1  445 166 APABETALONE (RVX-208) REDUCES VASCULAR INFLAMMATION IN VITRO AND IN CVD PATIENTS BY A BET-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. BACKGROUND: APABETALONE (RVX-208) IS A BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL PROTEIN INHIBITOR (BETI) THAT IN PHASE II TRIALS REDUCED THE RELATIVE RISK (RR) OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) BY 44% AND IN DIABETIC CVD PATIENTS BY 57% ON TOP OF STATINS. A PHASE III TRIAL, BETONMACE, IS CURRENTLY ASSESSING APABETALONE'S ABILITY TO REDUCE MACE IN STATIN-TREATED POST-ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME TYPE 2 DIABETIC CVD PATIENTS WITH LOW HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN C. THE LEADING CAUSE OF MACE IS ATHEROSCLEROSIS, DRIVEN BY DYSFUNCTIONAL LIPID METABOLISM AND CHRONIC VASCULAR INFLAMMATION (VI). IN VITRO STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED THE BET PROTEIN BRD4 AS AN EPIGENETIC DRIVER OF INFLAMMATION AND ATHEROGENESIS, SUGGESTING THAT BETI MAY BE CLINICALLY EFFECTIVE IN COMBATING VI. HERE, WE ASSESSED APABETALONE'S ABILITY TO REGULATE INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN GENE EXPRESSION AND CELL ADHESION IN VITRO AND INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM BY WHICH APABETALONE SUPPRESSES EXPRESSION. THE CLINICAL IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON MEDIATORS OF VI WAS ASSESSED WITH PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF PHASE II CVD PATIENT PLASMA. RESULTS: IN VITRO, APABETALONE PREVENTED INFLAMMATORY (TNFALPHA, LPS, OR IL-1BETA) INDUCTION OF KEY FACTORS THAT DRIVE ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION, MONOCYTE RECRUITMENT, ADHESION, AND PLAQUE DESTABILIZATION. BRD4 ABUNDANCE ON INFLAMMATORY AND ADHESION GENE PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS WAS REDUCED BY APABETALONE. BRD2-4 DEGRADATION BY MZ-1 ALSO PREVENTED TNFALPHA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF MONOCYTE AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES AND INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, CONFIRMING BET-DEPENDENT REGULATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY APABETALONE TRANSLATED INTO A REDUCTION IN MONOCYTE ADHESION TO AN ENDOTHELIAL MONOLAYER. IN A PHASE II TRIAL, APABETALONE TREATMENT REDUCED THE ABUNDANCE OF MULTIPLE VI MEDIATORS IN THE PLASMA OF CVD PATIENTS (SOMASCAN(R) 1.3 K). THESE PROTEINS CORRELATE WITH CVD RISK AND INCLUDE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES, AND METALLOPROTEINASES. INGENUITY(R) PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA(R)) PREDICTED THAT APABETALONE INHIBITS PRO-ATHEROGENIC REGULATORS AND PATHWAYS AND PREVENTS DISEASE STATES ARISING FROM LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT. CONCLUSIONS: APABETALONE SUPPRESSED GENE EXPRESSION OF VI MEDIATORS IN MONOCYTES AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BY INHIBITING BET-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION INDUCED BY MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY STIMULI. IN CVD PATIENTS, APABETALONE TREATMENT REDUCED CIRCULATING LEVELS OF VI MEDIATORS, AN OUTCOME CONDUCIVE WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE STABILIZATION AND MACE REDUCTION. INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY AND ADHESION MOLECULE GENE EXPRESSION BY APABETALONE IS PREDICTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO MACE REDUCTION IN THE PHASE III BETONMACE TRIAL.	2019	

2  446  61 APABETALONE DOWNREGULATES FIBROTIC, INFLAMMATORY AND CALCIFIC PROCESSES IN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS AND PATIENTS WITH RENAL IMPAIRMENT. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE IMPLICATED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS DRIVING CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). APABETALONE IS AN ORALLY AVAILABLE INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS, WHICH ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE PHASE 3 BETONMACE TRIAL, APABETALONE REDUCED RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) BY 50% IN THE CKD SUBPOPULATION, INDICATING FAVORABLE EFFECTS ALONG THE KIDNEY-HEART AXIS. ACTIVATION OF HUMAN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS (HRMCS) TO A CONTRACTILE PHENOTYPE THAT OVERPRODUCES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND PROMOTES CALCIFICATION, FREQUENTLY ACCOMPANIES CKD TO DRIVE PATHOLOGY. HERE, WE SHOW APABETALONE DOWNREGULATED HRMC ACTIVATION WITH TGF-BETA1 STIMULATION BY SUPPRESSING TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION, ALPHA-SMA ASSEMBLY INTO STRESS FIBERS, ENHANCED CONTRACTION, COLLAGEN OVERPRODUCTION, AND EXPRESSION OF KEY DRIVERS OF FIBROSIS, INFLAMMATION, OR CALCIFICATION INCLUDING THROMBOSPONDIN, FIBRONECTIN, PERIOSTIN, SPARC, INTERLEUKIN 6, AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IL6, IL1B, AND PTGS2 WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED. TRANSCRIPTOMICS CONFIRMED APABETALONE AFFECTED GENE SETS OF ECM REMODELING AND INTEGRINS. CLINICAL TRANSLATION OF IN VITRO RESULTS