1  336 119 ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION STATUS ASSOCIATED WITH GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) AFFECTS ABOUT 25% OF PERSIAN GULF VETERANS WITH A CLUSTER OF CHRONIC SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND NEUROLOGICAL ISSUES. RECENT STUDIES IMPLICATE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH GWI. SINCE DNA METHYLATION CAN REGULATE SUCH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, AND DISRUPTION OF DNA METHYLATION PATTERN IS IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS IMMUNE AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES, WE AIMED TO STUDY THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM GWI PATIENTS. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE SIMILAR IN GWI PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. HOWEVER, THE GENOME-WIDE MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY DETECTED 10,767 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES ACROSS GENE REGULATORY ELEMENTS AND WITHIN CODING REGIONS. APPROXIMATELY 88% OF THEM WERE HYPERMETHYLATED IN GWI PATIENTS. THE SEPARATE ANALYSIS FOUND 776 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENE PROMOTERS (DMP), WHICH WERE PREDOMINANTLY HYPERMETHYLATED. PYROSEQUENCING VALIDATION CONFIRMED MICROARRAY RESULTS. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MAJORITY OF THE DMPS BELONGED TO GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR METABOLISM AND IMMUNE SYSTEM. THIS IS THE FIRST PILOT HUMAN STUDY CHARACTERIZING GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH GWI. IT SUGGESTS A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION OF EPIGENETIC DYSFUNCTION IN GWI. MOREOVER, IT SUPPORTS THE DYSREGULATION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION IN GWI. LASTLY, IT SUGGESTS STUDIES WITH THE LARGER COHORT TO VALIDATE OUR FINDINGS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2 3980  46 LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN A RAT MODEL OF GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYMPTOM ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS 25% OF THE 700,000 US VETERANS DEPLOYED TO THE PERSIAN GULF DURING THE 1990-1991 GULF WAR. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IMPAIRMENTS ARE AMONG THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOMS REPORTED, INCLUDING MEMORY DYSFUNCTION AND DEPRESSION. AFTER 25 YEARS, THE DIAGNOSIS REMAINS ELUSIVE, USEFUL TREATMENTS ARE LACKING, AND THE CAUSE IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH EXPOSURES TO PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE (PB) AND PESTICIDES ARE CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED TO BE AMONG THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES INCLUDING ALTERED MICRORNA (MIRNA) EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING, MEMORY, AND EMOTION REGULATION AND HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED AN ESTABLISHED RAT MODEL OF GWI TO DETERMINE WHETHER 1) CHRONIC ALTERATIONS IN MIRNA EXPRESSION AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION ARE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF GWI, AND 2) PLASMA EXOSOME SMALL RNAS MAY SERVE AS POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF THIS DEBILITATING DISEASE. ONE YEAR AFTER A 28-DAY EXPOSURE REGIMEN OF PB, DEET (N,N-DIETHYL-3-METHYLBENZAMIDE), PERMETHRIN, AND MILD STRESS, EXPRESSION OF 84 MATURE MIRNAS AND GLOBAL 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) CONTENT WERE ANALYZED IN THE BRAINS OF GWI RATS AND VEHICLE CONTROLS BY PCR ARRAY AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, RESPECTIVELY. PLASMA EXOSOME RNA NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED IN POOLED SAMPLES TO DISCOVER POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS. WE FOUND THAT COMBINED EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF GW-RELATED CHEMICALS AND MILD STRESS CAUSED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE BRAIN THAT PERSISTED ONE YEAR AFTER EXPOSURE, INCLUDING INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MIR-124-3P AND MIR-29B-3P IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND REGIONAL ALTERATIONS IN GLOBAL 5MC AND 5HMC CONTENT. GW-RELEVANT EXPOSURES ALSO INDUCED THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF TWO PIWI-INTERACTING RNAS (PIRNAS) IN CIRCULATION (PIR-007899 AND PIR-019162). RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY IMPLICATE A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GWI. EVALUATION OF THE DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF PLASMA EXOSOME RNAS IN VETERANS WITH GWI IS WARRANTED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3 1988  35 EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS IN A MURINE GENETIC MODEL OF GULF WAR ILLNESS. OF THE NEARLY 1 MILLION MILITARY PERSONNEL WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE 1990-1991 GULF WAR, BETWEEN 25% AND 35% BECAME ILL WITH WHAT NOW IS REFERRED TO AS GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. SYMPTOMS VARIED FROM GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS TO LETHARGY, MEMORY LOSS, INABILITY TO CONCENTRATE, DEPRESSION, RESPIRATORY, AND REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS. THE SYMPTOMS HAVE PERSISTED FOR 30 YEARS IN THOSE AFFLICTED BUT THE BASIS OF THE ILLNESS REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. NERVE