1  393 58 AN OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETICS IN NURSING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO THE GENOME ARE BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS TO THE DNA THAT DO NOT CHANGE AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENOME BUT DO CHANGE AND INFLUENCE GENE EXPRESSION. THE NURSING PROFESSION IS QUALIFIED TO CONDUCT AND INTEGRATE EPIGENETIC-FOCUSED NURSING RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE. THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES CURRENT EPIGENETIC NURSING RESEARCH, PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF HOW EPIGENETIC RESEARCH RELATES TO NURSING PRACTICE, MAKES RECOMMENDATIONS, AND PROVIDES EPIGENETIC ONLINE RESOURCES FOR NURSING RESEARCH. AN OVERVIEW OF MAJOR EPIGENETIC STUDIES IN NURSING (SPECIFIC TO CHILDBIRTH STUDIES, PREECLAMPSIA, METABOLIC SYNDROME, IMMUNOTHERAPY CANCER, AND PAIN) IS PROVIDED, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS ON NEXT STEPS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2 1151 19 CONNECTIONS AMONG BIOLOGIC EMBEDDING OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, ADULT CHRONIC ILLNESS, AND WOUND CARE: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES) BIOLOGICALLY EMBED BY ALTERING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND INFLUENCING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THESE EXPERIENCES MAY GENERATE HEALTH RISK FACTORS. PURPOSE: A LITERATURE REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED TO COMPARE ACE-GENERATED HEALTH RISK FACTORS WITH RISK FACTORS FOR WOUND DEVELOPMENT AND ABERRANT HEALING, AS WELL AS TO IDENTIFY A GAP IN LITERATURE REGARDING CRITICAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ACES, CHRONIC ILLNESS, AND WOUND DEVELOPMENT/HEALING, WITH ASSOCIATED PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. METHODOLOGY: A LITERATURE SEARCH OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ARTICLES WAS CONDUCTED USING THE CUMULATIVE INDEX OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH LITERATURE, MEDLINE, AND PUBMED USING THE SEARCH TERMS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, ADULTS, WOUNDS, CHRONIC DISEASE OR ILLNESS, AND EPIGENETICS. THE SEARCHES YIELDED 561 PUBLICATIONS REGARDING ACES, CHRONIC ILLNESS OR DISEASE, AND ADULT; 182 FOR ACES; AND 547 FOR EPIGENETICS AND WOUNDS. ABSTRACTS WERE REVIEWED TO REMOVE DUPLICATES AND STUDIES WITH PARTICIPANTS WHO WERE <18 YEARS OLD. PUBLICATIONS WERE REVIEWED FOR SALIENCE; THOSE DISCUSSING THE BIOLOGIC PLAUSIBILITY OF ACES CONTRIBUTING TO ADULT ILLNESSES AND ASSOCIATED WOUND DEVELOPMENT AND HEALING WERE REVIEWED FOR INCLUSION. RESULTS: SIXTY-EIGHT (68) PUBLICATIONS WERE FOUND APPROPRIATE FOR REVIEW AND INCLUDED POPULATION-BASED STUDIES; LITERATURE REVIEWS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA; META-ANALYSES; AND SYSTEMATIC, CROSS-SECTIONAL, OBSERVATIONAL, AND PROSPECTIVE STUDIES AS SINGULAR OR MIXED METHODS DESIGNS. A SUBSTANTIAL OVERLAP WAS FOUND IN TERMS OF RISK FACTORS GENERATED BY ACE EXPOSURE AND RISK FACTORS FOR WOUND DEVELOPMENT/HEALING, AS WAS A GAP IN THE LITERATURE REGARDING THIS RELATIONSHIP. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALTERED BRAIN DEVELOPMENT ARE IMPLICATED IN PROCESSES THROUGH WHICH CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY ERODES HUMAN HEALTH. CONCLUSION: ADULT HEALTH RISKS AS A RESULT OF EXPOSURE TO ACES AND CRITICAL CONNECTIONS WITH RISKS FOR WOUND DEVELOPMENT AND DISRUPTED WOUND HEALING VIA EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ARE RECOGNIZED IN THE LITERATURE. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS INCLUDE CONSIDERING SCREENING FOR THE RISK FACTOR OF ACES EXPOSURE IN ADULT PATIENTS TO IDENTIFY THIS ADDITIONAL RISK FACTOR AND PRACTICING PATIENT-CENTERED, TRAUMA-INFORMED CARE. FURTHER RESEARCH INTO THE INTEGRATIVE ROLES OF THESE FACTORS IS WARRANTED.	2019	

3 6252 24 THE MICROBIOME AND CANCER: IMPLICATIONS FOR ONCOLOGY NURSING SCIENCE. BACKGROUND: APPROXIMATELY 1.6 MILLION AMERICANS WERE DIAGNOSED WITH CANCER IN 2014. TO COMBAT THEIR DISEASE, MANY INDIVIDUALS RECEIVED EITHER CURATIVE OR PALLIATIVE TREATMENTS THAT PRODUCED UNDESIRED SYMPTOMS. THESE SYMPTOMS, WHICH OFTEN CAUSE SIGNIFICANT DISTRESS FOR INDIVIDUALS COPING WITH CANCER, MAY SHARE BIOLOGIC UNDERPINNINGS SUCH AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND IMMUNE DYSREGULATION. ALTERATIONS IN THE NORMAL FLORA OF THE GUT MAY ALSO INFLUENCE CANCER SYMPTOMS. