12 HOURS POSTDOSE, APABETALONE COUNTERED THE ACTIVATION OF PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL DISEASE AND REDUCED THE ABUNDANCE OF DISEASE MARKERS, INCLUDING INTERLEUKIN-6, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1, AND OSTEOPONTIN. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED PLASMA PROTEOME DYSREGULATION IN RENALLY IMPAIRED PATIENTS AND THE BENEFICIAL IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON PATHWAYS LINKED TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND ITS CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4 6431  33 THE USE OF TARGETED NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO EXPLORE CANDIDATE REGULATORS OF TGF-BETA1'S IMPACT ON KIDNEY CELLS. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA1) PLAYS AN IMPORTANT REGULATORY ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE. FURTHER, DAMAGE TO KIDNEY GLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS IS CENTRAL TO THE PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MRNA, MICRORNA, AND EPIGENETICS IN MESANGIAL CELLS IN RESPONSE TO TGF-BETA1. METHODS: THE REGULATORY EFFECTS OF TGF-BETA1 ON MESANGIAL CELLS WERE INVESTIGATED AT DIFFERENT MOLECULAR LEVELS BY TREATING MESANGIAL CELLS WITH TGF-BETA1 FOR 3 DAYS FOLLOWED BY GENOME-WIDE MIRNA, RNA, DNA METHYLATION, AND H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION PROFILING USING NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS). RESULTS: OUR RESULTS PROVIDE THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE, COMPUTATIONALLY INTEGRATED REPORT OF RNA-SEQ, MIRNA-SEQ, AND EPIGENOMIC ANALYSES ACROSS ALL GENETIC VARIATIONS, CONFIRMING THE OCCURRENCE OF DNA METHYLATION AND H3K27ME3 IN RESPONSE TO TGF-BETA1. OUR FINDINGS SHOW THAT THE EXPRESSION OF KLF7 AND GJA4 ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1 REGULATED DNA METHYLATION. OUR DATA ALSO PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND THE EXPRESSION OF GENES CLOSELY RELATED TO TGF-BETA1 REGULATION. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY HAS ADVANCED OUR CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF MECHANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE EXPRESSION OF TGF-BETA1-REGULATED GENES INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF KIDNEY DISEASE. THE MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF TGF-BETA1 STIMULATION OF KIDNEY CELLS WAS DETERMINED, THEREBY PROVIDING A ROBUST PLATFORM FOR FURTHER TARGET EXPLORATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5 5045  39 PHARMACOLOGIC EPIGENETIC MODULATORS OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), DISTURBANCE OF SEVERAL METABOLIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS CAUSE PREMATURE AGEING, ACCELERATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD), AND MORTALITY. SINGLE-TARGET INTERVENTIONS HAVE REPEATEDLY FAILED TO IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS FOR CKD PATIENTS. EPIGENETIC INTERVENTIONS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES SIMULTANEOUSLY. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) IS A ROBUST PREDICTOR OF CVD AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AND IMPLICATED IN PATHOGENIC PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CVD IN CKD. RECENT FINDINGS: IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP BY MICRORNAS OR BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEIN INHIBITION HAS SHOWN PROMISING RESULTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CVD AND OTHER CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASES. THE BET INHIBITOR APABETALONE IS CURRENTLY BEING EVALUATED FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION IN A PHASE III CLINICAL STUDY IN HIGH-RISK CVD PATIENTS, INCLUDING PATIENTS WITH CKD (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02586155). PHASE II STUDIES DEMONSTRATE AN ALP-LOWERING POTENTIAL OF APABETALONE, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL OUTCOMES. SUMMARY: ALP IS A PREDICTOR OF CVD AND MORTALITY IN CKD. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP HAS THE POTENTIAL TO AFFECT SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES IN CKD AND THEREBY IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6  592  41 BET BROMODOMAIN PROTEINS REGULATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPROGRAMMING IN GENETIC DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY. THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) FAMILY COMPRISES EPIGENETIC READER PROTEINS THAT ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF INFLAMMATORY AND HYPERTROPHIC GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HEART. WE PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED THE ACTIVATION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENE NETWORKS AS A KEY EARLY DRIVER OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM) IN TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING A MUTANT FORM OF PHOSPHOLAMBAN (PLNR9C) - A GENETIC CAUSE OF DCM IN HUMANS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT BETS COACTIVATE THIS INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, REPRESENTING A CRITICAL NODE IN THE PROGRESSION OF DCM. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE TREATED PLNR9C OR AGE-MATCHED WT MICE LONGITUDINALLY WITH THE SMALL MOLECULE BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITOR JQ1 OR VEHICLE. BET INHIBITION ABROGATED ADVERSE CARDIAC REMODELING, REDUCED CARDIAC FIBROSIS, AND PROLONGED SURVIVAL IN PLNR9C MICE BY INHIBITING EXPRESSION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENE NETWORKS AT ALL STAGES OF DISEASE. SPECIFICALLY, JQ1 HAD PROFOUND EFFECTS ON PROINFLAMMATORY GENE NETWORK EXPRESSION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS, WHILE HAVING LITTLE EFFECT ON GENE EXPRESSION IN CARDIOMYOCYTES. CARDIAC FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION WAS ALSO SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED BY JQ1. MECHANISTICALLY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT BRD4 SERVES AS A DIRECT AND ESSENTIAL REGULATOR OF NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED PROINFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS. SUPPRESSING PROINFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION VIA BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION COULD BE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CHRONIC DCM IN HUMANS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  689  38 BRD4 AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN PULMONARY DISEASES. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC MODULATORS THAT REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH INTERACTING WITH ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES OF HISTONE PROTEINS. BET PROTEINS HAVE MULTIPLE ROLES IN REGULATING KEY CELLULAR FUNCTIONS SUCH AS CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE AND REDOX BALANCE, AND IMMUNE RESPONSES. AS A RESULT, BET PROTEINS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN A BROAD RANGE OF HUMAN LUNG DISEASES INCLUDING ACUTE LUNG INFLAMMATION, ASTHMA, PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY FIBROSIS, AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). DUE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC SMALL MOLECULAR INHIBITORS OF BET PROTEINS, TARGETING BET IN THESE LUNG DISEASES HAS BECOME AN AREA OF INCREASING INTEREST. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BET INHIBITORS IN PRECLINICAL MODELS OF VARIOUS HUMAN LUNG DISEASES. THIS IS, IN GENERAL, LARGELY RELATED TO THE ABILITY OF BET PROTEINS TO BIND TO PROMOTERS OF GENES THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR INFLAMMATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND BEYOND. BY MODULATING THESE CRITICAL GENES, BET PROTEINS ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE INTRINSIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY OF BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) IS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST, SEEMS TO ACT INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS BROMODOMAIN BINDING ACTIVITY, AND HAS IMPLICATION IN SOME CONTEXTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ON BET PROTEINS WITH A FOCUS ON BRD4 IN SEVERAL MAJOR HUMAN LUNG DISEASES, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, AS WELL AS FINDINGS OF TARGETING BET PROTEINS USING PHARMACEUTICAL INHIBITORS IN DIFFERENT LUNG DISEASES PRECLINICALLY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8 2239  43 EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY APABETALONE COUNTERS CYTOKINE-DRIVEN ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE IN VITRO, IN MICE AND IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AND CORRELATES WITH THE ABUNDANCE OF ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE (APR) PROTEINS IN THE LIVER AND PLASMA. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE INFLAMMATORY GENE TRANSCRIPTION. WE SHOW THAT BET INHIBITION BY THE SMALL MOLECULE APABETALONE REDUCES APR GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, MOUSE MODELS, AND PLASMA FROM CVD PATIENTS. STEADY-STATE EXPRESSION OF SERUM AMYLOID P, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1, AND CERULOPLASMIN, APR PROTEINS LINKED TO CVD RISK, IS REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN CULTURED HEPATOCYTES AND IN HUMANIZED MOUSE LIVER. IN CYTOKINE-STIMULATED HEPATOCYTES, APABETALONE REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN, AND SERUM AMYLOID P. THE LATTER TWO ARE ALSO REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN THE LIVER OF ENDOTOXEMIC MICE. BET KNOCKDOWN IN VITRO ALSO COUNTERS CYTOKINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF THE CRP GENE. MECHANISTICALLY, APABETALONE REDUCES THE CYTOKINE-DRIVEN INCREASE IN BRD4 BET OCCUPANCY AT THE CRP PROMOTER, CONFIRMING THAT TRANSCRIPTION OF CRP IS BET-DEPENDENT. IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE CORONARY DISEASE, PLASMA APR PROTEINS CRP, IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, AND FIBRINOGEN GAMMA DECREASE AFTER APABETALONE TREATMENT VERSUS PLACEBO, RESULTING IN A PREDICTED DOWNREGULATION OF THE APR PATHWAY AND CYTOKINE TARGETS. WE CONCLUDE THAT CRP AND COMPONENTS OF THE APR PATHWAY ARE REGULATED BY BET PROTEINS AND THAT APABETALONE COUNTERS CHRONIC CYTOKINE SIGNALING IN PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
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	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10 4582  34 N-TERMINAL BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS DISRUPT A BRD4-P65 INTERACTION AND REDUCE INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE TRANSCRIPTION IN PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF PANCREATIC ISLETS IS A KEY DRIVER OF BETA-CELL DAMAGE THAT CAN LEAD TO AUTOREACTIVITY AND THE EVENTUAL ONSET OF AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES (T1D). IN THE ISLET, ELEVATED LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INDUCE THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) GENE, NOS2, ULTIMATELY RESULTING IN INCREASED NITRIC OXIDE (NO). EXCESSIVE OR PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NO CAUSES BETA-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH DEFECTS IN MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION. RECENT STUDIES SHOWED THAT INHIBITION OF THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) FAMILY OF PROTEINS, A DRUGGABLE CLASS OF EPIGENETIC READER PROTEINS, PREVENTS THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF T1D IN THE NON-OBESE DIABETIC MOUSE MODEL. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT BET PROTEINS CO-ACTIVATE TRANSCRIPTION OF CYTOKINE-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY GENE TARGETS IN BETA-CELLS AND THAT SELECTIVE, CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC INHIBITION OF BET BROMODOMAINS COULD REDUCE SUCH TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ABILITY OF BET BROMODOMAIN SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS TO REDUCE THE BETA-CELL RESPONSE TO THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN 1 BETA (IL-1BETA). BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION ATTENUATED IL-1BETA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR NOS2 AND CONSEQUENT INOS PROTEIN AND NO PRODUCTION. REDUCED NOS2 TRANSCRIPTION IS CONSISTENT WITH INHIBITION OF NF-KAPPAB FACILITATED BY DISRUPTING THE INTERACTION OF A SINGLE BET FAMILY MEMBER, BRD4, WITH THE NF-KAPPAB SUBUNIT, P65. USING RECENTLY REPORTED SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND BET BROMODOMAINS, INHIBITION OF ONLY THE FIRST BROMODOMAIN WAS NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE INTERACTION OF BRD4 WITH P65 IN BETA-CELLS. MOREOVER, INHIBITION OF THE FIRST BROMODOMAIN WAS SUFFICIENT TO MITIGATE IL-1BETA-DRIVEN DECREASES IN MITOCHONDRIAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATES AND BETA-CELL VIABILITY. BY IDENTIFYING A ROLE FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BRD4 AND P65 IN CONTROLLING THE RESPONSE OF BETA-CELLS TO PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, WE PROVIDE MECHANISTIC INFORMATION ON HOW BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION CAN DECREASE INFLAMMATION. THESE STUDIES ALSO SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF MORE SELECTIVE BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS IN ATTENUATING BETA-CELL INFLAMMATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11  476  49 ARSENIC INDUCES FIBROGENIC CHANGES IN HUMAN KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS POTENTIALLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IS A SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE, AND KIDNEY IS ONE OF THE TARGET ORGAN FOR ARSENIC-INDUCED ADVERSE EFFECTS. RENAL FIBROSIS IS A WELL-KNOWN PATHOLOGICAL STAGE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IMPLICATE ARSENIC EXPOSURE TO CKD, BUT THE ROLE OF ARSENIC IN KIDNEY FIBROSIS AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM IS STILL UNCLEAR. IT IS IN THIS CONTEXT THAT THE CURRENT STUDY EVALUATED THE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM ARSENIC EXPOSURE ON THE CELLULAR RESPONSE IN MORPHOLOGY, AND MARKER GENES EXPRESSION WITH RESPECT TO FIBROSIS USING HUMAN KIDNEY 2 (HK-2) EPITHELIAL CELLS. RESULTS OF THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT IN ADDITION TO INCREASED GROWTH, HK-2 CELLS UNDERWENT PHENOTYPIC, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES INDICATIVE OF EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) IN RESPONSE TO THE EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. MOST IMPORTANTLY, THE ARSENIC-EXPOSED CELLS ACQUIRED THE PATHOGENIC FEATURES OF FIBROSIS AS SUPPORTED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MARKERS FOR FIBROSIS, SUCH AS COLLAGEN I, FIBRONECTIN, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA, AND ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN. UPREGULATION OF FIBROSIS ASSOCIATED SIGNALING MOLECULES SUCH AS TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES-3 AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-2 AS WELL AS ACTIVATION OF AKT WAS ALSO OBSERVED. ADDITIONALLY, THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC GENES (DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES 3A AND 3B; METHYL-CPG BINDING DOMAIN 4) WAS INCREASED IN ARSENIC-EXPOSED CELLS. TREATMENT WITH DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DC REVERSED THE EMT PROPERTIES AND RESTORED THE LEVEL OF PHOSPHO-AKT. TOGETHER, THESE DATA FOR THE FIRST TIME SUGGEST THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS. ADDITIONALLY, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT THE ARSENIC-INDUCED FIBROTIC CHANGES ARE, AT LEAST IN PART, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLATION AND THEREFORE POTENTIALLY CAN BE REVERSED BY EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTICS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12 5992  31 TGF-BETA: THE MASTER REGULATOR OF FIBROSIS. TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA) IS THE PRIMARY FACTOR THAT DRIVES FIBROSIS IN MOST, IF NOT ALL, FORMS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). INHIBITION OF THE TGF-BETA ISOFORM, TGF-BETA1, OR ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALLING PATHWAYS SUBSTANTIALLY LIMITS RENAL FIBROSIS IN A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE MODELS WHEREAS OVEREXPRESSION OF TGF-BETA1 INDUCES RENAL FIBROSIS. TGF-BETA1 CAN INDUCE RENAL FIBROSIS VIA ACTIVATION OF BOTH CANONICAL (SMAD-BASED) AND NON-CANONICAL (NON-SMAD-BASED) SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, WHICH RESULT IN ACTIVATION OF MYOFIBROBLASTS, EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) AND INHIBITION OF ECM DEGRADATION. THE ROLE OF SMAD PROTEINS IN THE REGULATION OF FIBROSIS IS COMPLEX, WITH COMPETING PROFIBROTIC AND ANTIFIBROTIC ACTIONS (INCLUDING IN THE REGULATION OF MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONING), AND WITH COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN TGF-BETA/SMADS AND OTHER SIGNALLING PATHWAYS. STUDIES OVER THE PAST 5 YEARS HAVE IDENTIFIED ADDITIONAL MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE THE ACTION OF TGF-BETA1/SMAD SIGNALLING IN FIBROSIS, INCLUDING SHORT AND LONG NONCODING RNA MOLECULES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF DNA AND HISTONE PROTEINS. ALTHOUGH DIRECT TARGETING OF TGF-BETA1 IS UNLIKELY TO YIELD A VIABLE ANTIFIBROTIC THERAPY DUE TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF TGF-BETA1 IN OTHER PROCESSES, GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE VARIOUS PATHWAYS BY WHICH TGF-BETA1 CONTROLS FIBROSIS HAS IDENTIFIED ALTERNATIVE TARGETS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS TO HALT THIS MOST DAMAGING PROCESS IN CKD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13  793  44 CELLULAR RE- AND DE-PROGRAMMING BY MICROENVIRONMENTAL MEMORY: WHY SHORT TGF-BETA1 PULSES CAN HAVE LONG EFFECTS. BACKGROUND: FIBROSIS POSES A SUBSTANTIAL SETBACK IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. HISTOPATHOLOGICALLY, FIBROSIS IS AN EXCESSIVE ACCUMULATION OF COLLAGEN AFFECTED BY MYOFIBROBLASTS AND THIS CAN OCCUR IN ANY TISSUE THAT IS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INJURY OR INSULT. TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA1, A CRUCIAL MEDIATOR OF FIBROSIS, DRIVES DIFFERENTIATION OF FIBROBLASTS INTO MYOFIBROBLASTS. THESE CELLS EXHIBIT ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) AND SYNTHESIZE HIGH AMOUNTS OF COLLAGEN I, THE MAJOR EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) COMPONENT OF FIBROSIS. WHILE HORMONES STIMULATE CELLS IN A PULSATILE MANNER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT CELLULAR RESPONSE KINETICS UPON GROWTH FACTOR IMPACT. WE THEREFORE STUDIED THE EFFECTS OF SHORT TGF-BETA1 PULSES IN TERMS OF THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE MYOFIBROBLAST PHENOTYPE. RESULTS: TWENTY-FOUR HOURS AFTER A SINGLE 30 MIN TGF-BETA1 PULSE, TRANSCRIPTION OF FIBROGENIC GENES WAS UPREGULATED, BUT SUBSIDED 7 DAYS LATER. IN PARALLEL, COLLAGEN I SECRETION RATE AND ALPHA-SMA PRESENCE WERE ELEVATED FOR 7 DAYS. A SECOND PULSE 24 H LATER EXTENDED THE DURATION OF EFFECTS TO 14 DAYS. WE COULD NOT ESTABLISH EPIGENETIC CHANGES ON FIBROGENIC TARGET GENES TO EXPLAIN THE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS. HOWEVER, ECM DEPOSITED UNDER SINGLY PULSED TGF-BETA1 WAS ABLE TO INDUCE MYOFIBROBLAST FEATURES IN PREVIOUSLY UNTREATED FIBROBLASTS. DEPENDENT ON THE AGE OF THE ECM (1 DAY VERSUS 7 DAYS' FORMATION TIME), THIS PROPERTY WAS DIMINISHED. VICE VERSA, MYOFIBROBLASTS WERE CULTURED ON FIBROBLAST ECM AND CELLS OBSERVED TO EXPRESS REDUCED (IN COMPARISON WITH MYOFIBROBLASTS) LEVELS OF COLLAGEN I. CONCLUSIONS: WE DEMONSTRATED THAT SHORT TGF-BETA1 PULSES CAN EXERT LONG-LASTING EFFECTS ON FIBROBLASTS BY CHANGING THEIR MICROENVIRONMENT, THUS LEAVING AN IMPRINT AND CREATING A RECIPROCAL FEED-BACK LOOP. THEREFORE, THE ECM MIGHT ACT AS MID-TERM MEMORY FOR PATHOBIOCHEMICAL EVENTS. WE WOULD EXPECT THIS MICROENVIRONMENTAL MEMORY TO BE DEPENDENT ON MATRIX TURNOVER AND, AS SUCH, TO BE ERASABLE. OUR FINDINGS CONTRIBUTE TO THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF FIBROBLAST INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE, AND HAVE BEARING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIFIBROTIC DRUGS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  141  33 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF MTOR PATHWAY GENES PROMOTES INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE CELLS IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD), BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL IMMUNE CELLS CONTRIBUTES TO DKD PROGRESSION. WE SHOWED THAT LEVELS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), A KEY ENZYME FOR DNA METHYLATION, WERE INCREASED ALONG WITH INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN DKD PATIENTS. INHIBITION OF DNMT1 WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA) MARKEDLY INCREASED THE PROPORTION OF CD4(+)CD25(+) REGULATORY T CELLS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN CULTURE AND IN DIABETIC ANIMALS. ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNE CELLS FROM 5-AZA-TREATED ANIMALS SHOWED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM, RESULTING IN A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF DKD. USING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS, WE IDENTIFIED THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CYTOSINES IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) REGULATORS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS OF DIABETIC PATIENTS. FURTHER, MRNA ARRAYS CONFIRMED THE CONSISTENT INDUCTION OF GENES EXPRESSED IN THE MTOR PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, DOWN-REGULATION OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION VIA RNA INTERFERENCE RESULTED IN PROMINENT CYTOSINE DEMETHYLATION OF MTOR NEGATIVE REGULATORS AND SUBSEQUENT DECREASE OF