AGENTS AND OTHER CHEMICAL EXPOSURES IN THE WAR ZONE HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED BUT THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THESE ACUTE EXPOSURES HAVE LEFT FEW IF ANY IDENTIFIABLE SIGNATURES. THE MAJOR AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO ELUCIDATE THE POSSIBLE GENOMIC BASIS FOR THE PERSISTENCE OF SYMPTOMS, ESPECIALLY OF THE NEUROLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS. TO ADDRESS THIS, WE PERFORMED A WHOLE GENOME EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED CAUSE OF GWI, VIZ., EXPOSURE TO ORGANOPHOSPHATE NEUROTOXICANTS COMBINED WITH HIGH CIRCULATING GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN TWO INBRED MOUSE STRAINS, C57BL/6J AND DBA/2J. THE ANIMALS RECEIVED CORTICOSTERONE IN THEIR DRINKING WATER FOR 7 DAYS FOLLOWED BY INJECTION OF DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE, A NERVE AGENT SURROGATE. SIX WEEKS AFTER DFP INJECTION, THE ANIMALS WERE EUTHANIZED AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX HARVESTED FOR GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING. WE OBSERVED 67 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES, NOTABLY AMONG THEM, TTLL7, AKR1C14, SLC44A4, AND RUSC2, ALL RELATED TO DIFFERENT SYMPTOMS OF GWI. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT PROOF OF PRINCIPLE OF GENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE CHRONIC EFFECTS OF GWI-RELATED EXPOSURES AND MAY REVEAL WHY THE DISEASE HAS PERSISTED IN MANY OF THE NOW AGING GULF WAR VETERANS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4 2123  42 EPIGENETIC IMPACTS OF STRESS PRIMING OF THE NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO SARIN SURROGATE IN MICE: A MODEL OF GULF WAR ILLNESS. BACKGROUND: GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS AN ARCHETYPAL, MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED, CHRONIC CONDITION CHARACTERISED BY PERSISTENT SICKNESS BEHAVIOUR AND NEUROIMMUNE AND NEUROINFLAMMATORY COMPONENTS. AN ESTIMATED 25-32% OF THE OVER 900,000 VETERANS OF THE 1991 GULF WAR FULFIL THE REQUIREMENTS OF A GWI DIAGNOSIS. IT HAS BEEN HYPOTHESISED THAT THE HIGH PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS OF COMBAT MAY HAVE INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO IRREVERSIBLE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (ACHE) INHIBITORS LEADING TO A PRIMING OF THE NEUROIMMUNE SYSTEM. A NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE LINKED HIGH LEVELS OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS AND TOXICANT EXPOSURES TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. RECENT RESEARCH IN A MOUSE MODEL OF GWI HAS SHOWN THAT PRE-EXPOSURE WITH THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) CAUSES AN INCREASE IN EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC CHEMOKINES AND CYTOKINES IN RESPONSE TO DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (DFP), A SARIN SURROGATE AND IRREVERSIBLE ACHE INHIBITOR. METHODS: C57BL/6J MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CORT FOR 4 DAYS, AND EXPOSED TO DFP ON DAY 5, BEFORE SACRIFICE 6 H LATER. THE TRANSCRIPTOME WAS EXAMINED USING RNA-SEQ, AND THE EPIGENOME WAS EXAMINED USING REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND H3K27AC CHIP-SEQ. RESULTS: WE SHOW TRANSCRIPTIONAL, HISTONE MODIFICATION (H3K27AC) AND DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN GENES RELATED TO THE IMMUNE AND NEURONAL SYSTEM, POTENTIALLY RELEVANT TO NEUROINFLAMMATORY AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS OF GWI. FURTHER EVIDENCE SUGGESTS ALTERED PROPORTIONS OF MYELINATING OLIGODENDROCYTES IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX, PERHAPS CONNECTED TO WHITE MATTER DEFICITS SEEN IN GWI SUFFERERS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS MAY REFLECT THE EARLY CHANGES WHICH OCCURRED IN GWI VETERANS, AND WE OBSERVE ALTERATIONS IN SEVERAL PATHWAYS ALTERED IN GWI SUFFERERS. THESE CLOSE LINKS TO CHANGES SEEN IN VETERANS WITH GWI INDICATES THAT THIS MODEL REFLECTS THE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES RELATED TO GWI AND MAY PROVIDE A MODEL FOR BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING FUTURE TREATMENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5 5451  37 REPROGRAMMING CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO NEURONS TO STUDY GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI), WHICH AFFLICTS AT LEAST 25% OF VETERANS WHO SERVED IN THE 1990-1991 WAR IN THE PERSIAN GULF, IS THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY DEPLOYMENT EXPOSURES TO VARIOUS NEUROTOXICANTS, INCLUDING PESTICIDES, ANTI-NERVE GAS PILLS, AND LOW-LEVEL NERVE AGENTS INCLUDING SARIN/CYCLOSARIN. GWI IS A MULTISYMPTOM DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY FATIGUE, JOINT PAIN, COGNITIVE PROBLEMS, AND GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLAINTS. THE MOST PROMINENT SYMPTOMS OF GWI (MEMORY PROBLEMS, POOR ATTENTION/CONCENTRATION, CHRONIC HEADACHES, MOOD ALTERATIONS, AND IMPAIRED SLEEP) SUGGEST THAT THE DISEASE PRIMARILY AFFECTS THE CNS. DEVELOPMENT OF URGENTLY NEEDED TREATMENTS DEPENDS ON EXPERIMENTAL MODELS APPROPRIATE FOR TESTING MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND FOR SCREENING THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS. RODENT MODELS HAVE BEEN USEFUL THUS FAR, BUT ARE LIMITED BY THEIR INABILITY TO ASSESS THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND TO THE DISEASE, AND BECAUSE DISEASE-VULNERABLE PROTEINS AND PATHWAYS MAY BE DIFFERENT IN HUMANS RELATIVE TO RODENTS. AS OF YET, NO POSTMORTEM TISSUE FROM THE VETERANS HAS BECOME AVAILABLE FOR RESEARCH. WE ARE MOVING FORWARD WITH A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE STUDY OF GWI, WHICH UTILIZES CONTEMPORARY STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY TO CONVERT SOMATIC CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO PLURIPOTENT CELL LINES THAT CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED INTO VARIOUS CELL TYPES, INCLUDING NEURONS, GLIA, MUSCLE, OR OTHER RELEVANT CELL TYPES. SUCH CELL LINES ARE IMMORTAL AND WILL BE A RESOURCE FOR GWI RESEARCHERS TO PURSUE MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND THERAPEUTICS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6  287  32 AGING AND CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE CAUSE DISTINCT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN SKIN. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE WIDELY CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN AGING, BUT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN SCARCE. WE HAVE USED ARRAY-BASED ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE GENOME-SCALE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS FROM HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES AND TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF AGING, CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE, AND TISSUE VARIATION. OUR RESULTS REVEAL A HIGH DEGREE OF TISSUE SPECIFICITY IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS AND ALSO SHOWED VERY LITTLE INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION WITHIN TISSUES. DATA STRATIFICATION BY AGE REVEALED THAT DNA FROM OLDER INDIVIDUALS WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERN AFFECTING LESS THAN 1% OF THE MARKERS ANALYZED. INTERESTINGLY, STRATIFICATION BY SUN EXPOSURE PRODUCED A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT PATTERN WITH A SIGNIFICANT TREND TOWARDS HYPOMETHYLATION. OUR RESULTS THUS IDENTIFY DEFINED AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND SUGGEST THAT THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN AGING.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7 1556  47 DNA METHYLATION MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS), ALSO KNOWN AS MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, IS A COMPLEX MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE PERSISTENT PRESENCE OF FATIGUE AND OTHER PARTICULAR SYMPTOMS FOR A MINIMUM OF 6 MONTHS. SYMPTOMS FAIL TO DISSIPATE AFTER SUFFICIENT REST AND HAVE MAJOR EFFECTS ON THE DAILY FUNCTIONING OF CFS SUFFERERS. CFS IS A MULTI-SYSTEM DISEASE WITH A HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION SHOWING A WIDE VARIETY OF FUNCTIONAL DISABILITIES AND ITS BIOLOGICAL BASIS REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. STABLE ALTERATIONS IN GENE FUNCTION IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN SEVERAL STUDIES OF CFS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON GENE FUNCTION, HOWEVER, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CFS HAVE NOT BEEN EXPLORED. WE EXAMINED THE DNA METHYLOME IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS ISOLATED FROM CFS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS USING THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP ARRAY, CONTROLLING FOR INVARIANT PROBES AND PROBES OVERLAPPING POLYMORPHIC SEQUENCES. GENE ONTOLOGY (GO) AND NETWORK ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS SHOWING CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN CFS. WE FOUND AN INCREASED ABUNDANCE OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES RELATED TO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE, CELLULAR METABOLISM, AND KINASE ACTIVITY. GENES ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNE CELL REGULATION, THE LARGEST COORDINATED ENRICHMENT OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PATHWAYS, SHOWED HYPOMETHYLATION WITHIN PROMOTERS AND OTHER GENE REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN CFS. THESE DATA ARE CONSISTENT WITH EVIDENCE OF MULTISYSTEM DYSREGULATION IN CFS AND IMPLICATE THE INVOLVEMENT OF DNA MODIFICATIONS IN CFS PATHOLOGY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8 1583  38 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF BLOOD CELLS ARE DISTINCT BETWEEN EARLY-ONSET OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. OBESITY IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT, CHRONIC DISORDER THAT HAS BEEN INCREASING IN INCIDENCE IN YOUNG PATIENTS. BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ABERRATIONS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY. THEREFORE, IN-DEPTH EPIGENOMIC AND GENOMIC ANALYSES WILL ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DETAILED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING OBESITY AND AID IN THE SELECTION OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR OBESITY IN YOUTH. HERE, WE PERFORMED MICROARRAY-BASED DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF PERIPHERAL WHITE BLOOD CELLS OBTAINED FROM SIX YOUNG, OBESE INDIVIDUALS AND SIX HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE OBSERVED THAT THE HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT NOT GENE EXPRESSION, CLEARLY SEGREGATES THE OBESE INDIVIDUALS FROM THE CONTROLS, SUGGESTING THAT THE METABOLIC DISTURBANCE THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF OBESITY AT A YOUNG AGE MAY AFFECT THE DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS WITHOUT ACCOMPANYING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES. TO EXAMINE THE GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENCES IN THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF YOUNG OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS, WE IDENTIFIED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES AND INVESTIGATED THEIR GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC CONTEXTS. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS RELATIVE GAINS AND LOSSES OF DNA METHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS AND GENE BODIES, RESPECTIVELY. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT THE CPG ISLANDS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DNA METHYLATION COMPARED TO CONTROLS. OUR PILOT STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE GENOME-WIDE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS MAY ADVANCE NOT ONLY OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENOMIC PATHOGENESIS BUT ALSO EARLY SCREENING OF OBESITY IN YOUTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9 6311  38 THE RELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS AND SERUM CYTOKINE LEVELS IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULTS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. BACKGROUND: THE LEVELS OF CIRCULATING CYTOKINES FLUCTUATE WITH AGE, ACUTE ILLNESS, AND CHRONIC DISEASE, AND ARE PREDICTIVE OF MORTALITY; THIS IS ALSO TRUE FOR PATTERNS OF DNA (CPG) METHYLATION. GIVEN THAT IMMUNE CELLS ARE PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF CYTOKINES IN THEIR MICROENVIRONMENT, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT SERUM LEVELS OF TNF, IL-6, IL-8 AND IL-10 WOULD CORRELATE WITH GENOME-WIDE ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF BLOOD LEUKOCYTES. TO TEST THIS, WE EVALUATED COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULTS (N = 14; 48-78 YEARS OLD) RECRUITED TO A PILOT STUDY FOR THE CANADIAN LONGITUDINAL STUDY ON AGING (CLSA), EXAMINING DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS USING THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION 450 K BEADCHIP. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT, APART FROM AGE, SERUM IL-10 LEVELS EXHIBITED THE MOST SUBSTANTIAL ASSOCIATION TO DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, FOLLOWED BY TNF, IL-6 AND IL-8. FURTHERMORE, WHILE THE LEVELS OF THESE CYTOKINES WERE HIGHER IN ELDERLY ADULTS, NO ASSOCIATIONS WITH EPIGENETIC ACCELERATED AGING, DERIVED USING THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK, WERE OBSERVED. CONCLUSIONS: AS A PRELIMINARY STUDY WITH A SMALL SAMPLE SIZE, THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THIS WORK MUST BE VIEWED WITH CAUTION; HOWEVER, OUR OBSERVATIONS ARE ENCOURAGING AND CERTAINLY WARRANT MORE SUITABLY POWERED STUDIES OF THIS RELATIONSHIP.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10 2920  40 GENE-SET ANALYSIS IS SEVERELY BIASED WHEN APPLIED TO GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION DATA. MOTIVATION: DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MARK THAT CAN STABLY REPRESS GENE EXPRESSION. BECAUSE OF ITS BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, SEVERAL METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO COMPARE GENOME-WIDE PATTERNS OF METHYLATION BETWEEN GROUPS OF SAMPLES. THE APPLICATION OF GENE SET ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY RELEVANT GROUPS OF GENES THAT ARE ENRICHED FOR DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES IS OFTEN A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE ANALYSIS OF THESE DATA. THIS CAN BE USED, FOR EXAMPLE, TO IDENTIFY PROCESSES OR PATHWAYS THAT ARE PERTURBED IN DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. WE SHOW THAT GENE-SET ANALYSIS, AS IT IS TYPICALLY APPLIED TO GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION ASSAYS, IS SEVERELY BIASED AS A RESULT OF DIFFERENCES IN THE NUMBERS OF CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT CLASSES OF GENES AND GENE PROMOTERS. RESULTS: WE DEMONSTRATE THIS BIAS USING PUBLISHED DATA FROM A STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN LUNG CANCER AND A DATASET WE GENERATED TO STUDY METHYLATION CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH LONG-STANDING ULCERATIVE COLITIS. WE SHOW THAT SEVERAL OF THE GENE SETS THAT SEEM ENRICHED WOULD ALSO BE IDENTIFIED WITH RANDOMIZED DATA. WE SUGGEST TWO EXISTING APPROACHES THAT CAN BE ADAPTED TO CORRECT THE BIAS. ACCOUNTING FOR THE BIAS IN THE LUNG CANCER AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS DATASETS PROVIDES NOVEL BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, RESPECTIVELY. OUR RESULTS HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR MANY PREVIOUS GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION STUDIES THAT HAVE DRAWN CONCLUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF SUCH STRONGLY BIASED ANALYSIS. CONTACT: CATHAL.SEOIGHE@NUIGALWAY.IE SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ARE AVAILABLE AT BIOINFORMATICS ONLINE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11   70  33 A METHOD TO