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO DESCRIBE THE EMERGING ROLE FOR THE GUT MICROBIOME IN CANCER RESEARCH, ESPECIALLY THE POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GUT MICROBIOME AND CANCER SYMPTOMS. METHODS: EXTANT LITERATURE WAS REVIEWED AND SYNTHESIZED. RESULTS: THE MAJORITY OF STUDIES LINKING THE GUT MICROBIOTA AND CANCER ARE ANIMAL MODELS AND FOCUS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DYSBIOSIS AND COLORECTAL CANCER. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THAT THE "GUT-BRAIN" CONNECTION IS A PLAUSIBLE MECHANISM FOR "PSYCHONEUROLOGICAL" CANCER SYMPTOMS SUCH AS DEPRESSION, PAIN, AND FATIGUE. CONCLUSIONS: THERE IS COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT THE GUT MICROBIOTA AFFECTS CANCER VIA SEVERAL MECHANISMS, INCLUDING MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND NUMBER, METABOLISM, AND/OR IMMUNE INITIATION. HOWEVER, MORE RESEARCH IS NECESSARY TO ELUCIDATE THESE MECHANISMS, PARTICULARLY AMONG A VARIETY OF CANCERS AND CANCER-RELATED SYMPTOMS. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF THE GUT MICROBIOTA IN CANCER SYMPTOMS MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED INDIVIDUALIZED INTERVENTIONS AFFECTING THE GUT MICROBIOTA THAT PREVENT OR AMELIORATE DYSBIOSIS, THEREBY REDUCING SYMPTOMS. THESE INTERVENTIONS MAY EMPHASIZE SELF-CARE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ESSENTIAL FOR WELLNESS, SUCH AS DIET, NUTRITION, AND STRESS REDUCTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4 1248 20 CURRENT EVIDENCE FOR BIOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS AND MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN TRANSITION ACROSS THE PEDIATRIC AGE SPECTRUM. CHRONIC PAIN IS HIGHLY PREVALENT IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION. MANY FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN. CURRENTLY, THERE ARE CONCEPTUAL MODELS PROPOSED, BUT THEY LACK A MECHANISTICALLY SOUND INTEGRATED THEORY CONSIDERING THE STAGES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT. OBJECTIVE BIOMARKERS ARE CRITICALLY NEEDED FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, RISK STRATIFICATION, AND PROGNOSIS OF THE PATHOLOGICAL STAGES OF PAIN CHRONIFICATION. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT EVIDENCE ON MECHANISMS AND BIOMARKERS OF ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN TRANSITIONS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENTAL LENS. THE GOAL IS TO IDENTIFY GAPS AND OUTLINE FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH TOWARD A DEVELOPMENTALLY INFORMED THEORY OF PAIN CHRONIFICATION IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION. AT THE OUTSET, THE IMPORTANCE OF OBJECTIVE BIOMARKERS FOR CHRONIFICATION OF PAIN IN CHILDREN IS OUTLINED, FOLLOWED BY A SUMMARY OF THE CURRENT EVIDENCE ON THE MECHANISMS OF ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN TRANSITION IN ADULTS, IN ORDER TO CONTRAST WITH THE DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISMS OF PAIN CHRONIFICATION IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION. EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO SHOW THAT CHRONIC PAIN MAY HAVE ITS ORIGIN FROM INSULTS EARLY IN LIFE, WHICH PRIME THE CHILD FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN IN LATER LIFE. FURTHERMORE, AVAILABLE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, PSYCHOPHYSICAL, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL, NEUROIMAGING, NEUROIMMUNE, AND SEX MECHANISMS ARE DESCRIBED IN INFANTS AND OLDER CHILDREN. IN CONCLUSION, FUTURE DIRECTIONS ARE DISCUSSED WITH A FOCUS ON RESEARCH GAPS, TRANSLATIONAL AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. UTILIZATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISMS FRAMEWORK TO INFORM CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING AND STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN TRANSITIONS IN CHILDREN, IS HIGHLIGHTED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5 4591 17 NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE COMPLEX INTERACTION BETWEEN PAIN AND TRAUMA IN CHILDREN: A FOCUS ON BIOLOGICAL MEMORY, PRECLINICAL DATA, AND EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THE INCIDENCE AND COLLECTIVE IMPACT OF EARLY ADVERSE EXPERIENCES, TRAUMA, AND PAIN CONTINUE TO INCREASE. THIS UNDERSCORES THE URGENT NEED FOR TRANSLATIONAL EFFORTS BETWEEN CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL RESEARCH TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND DEVELOP EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. AS OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THESE ISSUES IMPROVES FROM STUDIES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS, WE CAN CREATE MORE PRECISE PRECLINICAL MODELS AND ULTIMATELY TRANSLATE OUR FINDINGS BACK TO CLINICAL