WAS INDICATED IN CKD PATIENTS WHERE A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE REDUCED PLASMA LEVELS OF KEY PRO-FIBROTIC AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, AND INDICATED INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA1 SIGNALING. WHILE PLASMA PROTEINS CANNOT BE TRACED TO THE KIDNEY ALONE, ANTI-FIBROTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF APABETALONE IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE OBSERVED DECREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CKD PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  587  57 BENEFIT OF APABETALONE ON PLASMA PROTEINS IN RENAL DISEASE. INTRODUCTION: APABETALONE, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR, TARGETS EPIGENETIC READERS TERMED BET PROTEINS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO GENE DYSREGULATION IN HUMAN DISORDERS. APABETALONE HAS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIATHEROSCLEROTIC PROPERTIES. IN PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIALS, THIS DRUG REDUCED THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF RENAL FUNCTION AND A HIGH RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WE STUDIED THE IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON THE PLASMA PROTEOME IN PATIENTS WITH IMPAIRED KIDNEY FUNCTION. METHODS: SUBJECTS WITH STAGE 4 OR 5 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND MATCHED CONTROLS RECEIVED A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE. PLASMA WAS COLLECTED FOR PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSIS AND FOR PROTEOMICS PROFILING USING THE SOMASCAN 1.3K PLATFORM. PROTEOMICS DATA WERE ANALYZED WITH INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY DYSREGULATED PATHWAYS IN DISEASED PATIENTS, WHICH WERE TARGETED BY APABETALONE. RESULTS: AT BASELINE, 169 PLASMA PROTEINS (ADJUSTED P VALUE <0.05) WERE DIFFERENTIALLY ENRICHED IN RENALLY IMPAIRED PATIENTS VERSUS CONTROL SUBJECTS, INCLUDING CYSTATIN C AND BETA(2) MICROGLOBULIN, WHICH CORRELATE WITH RENAL FUNCTION. BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS OF THE PLASMA PROTEOME REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT ACTIVATION OF 42 PATHWAYS THAT CONTROL IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, VASCULAR CALCIFICATION, AND COAGULATION. AT 12 HOURS POSTDOSE, APABETALONE COUNTERED THE ACTIVATION OF PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL DISEASE AND REDUCED THE ABUNDANCE OF DISEASE MARKERS, INCLUDING INTERLEUKIN-6, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1, AND OSTEOPONTIN. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED PLASMA PROTEOME DYSREGULATION IN RENALLY IMPAIRED PATIENTS AND THE BENEFICIAL IMPACT OF APABETALONE ON PATHWAYS LINKED TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND ITS CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4 2239  52 EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY APABETALONE COUNTERS CYTOKINE-DRIVEN ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE IN VITRO, IN MICE AND IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AND CORRELATES WITH THE ABUNDANCE OF ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE (APR) PROTEINS IN THE LIVER AND PLASMA. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE INFLAMMATORY GENE TRANSCRIPTION. WE SHOW THAT BET INHIBITION BY THE SMALL MOLECULE APABETALONE REDUCES APR GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, MOUSE MODELS, AND PLASMA FROM CVD PATIENTS. STEADY-STATE EXPRESSION OF SERUM AMYLOID P, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1, AND CERULOPLASMIN, APR PROTEINS LINKED TO CVD RISK, IS REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN CULTURED HEPATOCYTES AND IN HUMANIZED MOUSE LIVER. IN CYTOKINE-STIMULATED HEPATOCYTES, APABETALONE REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN, AND SERUM AMYLOID P. THE LATTER TWO ARE ALSO REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN THE LIVER OF ENDOTOXEMIC MICE. BET KNOCKDOWN IN VITRO ALSO COUNTERS CYTOKINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF THE CRP GENE. MECHANISTICALLY, APABETALONE REDUCES THE CYTOKINE-DRIVEN INCREASE IN BRD4 BET OCCUPANCY AT THE CRP PROMOTER, CONFIRMING THAT TRANSCRIPTION OF CRP IS BET-DEPENDENT. IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE CORONARY DISEASE, PLASMA APR PROTEINS CRP, IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, AND FIBRINOGEN GAMMA DECREASE AFTER APABETALONE TREATMENT VERSUS PLACEBO, RESULTING IN A PREDICTED DOWNREGULATION OF THE APR PATHWAY AND CYTOKINE TARGETS. WE CONCLUDE THAT CRP AND COMPONENTS OF THE APR PATHWAY ARE REGULATED BY BET PROTEINS AND THAT APABETALONE COUNTERS CHRONIC CYTOKINE SIGNALING IN PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5 5045  41 PHARMACOLOGIC EPIGENETIC MODULATORS OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), DISTURBANCE OF SEVERAL METABOLIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS CAUSE PREMATURE AGEING, ACCELERATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD), AND MORTALITY. SINGLE-TARGET INTERVENTIONS HAVE REPEATEDLY FAILED TO IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS FOR CKD PATIENTS. EPIGENETIC INTERVENTIONS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES SIMULTANEOUSLY. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) IS A ROBUST PREDICTOR OF CVD AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AND IMPLICATED IN PATHOGENIC PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CVD IN CKD. RECENT FINDINGS: IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP BY MICRORNAS OR BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEIN INHIBITION HAS SHOWN PROMISING RESULTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CVD AND OTHER CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASES. THE BET INHIBITOR APABETALONE IS CURRENTLY BEING EVALUATED FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION IN A PHASE III CLINICAL STUDY IN HIGH-RISK CVD PATIENTS, INCLUDING PATIENTS WITH CKD (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02586155). PHASE II STUDIES DEMONSTRATE AN ALP-LOWERING POTENTIAL OF APABETALONE, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL OUTCOMES. SUMMARY: ALP IS A PREDICTOR OF CVD AND MORTALITY IN CKD. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP HAS THE POTENTIAL TO AFFECT SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES IN CKD AND THEREBY IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6 4582  45 N-TERMINAL BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS DISRUPT A BRD4-P65 INTERACTION AND REDUCE INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE TRANSCRIPTION IN PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF PANCREATIC ISLETS IS A KEY DRIVER OF BETA-CELL DAMAGE THAT CAN LEAD TO AUTOREACTIVITY AND THE EVENTUAL ONSET OF AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES (T1D). IN THE ISLET, ELEVATED LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INDUCE THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) GENE, NOS2, ULTIMATELY RESULTING IN INCREASED NITRIC OXIDE (NO). EXCESSIVE OR PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NO CAUSES BETA-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH DEFECTS IN MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION. RECENT STUDIES SHOWED THAT INHIBITION OF THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) FAMILY OF PROTEINS, A DRUGGABLE CLASS OF EPIGENETIC READER PROTEINS, PREVENTS THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF T1D IN THE NON-OBESE DIABETIC MOUSE MODEL. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT BET PROTEINS CO-ACTIVATE TRANSCRIPTION OF CYTOKINE-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY GENE TARGETS IN BETA-CELLS AND THAT SELECTIVE, CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC INHIBITION OF BET BROMODOMAINS COULD REDUCE SUCH TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ABILITY OF BET BROMODOMAIN SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS TO REDUCE THE BETA-CELL RESPONSE TO THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN 1 BETA (IL-1BETA). BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION ATTENUATED IL-1BETA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR NOS2 AND CONSEQUENT INOS PROTEIN AND NO PRODUCTION. REDUCED NOS2 TRANSCRIPTION IS CONSISTENT WITH INHIBITION OF NF-KAPPAB FACILITATED BY DISRUPTING THE INTERACTION OF A SINGLE BET FAMILY MEMBER, BRD4, WITH THE NF-KAPPAB SUBUNIT, P65. USING RECENTLY REPORTED SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND BET BROMODOMAINS, INHIBITION OF ONLY THE FIRST BROMODOMAIN WAS NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE INTERACTION OF BRD4 WITH P65 IN BETA-CELLS. MOREOVER, INHIBITION OF THE FIRST BROMODOMAIN WAS SUFFICIENT TO MITIGATE IL-1BETA-DRIVEN DECREASES IN MITOCHONDRIAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATES AND BETA-CELL VIABILITY. BY IDENTIFYING A ROLE FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BRD4 AND P65 IN CONTROLLING THE RESPONSE OF BETA-CELLS TO PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, WE PROVIDE MECHANISTIC INFORMATION ON HOW BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION CAN DECREASE INFLAMMATION. THESE STUDIES ALSO SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF MORE SELECTIVE BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS IN ATTENUATING BETA-CELL INFLAMMATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7  689  40 BRD4 AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN PULMONARY DISEASES. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC MODULATORS THAT REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH INTERACTING WITH ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES OF HISTONE PROTEINS. BET PROTEINS HAVE MULTIPLE ROLES IN REGULATING KEY CELLULAR FUNCTIONS SUCH AS CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE AND REDOX BALANCE, AND IMMUNE RESPONSES. AS A RESULT, BET PROTEINS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN A BROAD RANGE OF HUMAN LUNG DISEASES INCLUDING ACUTE LUNG INFLAMMATION, ASTHMA, PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY FIBROSIS, AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). DUE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC SMALL MOLECULAR INHIBITORS OF BET PROTEINS, TARGETING BET IN THESE LUNG DISEASES HAS BECOME AN AREA OF INCREASING INTEREST. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BET INHIBITORS IN PRECLINICAL MODELS OF VARIOUS HUMAN LUNG DISEASES. THIS IS, IN GENERAL, LARGELY RELATED TO THE ABILITY OF BET PROTEINS TO BIND TO PROMOTERS OF GENES THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR INFLAMMATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND BEYOND. BY MODULATING THESE CRITICAL GENES, BET PROTEINS ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE INTRINSIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY OF BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) IS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST, SEEMS TO ACT INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS BROMODOMAIN BINDING ACTIVITY, AND HAS IMPLICATION IN SOME CONTEXTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ON BET PROTEINS WITH A FOCUS ON BRD4 IN SEVERAL MAJOR HUMAN LUNG DISEASES, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, AS WELL AS FINDINGS OF TARGETING BET PROTEINS USING PHARMACEUTICAL INHIBITORS IN DIFFERENT LUNG DISEASES PRECLINICALLY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8  592  41 BET BROMODOMAIN PROTEINS REGULATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPROGRAMMING IN GENETIC DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY. THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) FAMILY COMPRISES EPIGENETIC READER PROTEINS THAT ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF INFLAMMATORY AND HYPERTROPHIC GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HEART. WE PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED THE ACTIVATION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENE NETWORKS AS A KEY EARLY DRIVER OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM) IN TRANSGENIC MICE EXPRESSING A MUTANT FORM OF PHOSPHOLAMBAN (PLNR9C) - A GENETIC CAUSE OF DCM IN HUMANS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT BETS COACTIVATE THIS INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, REPRESENTING A CRITICAL NODE IN THE PROGRESSION OF DCM. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE TREATED PLNR9C OR AGE-MATCHED WT MICE LONGITUDINALLY WITH THE SMALL MOLECULE BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITOR JQ1 OR VEHICLE. BET INHIBITION ABROGATED ADVERSE CARDIAC REMODELING, REDUCED CARDIAC FIBROSIS, AND PROLONGED SURVIVAL IN PLNR9C MICE BY INHIBITING EXPRESSION OF PROINFLAMMATORY GENE NETWORKS AT ALL STAGES OF DISEASE. SPECIFICALLY, JQ1 HAD PROFOUND EFFECTS ON PROINFLAMMATORY GENE NETWORK EXPRESSION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS, WHILE HAVING LITTLE EFFECT ON GENE EXPRESSION IN CARDIOMYOCYTES. CARDIAC FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION WAS ALSO SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED BY JQ1. MECHANISTICALLY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT BRD4 SERVES AS A DIRECT AND ESSENTIAL REGULATOR OF NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED PROINFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS. SUPPRESSING PROINFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION VIA BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION COULD BE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CHRONIC DCM IN HUMANS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 1650  28 DOMAIN-SELECTIVE TARGETING OF BET PROTEINS IN CANCER AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DISEASES. CANCER AND INFLAMMATION ARE STRONGLY INTERCONNECTED PROCESSES. CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES CAN BE AT THE HEART OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT; SIMILARLY, TUMOR-ELICITED INFLAMMATION IS A CONSEQUENCE OF MANY CANCERS. THE MECHANISTIC INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN CANCER AND INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES POINTS TOWARD COMMON PROTEIN EFFECTORS WHICH REPRESENT POTENTIAL SHARED TARGETS FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OFTEN DRIVE RESISTANCE TO CANCER THERAPY AND IMMUNOMODULATORY STRATEGIES. THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC ADAPTERS WHICH PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN CONTROLLING CELL PROLIFERATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. A PLETHORA OF SMALL MOLECULES AIMED AT INHIBITING BET PROTEIN FUNCTION TO TREAT CANCER AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES HAVE POPULATED ACADEMIC AND INDUSTRY EFFORTS IN THE LAST 10 YEARS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL DISCUSS RECENT PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES AIMED AT TARGETING A SINGLE OR A SUBSET OF THE EIGHT BROMODOMAINS WITHIN THE BET FAMILY WHICH HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO TEASE APART CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY SIGNALS OF BET INHIBITORS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  593  47 BET PROTEIN INHIBITION REGULATES CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROMOTES NEUROPROTECTION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY. BACKGROUND: SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) USUALLY CAUSES A DEVASTATING LIFELONG DISABILITY FOR PATIENTS. AFTER A TRAUMATIC LESION, DISRUPTION OF THE BLOOD-SPINAL CORD BARRIER INDUCES THE INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES INTO THE LESION SITE AND THE ACTIVATION OF RESIDENT GLIAL CELLS, WHICH RELEASE CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES. THESE EVENTS RESULT IN A PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, WHICH HAS BOTH DETRIMENTAL AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS, BUT EVENTUALLY LIMITS FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES BY INTERACTING WITH ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES. WHILE BET INHIBITORS ARE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CANCER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THEIR IMPLICATION AFTER SCI. THUS, THE CURRENT STUDY WAS AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE OF BET INHIBITORS IN THIS PATHOLOGIC CONDITION. METHODS: WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1 TO MODIFY MACROPHAGE REACTIVITY IN VITRO AND TO MODULATE INFLAMMATION IN A SCI MICE MODEL. WE ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF BET INHIBITION IN PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. WE DETERMINED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BET INHIBITION IN TISSUE SPARING, INFLAMMATION, NEURONAL PROTECTION, AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME AFTER SCI. RESULTS: WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1 REDUCED THE LEVELS OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. A PROLONGED TREATMENT WITH JQ1 ALSO DECREASED REACTIVITY OF MICROGLIA/MACROPHAGES, ENHANCED NEUROPROTECTION AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY, AND ACUTELY REDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER SCI. CONCLUSIONS: BET PROTEIN INHIBITION IS AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT TO REGULATE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROMOTE NEUROPROTECTION AFTER SCI. THESE NOVEL RESULTS DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT TARGETING BET PROTEINS IS AN ENCOURAGING APPROACH FOR SCI REPAIR AND A POTENTIAL STRATEGY TO TREAT OTHER INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
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	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12 5592  38 ROLE OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA IN THE HUMAN SYSTEMIC ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME. TNFALPHA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO INHIBIT TNFALPHA IN PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS HAVE SHOWN CONTRASTING OUTCOMES. ALTHOUGH TNFALPHA INHIBITORS ARE WIDELY USED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, THE IMPACT OF TNFALPHA ANTAGONISM ON WHITE BLOOD CELL GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATION IN HUMANS IN VIVO HAS NOT BEEN ASSESSED. WE HERE LEVERAGED THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF HUMAN ENDOTOXEMIA TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF THE TNFALPHA ANTAGONIST, ETANERCEPT, ON THE GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES IN CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES INDUCED BY INTRAVENOUS LPS ADMINISTRATION IN MALE SUBJECTS. ETANERCEPT PRE-TREATMENT RESULTED IN A MARKEDLY DAMPENED TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSE TO LPS. GENE CO-EXPRESSION NETWORK ANALYSIS REVEALED THIS LPS-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE AND NON-RESPONSIVE MODULES. HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE MODULES INCLUDE NF-KB SIGNALING, ANTIVIRAL RESPONSES AND T-CELL MEDIATED RESPONSES. WITHIN THESE TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE MODULES WE DELINEATE FUNDAMENTAL GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, TRANSCRIPTIONAL INITIATION AND ELONGATION. THUS, WE PROVIDE COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION ABOUT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS THAT MIGHT BE TARGETED BY THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT SEEK TO INHIBIT TNFALPHA ACTIVITY DURING HUMAN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13  591  31 BET BROMODOMAIN PROTEINS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES AND BREAST CANCER. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DRIVES PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D) AND BREAST CANCER. OBESITY-DRIVEN INFLAMMATION MAY EXPLAIN INCREASED RISK AND MORTALITY OF BREAST CANCER WITH T2D REPORTED IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY LITERATURE. THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO TARGET INFLAMMATION IN BOTH T2D AND CANCER HAVE SO FAR FALLEN SHORT OF THE EXPECTED IMPROVEMENTS IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS OR OUTCOMES. THE TARGETING OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF CYTOKINE TRANSCRIPTION AND CYTOKINE SIGNALING OFFERS ONE PROMISING, UNTAPPED APPROACH TO TREATING DISEASES DRIVEN BY INFLAMMATION. RECENT WORK HAS DEEPLY IMPLICATED THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS, WHICH ARE ACETYLATED HISTONE "READERS", IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH T2D AND BREAST CANCER, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF TARGETING BET PROTEINS AS AN APPROACH TO REGULATING INFLAMMATION IN THE CLINIC. UNDERSTANDING INFLAMMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF BET PROTEIN REGULATION MAY PROVIDE A BASIS FOR DESIGNING PROMISING THERAPEUTICS FOR T2D AND BREAST CANCER.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14 4164  35 MEDIATORS OF CAPILLARY-TO-VENULE CONVERSION IN THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA AND HYPERKERATOSIS, IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION AND VASCULAR REMODELING. DESPITE THE EMERGING RECOGNITION OF VASCULAR NORMALIZATION AS A POTENTIAL STRATEGY FOR MANAGING PSORIASIS, AN IN-DEPTH DELINEATION OF THE REMODELED DERMAL VASCULATURE HAS BEEN MISSING. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXPLOITED 5' SINGLE-CELL RNA SEQUENCING TO INVESTIGATE THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC ALTERATIONS IN DIFFERENT SUBPOPULATIONS OF BLOOD VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC ENDOTHELIAL CELLS DIRECTLY ISOLATED FROM PSORIATIC AND HEALTHY HUMAN SKIN. INDIVIDUAL SUBTYPES OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS UNDERWENT SPECIFIC MOLECULAR REPATTERNING ASSOCIATED WITH CELL ADHESION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIZATION. BLOOD CAPILLARIES, IN PARTICULAR, SHOWED UPREGULATION OF THE MELANOMA CELL ADHESION MOLECULE AS WELL AS ITS BINDING PARTNERS AND ADOPTED POSTCAPILLARY VENULE?LIKE CHARACTERISTICS DURING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION THAT ARE MORE PERMISSIVE TO LEUKOCYTE TRANSMIGRATION. WE ALSO IDENTIFIED PSORIASIS-SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CIS-REGULATORY ENHANCERS AND PROMOTERS FOR EACH ENDOTHELIAL CELL SUBTYPE, REVEALING THE DYSREGULATED GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS IN PSORIASIS. TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS PROVIDE MORE INSIGHTS INTO THE SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS LINING DIFFERENT VESSEL COMPARTMENTS IN CHRONIC SKIN INFLAMMATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15 1708  43 DYSFUNCTION OF ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS FROM SMOKERS AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE PATIENTS DUE TO INCREASED DNA DAMAGE AND SENESCENCE. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH IN SMOKERS, PARTICULARLY IN THOSE WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). CIRCULATING ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS (EPC) ARE REQUIRED FOR ENDOTHELIAL HOMEOSTASIS, AND THEIR DYSFUNCTION CONTRIBUTES TO CVD. TO INVESTIGATE EPC DYSFUNCTION IN SMOKERS, WE ISOLATED AND EXPANDED BLOOD OUTGROWTH ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (BOEC) FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY NONSMOKERS, HEALTHY SMOKERS, AND COPD PATIENTS. BOEC FROM SMOKERS AND COPD PATIENTS SHOWED INCREASED DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS AND SENESCENCE COMPARED TO NONSMOKERS. SENESCENCE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF SIRTUIN-1 (SIRT1), A PROTEIN DEACETYLASE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST DNA DAMAGE AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE. INHIBITION OF DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE BY SILENCING OF ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED (ATM) KINASE RESULTED IN UPREGULATION OF SIRT1 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED SENESCENCE. TREATMENT OF BOEC FROM COPD PATIENTS WITH THE SIRT1 ACTIVATOR RESVERATROL OR AN ATM INHIBITOR (KU-55933) ALSO RESCUED THE SENESCENT PHENOTYPE. USING AN IN VIVO MOUSE MODEL OF ANGIOGENESIS, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT SENESCENT BOEC FROM COPD PATIENTS ARE DYSFUNCTIONAL, DISPLAYING IMPAIRED ANGIOGENIC ABILITY AND INCREASED APOPTOSIS COMPARED TO CELLS FROM HEALTHY NONSMOKERS. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY IDENTIFIES EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF DNA DAMAGE AND SENESCENCE AS PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS LINKED TO ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITORS' DYSFUNCTION IN SMOKERS AND COPD PATIENTS. THESE DEFECTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO VASCULAR DISEASE AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN SMOKERS AND COULD THEREFORE CONSTITUTE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR INTERVENTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16 6431  31 THE USE OF TARGETED NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO EXPLORE CANDIDATE REGULATORS OF TGF-BETA1'S IMPACT ON KIDNEY CELLS. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA1) PLAYS AN IMPORTANT REGULATORY ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE. FURTHER, DAMAGE TO KIDNEY GLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS IS CENTRAL TO THE PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MRNA, MICRORNA, AND EPIGENETICS IN MESANGIAL CELLS IN RESPONSE TO TGF-BETA1. METHODS: THE REGULATORY EFFECTS OF TGF-BETA1 ON MESANGIAL CELLS WERE INVESTIGATED AT DIFFERENT MOLECULAR LEVELS BY TREATING MESANGIAL CELLS WITH TGF-BETA1 FOR 3 DAYS FOLLOWED BY GENOME-WIDE MIRNA, RNA, DNA METHYLATION, AND H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION PROFILING USING NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS). RESULTS: OUR RESULTS PROVIDE THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE, COMPUTATIONALLY INTEGRATED REPORT OF RNA-SEQ, MIRNA-SEQ, AND EPIGENOMIC ANALYSES ACROSS ALL GENETIC VARIATIONS, CONFIRMING THE OCCURRENCE OF DNA METHYLATION AND H3K27ME3 IN RESPONSE TO TGF-BETA1. OUR FINDINGS SHOW THAT THE EXPRESSION OF KLF7 AND GJA4 ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1 REGULATED DNA METHYLATION. OUR DATA ALSO PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND THE EXPRESSION OF GENES CLOSELY RELATED TO TGF-BETA1 REGULATION. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY HAS ADVANCED OUR CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF MECHANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE EXPRESSION OF TGF-BETA1-REGULATED GENES INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF KIDNEY DISEASE. THE MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF TGF-BETA1 STIMULATION OF KIDNEY CELLS WAS DETERMINED, THEREBY PROVIDING A ROBUST PLATFORM FOR FURTHER TARGET EXPLORATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  141  32 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF MTOR PATHWAY GENES PROMOTES INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE CELLS IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD), BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL IMMUNE CELLS CONTRIBUTES TO DKD PROGRESSION. WE SHOWED THAT LEVELS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), A KEY ENZYME FOR DNA METHYLATION, WERE INCREASED ALONG WITH INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN DKD PATIENTS. INHIBITION OF DNMT1 WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA) MARKEDLY INCREASED THE PROPORTION OF CD4(+)CD25(+) REGULATORY T CELLS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN CULTURE AND IN DIABETIC ANIMALS. ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNE CELLS FROM 5-AZA-TREATED ANIMALS SHOWED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM, RESULTING IN A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF DKD. USING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS, WE IDENTIFIED THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CYTOSINES IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) REGULATORS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS OF DIABETIC PATIENTS. FURTHER, MRNA ARRAYS CONFIRMED THE CONSISTENT INDUCTION OF GENES EXPRESSED IN THE MTOR PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, DOWN-REGULATION OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION VIA RNA INTERFERENCE RESULTED IN PROMINENT CYTOSINE DEMETHYLATION OF MTOR NEGATIVE REGULATORS AND SUBSEQUENT DECREASE OF MTOR ACTIVITY. LASTLY, MODULATION OF MTOR RESULTED IN CHANGES IN THE EFFECT OF 5-AZA ON DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS. THUS, UP-REGULATION OF DNMT1 IN DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS INDUCES ABERRANT CYTOSINE METHYLATION OF THE UPSTREAM REGULATORS OF MTOR, LEADING TO PATHOGENIC ACTIVATION OF THE MTOR PATHWAY AND CONSEQUENT INFLAMMATION IN DIABETIC KIDNEYS. HENCE, THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR TREATING DKD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18 3342  36 HISTONE DEACETYLASE9 REPRESENTS THE EPIGENETIC PROMOTION OF M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE VIA TLR4 REGULATION. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MEDIATED BY VARIOUS FACTORS, WHERE EPIGENETIC REGULATION INVOLVING HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS ENVISAGED TO MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF RELATED PROTEINS BY REGULATING THE BINDING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO DNA, THEREBY INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THE MECHANISM OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS PARTLY KNOWN; HENCE, THIS PROJECT AIMED AT INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDAC9) IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, SERUM WAS SEPARATED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES FOLLOWING CLOTTING AND CENTRIFUGATION FROM ATHEROSCLEROTIC AND HEALTHY PATIENTS (N = 40 EACH), AND THEN, VARIOUS TESTS WERE PERFORMED. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 (TLR4) WAS NOT ONLY POSITIVELY CORRELATED TO THE HDAC9 GENE, BUT WAS ALSO UPREGULATED IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHERE IT WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS CELL MODEL OF OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN-INDUCED MACROPHAGES. CONVERSELY, THE TLR4 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN INSTANCES OF LOSS OF HDAC9 FUNCTION, CEMENTING THE BRIDGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HDAC9 AND MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION, WHERE THE HDAC9 WAS FOUND TO UPREGULATE M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION WHICH TRANSLATED INTO THE RELEASE OF HIGHER CONTENT OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA) AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA), WHICH TEND TO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE FOLLOWING THE DELETION OF TLR4. HENCE, THIS STUDY REPORTS NOVEL RELATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC CONTROL AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHICH COULD PARTLY BE EXPLAINED BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19 3436  30 HYPERGLYCEMIC MEMORY OF INNATE IMMUNE CELLS PROMOTES IN VITRO PROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSES OF HUMAN MONOCYTES AND MURINE MACROPHAGES. IT HAS BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED THAT THE PRESENCE OF DIABETES IS ACCOMPANIED BY A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATE PROMOTING VARIOUS DIABETES-ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS. ONE POTENTIAL DRIVER OF THIS ENHANCED INFLAMMATORY STATE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES IS HYPERGLYCEMIA. EVEN AFTER BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL IS ACHIEVED, DIABETES-ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS PERSIST, SUGGESTING THE PRESENCE OF A "HYPERGLYCEMIC MEMORY." INNATE IMMUNE CELLS, CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES, CAN BUILD NONSPECIFIC, IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY (TRAINED IMMUNITY) VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATION. WE EXAMINE THE POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA-INDUCED TRAINED IMMUNITY IN PROMOTING INFLAMMATION. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT HYPERGLYCEMIA INDUCES A TRAINED PHENOTYPE IN VIVO IN MICE AND IN VITRO IN HUMAN MONOCYTES, REPRESENTATIVE BY AN INCREASED TNF-ALPHA SECRETION AFTER EX VIVO STIMULATION WITH LPS. THESE EFFECTS WERE LARGELY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES CONTROLLED BY THE MIXED LINEAGE LEUKEMIA (MLL) FAMILY BECAUSE TREATMENT WITH THE MLL INHIBITOR MENIN-MLL DURING THE PROCESS OF TRAINED IMMUNITY ACQUISITION REPRESSED THE PROINFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE. COLLECTIVELY, OUR RESULTS IDENTIFY A NOVEL LINK BETWEEN HYPERGLYCEMIA AND INFLAMMATION IN INNATE IMMUNE CELLS THAT MIGHT EXPLAIN THE INCREASED PROINFLAMMATORY STATE DURING DIABETES POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS DIABETES-ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 2228  32 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE. PERIODONTITIS IS A CHRONIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE DRIVEN BY DYSBIOSIS, AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN COMMENSAL BACTERIA AND THE HOST ORGANISM. PERIODONTITIS IS A LEADING CAUSE OF TOOTH LOSS IN ADULTS AND OCCURS IN ABOUT 50% OF THE US POPULATION. IN ADDITION TO THE CLINICAL CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH TREATING PERIODONTITIS, THE PROGRESSION AND CHRONIC NATURE OF THIS DISEASE SERIOUSLY AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT PERIODONTITIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH MECHANISMS BEYOND BACTERIA-INDUCED PROTEIN AND TISSUE DEGRADATION. HERE, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT BACTERIA ARE ABLE TO INDUCE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN ORAL EPITHELIAL CELLS MEDIATED BY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE FOUND THAT DYSBIOSIS IN VIVO LED TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING ACETYLATION OF HISTONES AND DOWNREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1. IN ADDITION, IN VITRO EXPOSURE OF ORAL EPITHELIAL CELLS TO LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES RESULTED IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATORS, SUCH AS P300/CBP, AND ACCUMULATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB). GIVEN THAT ORAL EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE FOR THE PERIODONTIUM AGAINST BACTERIA, WE ALSO EVALUATED WHETHER ACTIVATION OF PATHOGEN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS INDUCED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. WE FOUND THAT ACTIVATION OF THE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS 1, 2, AND 4 AND THE NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN PROTEIN 1 INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN ORAL EPITHELIAL CELLS. OUR FINDINGS CORROBORATE THE EMERGING CONCEPT THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTITIS.	2016