DETECT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED LOCI WITH NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION AT CPG LOCI HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS IN CANCER AND OTHER COMPLEX DISEASES. WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), IT IS FEASIBLE TO GENERATE DATA TO INTERROGATE THE DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION STATUS FOR GENOME-WIDE LOCI USING CASE-CONTROL DESIGN. HOWEVER, A PROPER AND EFFICIENT STATISTICAL TEST IS LACKING. THERE ARE SEVERAL CHALLENGES. FIRST, UNLIKE METHYLATION EXPERIMENTS USING MICROARRAYS, WHERE THERE IS ONE MEASURE OF METHYLATION FOR ONE INDIVIDUAL AT A PARTICULAR CPG SITE, HERE WE HAVE THE COUNTS OF METHYLATION ALLELE AND UNMETHYLATION ALLELE FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL. SECOND, DUE TO THE NATURE OF SAMPLE PREPARATION, THE MEASURED METHYLATION REFLECTS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF A MIXTURE OF CELLS INVOLVED IN SAMPLE PREPARATION. THEREFORE, THE UNDERLYING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEASURED METHYLATION LEVEL IS UNKNOWN, AND A ROBUST TEST IS MORE DESIRABLE THAN PARAMETRIC APPROACH. THIRD, CURRENTLY NGS MEASURES METHYLATION AT OVER 2 MILLION CPG SITES. ANY STATISTICAL TESTS HAVE TO BE COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT IN ORDER TO BE APPLIED TO THE NGS DATA. TAKING THESE CHALLENGES INTO ACCOUNT, WE PROPOSE A TEST FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION BASED ON CLUSTERED DATA ANALYSIS BY MODELING THE METHYLATION COUNTS. WE PERFORMED SIMULATIONS TO SHOW THAT IT IS ROBUST UNDER SEVERAL DISTRIBUTIONS FOR THE MEASURED METHYLATION LEVELS. IT HAS GOOD POWER AND IS COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT. FINALLY, WE APPLY THE TEST TO OUR NGS DATA ON CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT IT IS A PROMISING AND PRACTICAL TEST.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12 1717  38 DYSREGULATED IMMUNE SYSTEM NETWORKS IN WAR VETERANS WITH PTSD IS AN OUTCOME OF ALTERED MIRNA EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION. POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PATIENTS EXPERIENCE CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED AND MECHANISMS REGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS IN PTSD ARE REPORTED INADEQUATELY. THROUGH RNA SEQUENCING AND MIRNA MICROARRAY, WE IDENTIFIED 326 GENES AND 190 MIRNAS THAT WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT IN THEIR EXPRESSION LEVELS IN THE PBMCS OF PTSD PATIENTS. EXPRESSION PAIRING OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES AND MIRNAS INDICATED AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP IN THEIR EXPRESSION. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES INDICATED THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE CANONICAL PATHWAYS SPECIFIC TO IMMUNE SYSTEM BIOLOGY. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES ALSO SHOWED A GRADUAL TREND TOWARDS DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTROL AND PTSD PATIENTS, AGAIN INDICATING A POSSIBLE ROLE OF THIS EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN PTSD INFLAMMATION. OVERALL, COMBINING DATA FROM THE THREE TECHNIQUES PROVIDED A HOLISTIC VIEW OF SEVERAL PATHWAYS IN WHICH THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES WERE IMPACTED THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, IN PTSD. THUS, ANALYSIS COMBINING DATA FROM RNA-SEQ, MIRNA ARRAY AND DNA METHYLATION, CAN PROVIDE KEY EVIDENCE ABOUT DYSREGULATED PATHWAYS AND THE CONTROLLING MECHANISM IN PTSD. MOST IMPORTANTLY, THE PRESENT STUDY PROVIDES FURTHER EVIDENCE THAT INFLAMMATION IN PTSD COULD BE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13  990  35 CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AT AN EVOLUTIONARY CONSERVED INTERGENIC REGION IN CHROMOSOME X. CHRONIC STRESS RESULTING FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS INCREASES THE RISK OF MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS. ALTHOUGH CHRONIC STRESS CAN CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION RELEVANT FOR BEHAVIOR, MOLECULAR REGULATORS OF THIS CHANGE HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY DETERMINED. ONE PROCESS THAT COULD PLAY A ROLE IS DNA METHYLATION, AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS WHEREBY A METHYL GROUP IS ADDED ONTO NUCLEOTIDES, PREDOMINANTLY CYTOSINE IN THE CPG CONTEXT, AND WHICH CAN BE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. IT IS UNKNOWN TO WHAT EXTENT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT, A MODEL OF HUMAN SOCIAL STRESS, INFLUENCES DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ACROSS THE GENOME. OUR STUDY ADDRESSED THIS QUESTION BY USING A TARGETED-CAPTURE APPROACH CALLED METHYL-SEQ TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS AT PUTATIVE REGULATORY REGIONS ACROSS THE MOUSE GENOME FROM MICE EXPOSED TO 14 DAYS OF SOCIAL DEFEAT. FINDINGS WERE REPLICATED IN INDEPENDENT COHORTS BY BISULFITE-PYROSEQUENCING. TWO DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) WERE IDENTIFIED. ONE DMR WAS LOCATED AT INTRON 9 OF DROSHA, AND IT SHOWED REDUCED METHYLATION IN STRESSED MICE. THIS OBSERVATION REPLICATED IN ONE OF TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS. A SECOND DMR WAS IDENTIFIED AT AN INTERGENIC REGION OF CHROMOSOME X, AND METHYLATION IN THIS REGION WAS INCREASED IN STRESSED MICE. THIS METHYLATION DIFFERENCE REPLICATED IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS AND IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) POSTMORTEM BRAINS. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT A REGION NOT PREVIOUSLY KNOWN TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS AND WHICH MAY BE INVOLVED IN MDD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14 3652  34 INDIVIDUAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERN SHIFTS IN NANOPARTICLES-EXPOSED WORKERS ANALYZED IN FOUR CONSECUTIVE YEARS. A DNA METHYLATION PATTERN REPRESENTS AN ORIGINAL PLAN OF THE FUNCTION SETTINGS OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS AND TISSUES. THE BASIC STRATEGIES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES DURING THE HUMAN LIFETIME ARE KNOWN, BUT THE DETAILS RELATED TO ITS MODIFICATION OVER THE YEARS ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS HAVE NOT YET BEEN STUDIED. MOREOVER, CURRENT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE COULD GENERATE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION SETTINGS AND, SUBSEQUENTLY, THE FUNCTION OF GENES. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO NANOPARTICLES (NP) IN OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED WORKERS REPEATEDLY SAMPLED IN FOUR CONSECUTIVE YEARS (2016-2019). A DETAILED METHYLATION PATTERN ANALYSIS OF 14 PERSONS (10 EXPOSED AND 4 CONTROLS) WAS PERFORMED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS. A MICROARRAY-BASED APPROACH USING CHIPS, ALLOWING THE ASSESSMENT OF MORE THAN 850 K CPG LOCI, WAS USED. INDIVIDUAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE COMPARED BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA). THE RESULTS SHOW THE SHIFT IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN INDIVIDUAL YEARS IN ALL THE EXPOSED AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. THE OVERALL RANGE OF DIFFERENCES VARIED BETWEEN THE YEARS IN INDIVIDUAL PERSONS. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FIRST AND LAST YEAR OF EXAMINATION (A THREE-YEAR TIME PERIOD) SEEM TO BE CONSISTENTLY GREATER IN THE NP-EXPOSED SUBJECTS IN COMPARISON WITH THE CONTROLS. THE SELECTED 14 MOST DIFFERENTLY METHYLATED CG LOCI WERE RELATIVELY STABLE IN THE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED SUBJECTS. IN SUMMARY, THE SPECIFIC TYPE OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE FIXING OF RELEVANT EPIGENETIC CHANGES RELATED TO A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT AS, E.G., NP INHALATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15 1705  44 DYNAMICS OF SMOKING-INDUCED GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION CHANGES WITH TIME SINCE SMOKING CESSATION. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED STRONG EPIGENETIC SIGNALS RELATED TO TOBACCO SMOKING. HOWEVER, AN ASPECT THAT DID NOT RECEIVE MUCH ATTENTION IS THE EVOLUTION OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES WITH TIME SINCE SMOKING CESSATION. WE CONDUCTED A SERIES OF EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES TO CAPTURE THE DYNAMICS OF SMOKING-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFTER SMOKING CESSATION, USING GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION PROFILES OBTAINED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES IN 745 WOMEN FROM 2 EUROPEAN POPULATIONS. TWO DISTINCT CLASSES OF CPG SITES WERE IDENTIFIED: SITES WHOSE METHYLATION REVERTS TO LEVELS TYPICAL OF NEVER SMOKERS WITHIN DECADES AFTER SMOKING CESSATION, AND SITES REMAINING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED, EVEN MORE THAN 35 YEARS AFTER SMOKING CESSATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE DYNAMICS OF METHYLATION CHANGES FOLLOWING SMOKING CESSATION ARE DRIVEN BY A DIFFERENTIAL AND SITE-SPECIFIC MAGNITUDE OF THE SMOKING-INDUCED ALTERATIONS (WITH PERSISTENT SITES BEING MOST AFFECTED) IRRESPECTIVE OF THE INTENSITY AND DURATION OF SMOKING. ANALYSES OF THE LINK BETWEEN METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS REVEALED THAT METHYLATION PREDOMINANTLY AND REMOTELY DOWN-REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION. AMONG GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR CANDIDATE CPG SITES, LRRN3 APPEARED TO BE PARTICULARLY INTERESTING AS IT WAS ONE OF THE FEW GENES WHOSE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION WERE DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED, AND THE ONLY GENE IN WHICH BOTH METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION WERE FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING. OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF SMOKING, WHICH CAN POTENTIALLY BE DETECTED DECADES AFTER CESSATION. SUCH HISTORICAL SIGNATURES ARE PROMISING BIOMARKERS TO REFINE INDIVIDUAL RISK PROFILING OF SMOKING-INDUCED CHRONIC DISEASE SUCH AS LUNG CANCER.