PRACTICE. A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IS ESSENTIAL FOR ADDRESSING THE COMPLEX AND WIDE-RANGING EFFECTS OF THESE EXPERIENCES ON INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW AIMS TO (1) DEFINE PAIN AND TRAUMA EXPERIENCES IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENTS, (2) DISCUSS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAIN AND TRAUMA, (3) CONSIDER THE ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL MEMORY, (4) DECIPHER THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAIN AND TRAUMA USING PRECLINICAL DATA, AND (5) EXAMINE THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT BY INTRODUCING THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THE ULTIMATE SCOPE IS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE WIDE-RANGING EFFECTS OF TRAUMA, ABUSE, AND CHRONIC PAIN ON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS, HOW THEY OCCUR, AND HOW TO PREVENT OR MITIGATE THEIR EFFECTS AND DEVELOP EFFECTIVE TREATMENT STRATEGIES THAT ADDRESS BOTH THE UNDERLYING CAUSES AND THE ASSOCIATED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6 5650 17 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION: AN INTERGENERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION (CPA), WITH THE AIM OF IDENTIFYING THE MOST EFFECTIVE PREVENTION STRATEGIES. WE SPECIFICALLY FOCUS ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION, ON SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION, AND ON THE TRANSMISSION OF BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE OTHER. THE BODY OF RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CPA FROM THE PAST THREE DECADES THAT WE REVIEW SHOWS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT ITS PREVENTION REQUIRES A LONG-TERM BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH WHICH ALSO MUST INCLUDE AN INTERGENERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE. RECENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC RESEARCH HAS INDICATED THAT THERE ARE BOTH IMPORTANT GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION WHICH START AT CONCEPTION. WE CONCLUDE THAT ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO BREAK THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF CPA INVOLVES GIVING LONG-TERM SUPPORT TO PREGNANT WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS, THEIR SPOUSE, AND THEIR OFFSPRING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7 6823 18 [GENERAL CONCEPTS OF EPIGENETICS: PROJECTIONS IN PAEDIATRICS]. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE NOTION THAT ALTERATIONS IN INTRAUTERINE GROWTH AND DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE HAVE A SUBSTANTIAL EFFECT ON THE RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE, WHICH IN SOME CASES IS EVEN HIGHER THAN THOSE DUE TO GENETIC FACTORS. THE PERSISTENCE AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE PHENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EARLY DEVELOPMENT SUGGEST THE PARTICIPATION OF MECHANISMS THAT WOULD RECORD ENVIRONMENTAL CUES, GENERATING A CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING (I.E., EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS). THIS REVIEW IS AN INTRODUCTION TO A SERIES OF FIVE ARTICLES FOCUSED ON THE PARTICIPATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY PREVALENT CHRONIC DISEASES (I.E., CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, ASTHMA/ALLERGIES AND CANCER) AND THEIR ORIGINS IN THE FOETAL AND NEONATAL PERIOD. THIS SERIES OF ARTICLES AIMS TO SHOW THE STATE OF THE ART IN THIS RESEARCH AREA AND PRESENT THE UPCOMING CLUES AND CHALLENGES, IN WHICH PAEDIATRICIANS HAVE A PROMINENT ROLE, DEVELOPING STRATEGIES FOR THE PREVENTION, EARLY DETECTION AND FOLLOW-UP.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8 1377 17 DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING: STATE-OF-THE-SCIENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS-SUMMARY FROM A PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL SYMPOSIUM. OBJECTIVE: ON DECEMBER 8-9, 2014, THE PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER CONVENED A SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM TO REVIEW THE STATE-OF-THE-SCIENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE SYMPOSIUM WERE TO DISCUSS: (I) PAST AND CURRENT SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES IN ANIMAL MODELS, POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDIES, AND HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS, (II) THE STATE-OF-THE-SCIENCE OF EPIGENETIC-BASED RESEARCH, AND (III) CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES. RESULTS: THIS SYMPOSIUM PROVIDED A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF THE SCIENTIFIC FIELD AND IDENTIFIED RESEARCH GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. CONCLUSIONS: IDENTIFYING THE MECHANISMS WHICH CAUSE OR CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF FUTURE GENERATIONS WILL BE INVALUABLE TO THE SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL COMMUNITY. THE ABILITY TO INTERVENE DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF PRENATAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE TO PROMOTE LIFELONG HEALTH IS THE ULTIMATE GOAL. CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH INCLUDING THE USE OF ANIMAL MODELS, THE STUDY DESIGN IN HUMAN COHORTS WITH CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE TIMING OF THE INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE, AND THE RESULTING TISSUE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE WERE EXTENSIVELY DISCUSSED AND ARE PRESENTED IN THIS MEETING SUMMARY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  421 18 ANIMAL MODELS IN EPIGENETIC RESEARCH: INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE CONSIDERATIONS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. THE RAPID EXPANSION AND EVOLUTION OF EPIGENETICS AS A CORE SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE HAVE RAISED NEW QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW ENDOGENOUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN INFORM THE MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH BIOLOGICAL FORM AND FUNCTION ARE REGULATED. EXISTING AND PROPOSED ANIMAL MODELS USED FOR EPIGENETIC RESEARCH HAVE TARGETED A MYRIAD OF HEALTH AND DISEASE ENDPOINTS THAT MAY BE ACUTE, CHRONIC, AND TRANSGENERATIONAL IN NATURE. INITIATING EVENTS AND OUTCOMES MAY EXTEND ACROSS THE ENTIRE LIFESPAN TO ELICIT UNANTICIPATED PHENOTYPES THAT ARE OF PARTICULAR CONCERN TO INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEES (IACUCS). THE DYNAMICS AND PLASTICITY OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PRODUCE EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES THAT ARE MANIFEST DIFFERENTIALLY WITHIN DISCREET SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONTEXTS, INCLUDING PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, STEM CELLS, ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES, PRODUCTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISMS, SENESCENCE, AND OTHERS. MANY DIETARY AND NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS HAVE ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITIES THROUGH ALTERED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING. THE ENVIRONMENTAL, CHEMICAL, TOXIC, THERAPEUTIC, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS USED IN ANIMAL STUDIES TO ELICIT EPIGENETIC CHANGES CAN BECOME EXTREME AND SHOULD RAISE IACUC CONCERNS FOR THE WELL-BEING AND PROPER CARE OF ALL RESEARCH ANIMALS INVOLVED. EPIGENETICS RESEARCH IS RAPIDLY BECOMING AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SEARCH FOR MECHANISMS IN EVERY MAJOR AREA OF BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH AND WILL FOSTER THE CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANIMAL MODELS. FROM THE IACUC PERSPECTIVE, CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE PARTICULAR NEEDS AND CONCERNS CREATED BY SUPERIMPOSITION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OVER DIVERSE FIELDS OF INVESTIGATION TO ENSURE THE PROPER CARE AND USE OF ANIMALS WITHOUT IMPEDING SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 6630 20 UNDERSTANDING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN HEALTH DISPARITIES AND EPIGENOMICS. SOCIAL EPIGENOMICS HAS EMERGED AS AN INTEGRATIVE FIELD OF RESEARCH FOCUSED ON IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, THEIR INFLUENCE ON HUMAN BIOLOGY THROUGH EPIGENOMIC MODIFICATIONS, AND HOW THEY CONTRIBUTE TO CURRENT HEALTH DISPARITIES. SEVERAL HEALTH DISPARITIES STUDIES HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED USING GENETIC-BASED APPROACHES; HOWEVER, INCREASING ACCESSIBILITY AND AFFORDABILITY OF MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES HAVE ALLOWED FOR AN IN-DEPTH INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS (E.G., DNA METHYLATION, MICRO-RNA EXPRESSION). CURRENTLY, RESEARCH IS FOCUSED ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENT, AS WELL AS TARGETED EPIGENETIC THERAPIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL STRATEGIES FOR POTENTIALLY MINIMIZING CERTAIN HEALTH DISPARITIES. HERE, WE WILL REVIEW RECENT FINDINGS IN THIS FIELD PERTAINING TO CONDITIONS AND DISEASES OVER LIFE SPAN ENCOMPASSING PRENATAL TO ADULT STAGES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11 2521 21 EPIGENETICS AND THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY AND HEALTH MODEL: BRIDGING NATURE, NURTURE, AND PATIENT-CENTERED POPULATION HEALTH. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ENABLE ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS SUCH AS DIET, EXERCISE, AND HEALTH BEHAVIORS TO REVERSIBLY TAG DNA WITH CHEMICAL "MARKS" THAT INCREASE OR DECREASE THE EXPRESSION OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC TEMPLATE. OVER TIME, EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS ENABLE THE EFFECTS OF HEALTHY OR UNHEALTHY STRESSES TO BECOME STABLY EXPRESSED IN THE TISSUE OF AN ORGANISM, WITH IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE. NEW RESEARCH INDICATES THAT SEEMINGLY NON-BIOLOGICAL FACTORS SUCH AS SOCIAL STRESS, POVERTY, AND CHILDHOOD HARDSHIP INITIATE EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS IN GENE PATHWAYS THAT GOVERN INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNITY, TWO OF THE GREATEST CONTRIBUTORS TO CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS DIABETES AND OBESITY. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES THEREFORE PROVIDE A BIOLOGICAL BRIDGE BETWEEN THE GENOME-AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC INHERITANCE-AND THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH-THE CONDITIONS IN WHICH THEY ARE BORN, GROW, LIVE, WORK, AND AGE. THIS PERSPECTIVE PAPER ARGUES THAT PHYSICAL THERAPY CLINICIANS, RESEARCHERS, AND EDUCATORS CAN USE THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK PROVIDED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY, AND HEALTH (ICF MODEL) TO HARMONIZE NEW DISCOVERIES FROM BOTH PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH AND MEDICALLY FOCUSED GENOMIC RESEARCH. THE ICF MODEL LIKEWISE CAPTURES THE ESSENTIAL ROLE PLAYED BY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE, WHICH INITIATE POWERFUL AND WIDESPREAD EPIGENETIC ADAPTATIONS THAT PROMOTE HEALTH AND FUNCTIONING. IN THIS PROPOSED FRAMEWORK, EPIGENETIC PROCESSES TRANSDUCE THE EFFECTS OF THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND BEHAVIORS SUCH AS EXERCISE INTO STABLE BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS THAT AFFECT AN INDIVIDUAL'S DAILY ACTIVITIES AND THEIR PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL ROLES. BY HARMONIZING "NATURE" AND "NURTURE," PHYSICAL THERAPISTS CAN APPROACH PATIENT CARE WITH A MORE INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVE, CAPITALIZING ON NOVEL DISCOVERIES IN PRECISION MEDICINE, REHABILITATION SCIENCE, AND IN POPULATION-LEVEL RESEARCH. AS THE EXPERTS IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE, PHYSICAL THERAPISTS ARE IDEALLY POSITIONED TO DRIVE PROGRESS IN THE NEW ERA OF PATIENT-CENTERED POPULATION HEALTH CARE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  724 17 CAN GENETICS GUIDE EXERCISE PRESCRIPTIONS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS? OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF ARTHRITIS AND HAS A MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY. CURRENT MANAGEMENT FOR OA FOCUSES ON MINIMIZING PAIN AND FUNCTIONAL LOSS, TYPICALLY INVOLVING PHARMACOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, PSYCHOSOCIAL, AND MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS. HOWEVER, THERE REMAIN CHALLENGES IN DETERMINING WHICH PATIENTS WILL BENEFIT MOST FROM WHICH INTERVENTIONS. ALTHOUGH EXERCISE-BASED INTERVENTIONS ARE RECOMMENDED AS FIRST-LINE TREATMENTS AND ARE KNOWN TO BE BENEFICIAL FOR MANAGING BOTH THE DISEASE AND ILLNESS OF OA, THE OPTIMAL EXERCISE "PRESCRIPTION" IS UNKNOWN, DUE IN PART TO OUR LIMITED UNDERSTANDING OF THE PRECISE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ITS ACTION. HERE WE PRESENT OUR PERSPECTIVE ON THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF GENETICS IN GUIDING EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION FOR PERSONS WITH OA. WE DESCRIBE KEY PUBLICATIONS IN THE AREAS OF EXERCISE AND OA, GENETICS AND OA, AND EXERCISE AND GENETICS, AND POINT TO A PAUCITY OF KNOWLEDGE AT THE INTERSECTION OF EXERCISE, GENETICS, AND OA. WE SUGGEST THERE IS EMERGING EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE USE OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS TO EXPLAIN THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE FOR OA. WE IDENTIFY MISSING LINKS IN THE EXISTING RESEARCH RELATING TO EXERCISE, GENETICS, AND OA, AND HIGHLIGHT EPIGENETICS AS A PROMISING MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES SUCH AS EXERCISE MAY IMPACT OA OUTCOMES. WE ANTICIPATE FUTURE STUDIES WILL IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS MEDIATE EXERCISE-BASED INTERVENTIONS TO SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION AND ULTIMATELY IMPROVE OA PATIENT CARE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 5028 18 PERSONALIZING PEDIATRIC PAIN MEDICINE: USING POPULATION-SPECIFIC PHARMACOGENETICS, GENOMICS, AND OTHER -OMICS APPROACHES TO PREDICT RESPONSE. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IS THE SCIENCE OF INDIVIDUALIZED PREVENTION AND THERAPY. THE NOTION THAT "ONE SIZE FITS ALL" HAS BEEN REPLACED BY THE IDEA OF PATIENT-TAILORED HEALTH CARE. WITHIN THIS PARADIGM, THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY HAS TURNED TO EXAMINE GENETIC PREDICTORS OF DISEASE AND TREATMENT RESPONSES. PAIN RESEARCHERS HAVE PRODUCED GENETIC STUDIES OVER THE LAST DECADE THAT EVALUATE THE ASSOCIATION OF GENETIC VARIABILITY WITH PAIN SENSITIVITY AND ANALGESIC RESPONSE. WHILE MOST OF THESE STUDIES HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED AMONG COHORTS OF SUBJECTS OF EUROPEAN DESCENT, SOME HAVE INCLUDED OTHER RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS, PROVIDING EVIDENCE OF VARIABLE RESPONSES TO ANALGESICS. SIMULTANEOUSLY, THERE IS AN INCREASED RECOGNITION REGARDING THE COMPLEXITY OF PAIN RESEARCH, ACKNOWLEDGING THE ADDITIONAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, PROTEOMIC, AND METABOLOMIC FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT, EXPERIENCE, AND TREATMENT OF PAIN. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES AN INTRODUCTION TO POPULATION-SPECIFIC PHARMACOGENETICS, PROTEOMICS AND OTHER "-OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES TO PREDICT DRUG RESPONSE TO PAIN MEDICATIONS IN CHILDREN. IT AIMS TO PROVIDE ANESTHESIOLOGISTS WITH THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE TO UNDERSTAND THE POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS MANAGING THE PAIN OF PEDIATRIC PATIENTS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14 2492 20 EPIGENETICS AND CHILDHOOD ASTHMA: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS. ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC DISEASE OF CHILDHOOD, AFFECTING ONE IN EIGHT CHILDREN IN THE USA AND WORLDWIDE. IT IS A COMPLEX DISEASE, INFLUENCED BY BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND GENETIC FACTORS. ALTHOUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS (DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION AND MIRNA) CAN AFFECT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN MULTIPLE GENETIC PATHWAYS RELEVANT FOR ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT, VERY LIMITED WORK HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT SO FAR TO EXAMINE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS ON ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUMMARIZES RECENT FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSES SOME OF THE MAJOR METHODOLOGICAL CONCERNS THAT ARE RELEVANT FOR ASTHMA EPIGENETICS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 1769 16 EARLY-LIFE NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMMING OF LONGEVITY. AVAILABLE DATA FROM BOTH EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT INADEQUATE DIET IN EARLY LIFE CAN PERMANENTLY CHANGE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SPECIFIC ORGANS OR HOMOEOSTATIC PATHWAYS, THEREBY 'PROGRAMMING' THE INDIVIDUAL'S HEALTH STATUS AND LONGEVITY. SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE HAS ACCUMULATED SHOWING SIGNIFICANT IMPACT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION MECHANISMS IN NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMMING PHENOMENON. THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF EARLY-LIFE DIET IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGING-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES IS WELL ESTABLISHED AND DESCRIBED IN MANY SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. HOWEVER, THE PROGRAMMING EFFECTS ON LIFESPAN HAVE NOT BEEN EXTENSIVELY REVIEWED SYSTEMATICALLY. THE AIM OF THE REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS AND THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS THAT INDICATE THAT LONGEVITY CAN BE INFLUENCED BY EARLY NUTRITION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16 1409 13 DIETARY INTERVENTIONS AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN THE PREVENTION OF PEDIATRIC ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS THE MOST FREQUENT CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDREN, AND ITS PATHOGENESIS INVOLVES GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THE RAPID RISE IN THE PREVALENCE OF ASTHMA REGISTERED OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES HAS STRESSED THE