MTOR ACTIVITY. LASTLY, MODULATION OF MTOR RESULTED IN CHANGES IN THE EFFECT OF 5-AZA ON DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS. THUS, UP-REGULATION OF DNMT1 IN DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS INDUCES ABERRANT CYTOSINE METHYLATION OF THE UPSTREAM REGULATORS OF MTOR, LEADING TO PATHOGENIC ACTIVATION OF THE MTOR PATHWAY AND CONSEQUENT INFLAMMATION IN DIABETIC KIDNEYS. HENCE, THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR TREATING DKD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15 6910  32 [TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA AND RENAL FIBROSIS]. TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA) IS A DRIVING FORCE OF RENAL FIBROSIS, WHICH MAY LEAD TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES AND EVEN END STAGE RENAL DISEASES. BY ACTIVATING CANONICAL AND NON-CANONICAL SIGNALING PATHWAYS, TGF-BETA PROMOTES THE SYNTHESIS OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX WHILE PREVENTING THEIR DEGRADATION. IN THE INJURED KIDNEY, TGF-BETA INDUCES APOPTOSIS, PROLIFERATION AND FIBROTIC RESPONSE OF RENAL CELLS INCLUDING EPITHELIAL CELLS, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, PODOCYTES, FIBROBLASTS, PERICYTES AND MACROPHAGES, AND IT ALSO PROMOTES TRANSDIFFERENTIATION, ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATION OF MYOFIBROBLASTS. ADDITIONALLY, TGF-BETA EXERTS PROFIBROTIC EFFECTS BY INTERPLAYING WITH OTHER SIGNALING PATHWAYS LIKE BMP-7, WNT/BETA-CATENIN AND MAP KINASE. SMAD3 IS THE CENTRAL PATHOLOGICAL GENE IN RENAL FIBROSIS, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TGF-BETA/SMAD3 IS A HOT TOPIC IN KIDNEY FIELD. ALTHOUGH DIRECT TARGETING TGF-BETA MAY CAUSE SIDE EFFECTS INCLUDING TUMORIGENESIS AND IMMUNE DISEASES, THE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING THE BALANCE OF DOWNSTREAM SMAD3 AND SMAD7 MAY PREVENT OR DELAY THE PROGRESSION OF FIBROTIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  593  47 BET PROTEIN INHIBITION REGULATES CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROMOTES NEUROPROTECTION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY. BACKGROUND: SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) USUALLY CAUSES A DEVASTATING LIFELONG DISABILITY FOR PATIENTS. AFTER A TRAUMATIC LESION, DISRUPTION OF THE BLOOD-SPINAL CORD BARRIER INDUCES THE INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES INTO THE LESION SITE AND THE ACTIVATION OF RESIDENT GLIAL CELLS, WHICH RELEASE CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES. THESE EVENTS RESULT IN A PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, WHICH HAS BOTH DETRIMENTAL AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS, BUT EVENTUALLY LIMITS FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES BY INTERACTING WITH ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES. WHILE BET INHIBITORS ARE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CANCER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THEIR IMPLICATION AFTER SCI. THUS, THE CURRENT STUDY WAS AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE OF BET INHIBITORS IN THIS PATHOLOGIC CONDITION. METHODS: WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1 TO MODIFY MACROPHAGE REACTIVITY IN VITRO AND TO MODULATE INFLAMMATION IN A SCI MICE MODEL. WE ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF BET INHIBITION IN PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. WE DETERMINED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BET INHIBITION IN TISSUE SPARING, INFLAMMATION, NEURONAL PROTECTION, AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME AFTER SCI. RESULTS: WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1 REDUCED THE LEVELS OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. A PROLONGED TREATMENT WITH JQ1 ALSO DECREASED REACTIVITY OF MICROGLIA/MACROPHAGES, ENHANCED NEUROPROTECTION AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY, AND ACUTELY REDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER SCI. CONCLUSIONS: BET PROTEIN INHIBITION IS AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT TO REGULATE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROMOTE NEUROPROTECTION AFTER SCI. THESE NOVEL RESULTS DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT TARGETING BET PROTEINS IS AN ENCOURAGING APPROACH FOR SCI REPAIR AND A POTENTIAL STRATEGY TO TREAT OTHER INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17 