NEED TO IDENTIFY THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND MODIFIABLE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE. IN PARTICULAR, THERE IS INCREASING INTEREST IN THE ROLE OF MODIFIABLE NUTRITIONAL FACTORS SPECIFIC TO BOTH THE PRENATAL AND POST-NATAL EARLY LIFE AS, DURING THIS TIME, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO EXOGENOUS INTERFERENCES. SEVERAL DIETARY FACTORS, INCLUDING MATERNAL DIET DURING PREGNANCY, THE DURATION OF BREASTFEEDING, THE USE OF SPECIAL MILK FORMULAS, THE TIMING OF THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPLEMENTARY FOODS, AND PRENATAL AND EARLY LIFE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH VITAMINS AND PROBIOTICS/PREBIOTICS, HAVE BEEN ADDRESSED AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR THE PREVENTION OF ASTHMA. IN THIS REVIEW, WE OUTLINE RECENT FINDINGS ON THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PRENATAL AND PERINATAL DIETARY AND NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS FOR THE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF PEDIATRIC ASTHMA. MOREOVER, WE ADDRESSED UNMET NEEDS AND AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN THE PREVENTION OF CHILDHOOD-ONSET ASTHMA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 2724 22 EXPERIENCE-SENSITIVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY, AND THE BIOLOGICAL EMBEDDING OF CHRONIC DISEASE RISK. A WIDE RANGE OF DEVELOPMENTAL, NUTRITIONAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECT THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THESE FACTORS CHANGE SPATIOTEMPORAL PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION IN A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT WAYS AND BRING SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS TO BEAR ON DEVELOPMENT, PHYSIOLOGY, AND DISEASE RISK THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE. ABUNDANT EVIDENCE DEMONSTRATES THAT BEHAVIORAL STRESSORS AND ADVERSE NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS ARE PARTICULARLY POTENT INDUCERS OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND ENHANCERS OF CHRONIC DISEASE RISKS. RECENT INSIGHTS FROM BOTH HUMAN CLINICAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH WITH MODEL ORGANISMS FURTHER INDICATE THAT SUCH EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT CHANGES TO THE EPIGENOME CAN BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE GERMLINE ACROSS MULTIPLE GENERATIONS, WITH IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES FOR THE HERITABILITY OF BOTH ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE PHENOTYPES. EPIGENETICS RESEARCH THUS OFFERS MANY POSSIBILITIES FOR DEVELOPING INFORMATIVE BIOMARKERS OF ACQUIRED CHRONIC DISEASE RISK AND DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. MOREOVER, THE EXPERIENCE-SENSITIVE NATURE OF THESE DISEASE RISKS RAISES IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ABOUT SOCIETAL AND INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE PREVENTION OF ILL-HEALTH AND THE PROMOTION OF WELL-BEING DURING DEVELOPMENT, ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE AND BETWEEN GENERATIONS. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY AND MEDIATE THE BIOLOGICAL EMBEDDING OF CHRONIC DISEASE RISKS IS THEREFORE LIKELY TO SHED IMPORTANT NEW LIGHT ON THE NATURE OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS LINKING SOCIAL AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES, AND WILL HELP TO INFORM PUBLIC POLICY INITIATIVES IN THIS AREA. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: THE AUTHOR HAS DECLARED NO CONFLICTS OF INTEREST FOR THIS ARTICLE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18 5377 26 RECENT FINDINGS IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE AND NUTRITION FOCUSING ON EPIGENETICS. ALZHEIMER DISEASE (AD) IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE CURE SO FAR. THE CURRENT REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF AD AND HOW NUTRITION CAN INFLUENCE THE COURSE OF THIS DISEASE THROUGH REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, ACCORDING TO THE LATEST SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS. THE SEARCH STRATEGY WAS THE USE OF SCIENTIFIC DATABASES SUCH AS PUBMED AND SCOPUS IN ORDER TO FIND RELATIVE RESEARCH OR REVIEW ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN THE YEARS 2012-2015. BY SHOWING THE LATEST DATA OF VARIOUS NUTRITIONAL COMPOUNDS, THIS STUDY AIMS TO STIMULATE THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY TO RECOGNIZE THE VALUE OF NUTRITION IN THIS SUBJECT. EPIGENETICS IS BECOMING A VERY ATTRACTIVE SUBJECT FOR RESEARCHERS BECAUSE IT CAN SHED LIGHT ON UNKNOWN ASPECTS OF COMPLEX DISEASES LIKE AD. DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND MICRORNAS ARE THE PRINCIPAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN AD PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. NUTRITION IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR THAT IS RELATED TO AD THROUGH EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS. VITAMIN B-12, FOR INSTANCE, CAN ALTER THE ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND THUS INTERFERE IN THE DNA METHYLATION PROCESS. THE RESEARCH RESULTS MIGHT SEEM AMBIGUOUS ABOUT THE CLINICAL ROLE OF NUTRITION, BUT THERE IS STRENGTHENING EVIDENCE THAT PROPER NUTRITION CAN NOT ONLY CHANGE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER LEVELS BUT ALSO PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATE-ONSET AD AND ATTENUATE COGNITION DEFICIT. NUTRITION MIGHT GROW TO BECOME A PREVENTIVE AND EVEN THERAPEUTIC ALTERNATIVE AGAINST AD, ESPECIALLY IF COMBINED WITH OTHER ANTIDEMENTIA INTERVENTIONS, BRAIN EXERCISE, PHYSICAL TRAINING, ETC. EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS CAN BE A VERY HELPFUL TOOL TO HELP RESEARCHERS FIND THE EXACT NUTRIENTS NEEDED TO CREATE SPECIFIC REMEDIES, AND PERHAPS THE SAME BIOMARKERS CAN BE USED EVEN IN PATIENT SCREENING IN THE FUTURE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19 5316 16 PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS IN EARLY LIFE AS A PREDISPOSING FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN: CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. A WEALTH OF RESEARCH OVER THE PAST 2 DECADES HAS EXPANDED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY ON PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, HEALTH AND WELLBEING IN LATER LIFE. EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING A NUMBER OF DISORDERS, SUCH AS CHRONIC PAIN, FIBROMYALGIA, AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME. ALTHOUGH MUCH OF THE RESEARCH HAS EXAMINED THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL MALTREATMENT, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CHILDHOOD PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND TRAUMA ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. WE REVIEW THE CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL DATA EXAMINING THE LINK AMONG EARLY-LIFE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, ALTERED NOCICEPTIVE BEHAVIOR, AND CHRONIC PAIN IN LATER LIFE. EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A ROLE FOR CERTAIN KEY NEUROBIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES, INCLUDING THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; MONOAMINERGIC, OPIOIDERGIC, ENDOCANNABINOID AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS; AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EARLY-LIFE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN, IS PROVIDED. GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY-LIFE STRESS MAY INFORM THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENTS FOR CHRONIC PAIN IN LATER LIFE AND STRATEGIES TO PREVENT ITS ONSET IN SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20 2638 13 EPIGENOME: BIOSENSOR OF CUMULATIVE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL AND NONCHEMICAL STRESSORS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE. UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENTIAL DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY REQUIRES NEW TOOLS TO QUANTIFY THE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL STRESSORS CAN INFLUENCE DISEASE THROUGH THE ACCUMULATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. GEOGRAPHICALLY STABLE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS COULD IDENTIFY PLAUSIBLE MECHANISMS FOR HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG THE DISADVANTAGED AND POOR. RELATIONS BETWEEN NEIGHBORHOOD-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND DISEASE WOULD IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPRIATE TARGETS FOR MEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION. COMPLEX INTERACTIONS AMONG GENES, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND DISEASE REQUIRE THE EXAMINATION OF HOW EPIGENETIC CHANGES REGULATE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS. PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING DISPARITIES IN DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAY DEPEND ON ASSESSING THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS ON GENETIC SUBSTRATES. WE HIGHLIGHT KEY CONCEPTS REGARDING THE INTERFACE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS, EPIGENETICS, AND CHRONIC DISEASE.	2014