3720  31 INHIBITION OF CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASES ABROGATES TUMOR GROWTH FACTOR BETA EXPRESSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FIBROSIS DURING CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. PANCREATIC FIBROSIS IS THE HALLMARK OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS, A HIGHLY DEBILITATING DISEASE FOR WHICH THERE IS CURRENTLY NO CURE. THE KEY EVENT AT THE BASIS OF PANCREATIC FIBROSIS IS THE DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS BY ACTIVATED PANCREATIC STELLATE CELLS (PSCS). TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA (TGFBETA) IS A POTENT PROFIBROTIC FACTOR IN THE PANCREAS AS IT PROMOTES THE ACTIVATION OF PSC; THUS, PHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS THAT EFFECTIVELY REDUCE TGFBETA EXPRESSION HARBOR CONSIDERABLE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER TGFBETA EXPRESSION IS REDUCED BY PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO ADDRESS THIS AIM, CHRONIC PANCREATITIS WAS INDUCED IN C57BL/6 MICE WITH SERIAL INJECTIONS OF CERULEIN, AND THE SELECTIVE CLASS 1 HDAC INHIBITOR MS-275 WAS ADMINISTERED IN VIVO IN A PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC MANNER. BOTH MS-275 REGIMENS POTENTLY REDUCED DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND DEVELOPMENT OF FIBROSIS IN THE PANCREAS AFTER 4 WEEKS OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. REDUCED PANCREATIC FIBROSIS WAS CONCOMITANT WITH LOWER EXPRESSION OF PANCREATIC TGFBETA AND CONSEQUENT REDUCED PSC ACTIVATION. IN SEARCH OF THE CELL TYPES TARGETED BY THE INHIBITOR, WE FOUND THAT MS-275 TREATMENT ABROGATED THE EXPRESSION OF TGFBETA IN ACINAR CELLS STIMULATED BY CERULEIN TREATMENT. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT MS-275 IS AN EFFECTIVE ANTIFIBROTIC AGENT IN THE CONTEXT OF EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC PANCREATITIS AND THUS MAY CONSTITUTE A VALID THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION FOR THIS SEVERE DISEASE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18 3795  33 INTERLEUKIN-6 CONTRIBUTES TO GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA CELLS BY ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MALIGNANCY IS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE BILIARY TRACT WHERE PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) ENHANCES TUMOR GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA BY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION VIA AUTOCRINE MECHANISMS. IL-6 CAN REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND MOREOVER, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CARCINOGENESIS. WE THEREFORE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO IL-6 ON METHYLATION-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH IN HUMAN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUTOCRINE IL-6 PATHWAYS, DNA METHYLATION, AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH WAS ASSESSED USING MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES STABLY TRANSFECTED TO OVEREXPRESS IL-6. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION, GROWTH IN SOFT AGAR, AND METHYLCYTOSINE CONTENT OF MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES. HOWEVER, THIS EFFECT WAS NOT OBSERVED IN IL-6-OVEREXPRESSING CELLS. IL-6 OVEREXPRESSION RESULTED IN THE ALTERED EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SEVERAL GENES, INCLUDING THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR). EGFR PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS DECREASED AND GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED BY IL-6. THUS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY IL-6 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY ALTERING PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF GROWTH-REGULATORY PATHWAYS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVING EGFR. MOREOVER, ENHANCED IL-6 EXPRESSION MAY DECREASE THE SENSITIVITY OF TUMOR CELLS TO THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS. THESE OBSERVATIONS HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND PROVIDE A MECHANISM BY WHICH PERSISTENT CYTOKINE STIMULATION CAN PROMOTE TUMOR GROWTH.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19 5925  39 TARGETING EPIGENETIC DNA AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS TO TREAT KIDNEY DISEASE. EPIGENETICS REFERS TO HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS NOT CAUSED BY AN ALTERED NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE, AND INCLUDES NON-CODING RNAS AND COVALENT MODIFICATIONS OF DNA AND HISTONES. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON FUNCTIONAL EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF DNA AND HISTONE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF KIDNEY DISEASE AND THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS. THERE IS EVIDENCE OF ACTIVATION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI), CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND THE AKI-TO-CKD TRANSITION OF DIVERSE AETIOLOGIES, INCLUDING ISCHAEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY, NEPHROTOXICITY, URETERAL OBSTRUCTION, DIABETES, GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE. A BENEFICIAL IN VIVO EFFECT OVER PRECLINICAL KIDNEY INJURY HAS BEEN REPORTED FOR DRUGS THAT DECREASE DNA METHYLATION BY EITHER INHIBITING DNA METHYLATION (E.G. 5-AZACYTIDINE AND DECITABINE) OR ACTIVATING DNA DEMETHYLATION (E.G. HYDRALAZINE), DECREASE HISTONE METHYLATION BY INHIBITING HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES, INCREASE HISTONE ACETYLATION BY INHIBITING HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS, E.G. VALPROIC ACID, VORINOSTAT, ENTINOSTAT), INCREASE HISTONE CROTONYLATION (CROTONATE) OR INTERFERE WITH HISTONE MODIFICATION READERS [E.G. INHIBITS OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL PROTEINS (BET)]. MOST PRECLINICAL STUDIES ADDRESSED CKD OR THE AKI-TO-CKD TRANSITION. CROTONATE ADMINISTRATION PROTECTED FROM NEPHROTOXIC AKI, BUT EVIDENCE IS CONFLICTING ON DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS FOR PRECLINICAL AKI. SEVERAL DRUGS TARGETING EPIGENETIC REGULATORS ARE IN CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OR USE, MOST OF THEM FOR MALIGNANCY. THE BET INHIBITOR APABETALONE IS IN PHASE 3 TRIALS FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS, KIDNEY FUNCTION BEING A SECONDARY ENDPOINT, BUT NEPHROTOXICITY WAS REPORTED FOR DNA AND HDAC INHIBITORS. WHILE RESEARCH INTO EPIGENETIC MODULATORS MAY PROVIDE NOVEL THERAPIES FOR KIDNEY DISEASE, CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED BASED ON THE CLINICAL NEPHROTOXICITY OF SOME DRUGS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20 3295  36 HIGH PHOSPHATE-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF PPARGAMMA CONTRIBUTES TO CKD-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION. MEDIAL ARTERIAL CALCIFICATION ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA IS A MAIN CAUSE OF CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), BUT THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HIGH PHOSPHATE-INDUCED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. HERE, WE OBSERVED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA (PPARGAMMA) IN CALCIFIED ARTERIES BOTH IN CKD PATIENTS AND IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CKD WITH HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA. IN VITRO, HIGH PHOSPHATE TREATMENT LED TO A DECREASED EXPRESSION OF PPARGAMMA IN MOUSE VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (VMSCS), ACCOMPANIED BY APPARENT OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION AND CALCIFICATION. PRETREATMENT WITH PPARGAMMA AGONIST ROSIGLITAZONE SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSED HIGH PHOSPHATE-INDUCED VSMCS CALCIFICATION. FURTHER INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2)-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION WAS INVOLVED IN HIGH PHOSPHATE-INDUCED PPARGAMMA DOWNREGULATION. MOREOVER, THE EXPRESSION OF KLOTHO THAT HAS THE ABILITY TO INHIBIT VASCULAR CALCIFICATION BY REGULATING PHOSPHATE UPTAKE DECREASED WITH THE PPARGAMMA REDUCTION IN VSMCS AFTER HIGH PHOSPHATE TREATMENT, AND ROSIGLITAZONE FAILED TO INHIBIT HIGH PHOSPHATE-INDUCED CALCIFICATION IN VSMCS WITH KNOCKDOWN OF KLOTHO OR IN AORTIC RINGS FROM KLOTHO-DEFICIENT (KL/KL) MICE. FINALLY, AN IN VIVO STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ROSIGLITAZONE COULD INCREASE KLOTHO EXPRESSION AND PROTECT AGAINST HIGH PHOSPHATE-INDUCED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN CKD MICE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE INHIBITION OF PPARGAMMA EXPRESSION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF HIGH PHOSPHATE-INDUCED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN CKD PATIENTS.	2018