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 3077  35 GENOME-WIDE METHYL-SEQ ANALYSIS OF BLOOD-BRAIN TARGETS OF GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO GLUCOCORTICOIDS (GCS) CAN LEAD TO PSYCHIATRIC COMPLICATIONS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION (DNAM). WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN A PERIPHERAL TISSUE CAN SERVE AS A SURROGATE FOR THOSE IN A RELATIVELY INACCESSIBLE TISSUE SUCH AS THE BRAIN. DNA EXTRACTED FROM THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND BLOOD OF MICE TREATED WITH GCS OR VEHICLE SOLUTION WAS ASSAYED USING A GENOME-WIDE DNAM PLATFORM (METHYL-SEQ) TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) INDUCED BY GC TREATMENT. WE OBSERVED THAT APPROXIMATELY 70% OF THE DMRS IN BOTH TISSUES LOST METHYLATION FOLLOWING GC TREATMENT. OF THE 3,095 DMRS THAT MAPPED TO THE SAME GENES IN BOTH TISSUES, 1,853 DMRS UNDERWENT DNAM CHANGES IN THE SAME DIRECTION. INTERESTINGLY, ONLY 209 DMRS (<7%) OVERLAPPED IN GENOMIC COORDINATES BETWEEN THE 2 TISSUES, SUGGESTING TISSUE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN GC-TARGETED LOCI. PATHWAY ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE DMR-ASSOCIATED GENES WERE MEMBERS OF PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN METABOLISM, IMMUNE FUNCTION, AND NEURODEVELOPMENT. ALSO, CHANGES IN CELL TYPE COMPOSITION OF BLOOD AND BRAIN WERE EXAMINED BY FLUORESCENCE-ACTIVATED CELL SORTING. SEPARATION OF THE CORTEX INTO NEURONAL AND NON-NEURONAL FRACTIONS AND THE LEUKOCYTES INTO T-CELLS, B-CELLS, AND NEUTROPHILS SHOWED THAT GC-INDUCED METHYLATION CHANGES PRIMARILY OCCURRED IN NEURONS AND T-CELLS, WITH THE BLOOD TISSUE ALSO UNDERGOING A SHIFT IN THE PROPORTION OF CONSTITUENT CELL TYPES WHILE THE PROPORTION OF NEURONS AND GLIA IN THE BRAIN REMAINED STABLE. FROM THE CURRENT PILOT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT DESPITE TISSUE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND CELLULAR HETEROGENEITY, BLOOD CAN SERVE AS A SURROGATE FOR GC-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE BRAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17 1599  37 DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF CHILDHOOD CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN T CELLS OF BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. BACKGROUND: HIGH FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IS THE CENTRAL FEATURE OF SEVERE CONDUCT DISORDER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF SOCIAL, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES IN PERIPHERAL T CELLS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY IN MALES. DESPITE THE FACT THAT SEX DIFFERENCES APPEAR TO PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE DEVELOPMENT, MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF AGGRESSION, MOST OF PREVIOUS STUDIES FOCUSED ON MALES, SO LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION. WE THEREFORE TESTED HERE WHETHER OR NOT THERE IS A SIGNATURE OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN FEMALE DNA METHYLATION AND, IF THERE IS, HOW IT RELATES TO THE SIGNATURE OBSERVED IN MALES. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: METHYLATION PROFILES WERE CREATED USING THE METHOD OF METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) FOLLOWED BY MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION AND STATISTICAL AND BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES ON T CELL DNA OBTAINED FROM ADULT WOMEN WHO WERE FOUND TO BE ON A CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY (CPA) BETWEEN 6 AND 12 YEARS OF AGE COMPARED TO WOMEN WHO FOLLOWED A NORMAL PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY. WE CONFIRMED THE EXISTENCE OF A WELL-DEFINED, GENOME-WIDE SIGNATURE OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE PERIPHERAL T CELLS OF ADULT FEMALES THAT INCLUDES MANY OF THE GENES SIMILARLY ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE SAME CELL TYPES OF ADULT MALES. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IN A SMALL NUMBER OF WOMEN PRESENTS PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR A GENOME-WIDE VARIATION IN PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT ASSOCIATES WITH CPA IN WOMEN THAT WARRANT LARGER STUDIES FOR FURTHER VERIFICATION. A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN MEN WITH CPA SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF EARLY LIFE AGGRESSION IN FEMALES IS COMPOSED OF A COMPONENT SPECIFIC TO FEMALES AND ANOTHER COMMON TO BOTH MALES AND FEMALES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  812  49 CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME PATIENTS REFLECT SYSTEMIC DYSFUNCTIONS. BACKGROUND: MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (ME/CFS) IS A LIFELONG DEBILITATING DISEASE WITH A COMPLEX PATHOLOGY NOT YET CLEARLY DEFINED. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ME/CFS INVOLVES GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATION. EPIGENETIC STUDIES WITH OTHER ME/CFS COHORTS HAVE USED ARRAY-BASED TECHNOLOGY TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED INDIVIDUAL SITES. CHANGES IN RNA QUANTITIES AND PROTEIN ABUNDANCE HAVE BEEN DOCUMENTED IN OUR PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE SAME ME/CFS COHORT USED FOR THIS STUDY. RESULTS: DNA FROM A WELL-CHARACTERISED NEW ZEALAND COHORT OF 10 ME/CFS PATIENTS AND 10 AGE-/SEX-MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS WAS ISOLATED FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR (PBMC) CELLS, AND USED TO GENERATE REDUCED GENOME-SCALE DNA METHYLATION MAPS USING REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULPHITE SEQUENCING (RRBS). THE SEQUENCING DATA WERE ANALYSED UTILISING THE DMAP ANALYSIS PIPELINE TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED FRAGMENTS, AND THE METHYLKIT PIPELINE WAS USED TO QUANTIFY METHYLATION DIFFERENCES AT INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES. DMAP IDENTIFIED 76 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED FRAGMENTS AND METHYLKIT IDENTIFIED 394 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CYTOSINES THAT INCLUDED BOTH HYPER- AND HYPO-METHYLATION. FOUR CLUSTERS WERE IDENTIFIED WHERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED DNA FRAGMENTS OVERLAPPED WITH OR WERE WITHIN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO MULTIPLE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED INDIVIDUAL CYTOSINES. THESE CLUSTERS IDENTIFIED REGULATORY REGIONS FOR 17 PROTEIN ENCODING GENES RELATED TO METABOLIC AND IMMUNE ACTIVITY. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENE BODIES (EXONS/INTRONS) IDENTIFIED 122 UNIQUE GENES. COMPARISON WITH OTHER STUDIES ON PBMCS FROM ME/CFS PATIENTS AND CONTROLS WITH ARRAY TECHNOLOGY SHOWED 59% OF THE GENES IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY WERE ALSO FOUND IN ONE OR MORE OF THESE STUDIES. FUNCTIONAL PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED 30 ASSOCIATED PATHWAYS. THESE INCLUDED IMMUNE, METABOLIC AND NEUROLOGICAL-RELATED FUNCTIONS DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED IN ME/CFS PATIENTS COMPARED TO THE MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS. CONCLUSIONS: MAJOR DIFFERENCES WERE IDENTIFIED IN THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF ME/CFS PATIENTS THAT CLEARLY DISTINGUISHED THEM FROM THE HEALTHY CONTROLS. OVER HALF FOUND IN GENE BODIES WITH RRBS IN THIS STUDY HAD BEEN IDENTIFIED IN OTHER ME/CFS STUDIES USING THE SAME CELLS BUT WITH ARRAY TECHNOLOGY. WITHIN THE ENRICHED FUNCTIONAL IMMUNE, METABOLIC AND NEUROLOGICAL PATHWAYS, A NUMBER OF ENRICHED NEUROTRANSMITTER AND NEUROPEPTIDE REACTOME PATHWAYS HIGHLIGHTED A DISTURBED NEUROLOGICAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WITHIN THE PATIENT GROUP.	2020	

19 1967  43 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER GENE IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH AGE. CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL DOPAMINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IN MESOCORTICOLIMBIC CIRCUITS. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO MODULATE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE, AND BOTH MAY ACT THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CAN MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION, E.G. DNA METHYLATION AT CPG SITES. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS MAY CHANGE OVER TIME. HOWEVER, FEW DATA ARE AVAILABLE CONCERNING THE RATE OF THESE CHANGES IN SPECIFIC GENES. A RECENT STUDY FOUND THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT) GENE WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH ALCOHOL CRAVING. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO REPLICATE THESE FINDINGS IN A LARGER SAMPLE OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS AND POPULATION-BASED CONTROLS MATCHED FOR AGE AND SEX. NO DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, AND NO DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED BEFORE AND AFTER ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL IN PATIENTS. HOWEVER, PATIENTS WITH MORE SEVERE CRAVING SHOWED A TREND TOWARDS LOWER DAT METHYLATION LEVELS (P = 0.07), WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS FINDINGS. FURTHERMORE, IN OUR OVERALL SAMPLE, DAT METHYLATION LEVELS INCREASED WITH AGE. INTERESTINGLY, A SEPARATE ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS SUGGESTED THAT THIS FINDING WAS MAINLY DRIVEN BY THE PATIENT GROUP. ALTHOUGH THE PRESENT DATA DO NOT CLARIFY WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS PHENOMENON OR MERELY ENHANCES AN AGEING-SPECIFIC PROCESS, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HYPERMETHYLATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS A CONSEQUENCE, RATHER THAN A CAUSE, OF THE DISORDER.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20 2207  53 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY IN MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (ME/CFS). BACKGROUND: MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (ME/CFS) IS A DEBILITATING IDIOPATHIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY UNEXPLAINED FATIGUE THAT FAILS TO RESOLVE WITH SUFFICIENT REST. DIAGNOSIS IS BASED ON A LIST OF SYMPTOMS AND EXCLUSION OF OTHER FATIGUE-RELATED HEALTH CONDITIONS. DESPITE A HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION, IMMUNE AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS FUNCTION DIFFERENCES, SUCH AS ENHANCED NEGATIVE FEEDBACK TO GLUCOCORTICOIDS, ARE RECURRING FINDINGS IN ME/CFS STUDIES. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS CPG METHYLATION, ARE KNOWN TO REGULATE LONG-TERM PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES AND PREVIOUS WORK BY OUR GROUP FOUND DNA METHYLOME DIFFERENCES IN ME/CFS, HOWEVER THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLOME MODIFICATIONS, CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH ME/CFS HAS NOT BEEN EXAMINED. METHODS: WE EXAMINED THE DNA METHYLOME IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF A LARGER COHORT OF FEMALE ME/CFS PATIENTS USING THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP ARRAY. IN PARALLEL TO THE DNA METHYLOME ANALYSIS, WE INVESTIGATED IN VITRO GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY DIFFERENCES BY STIMULATING PBMCS WITH PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ AND SUPPRESSED GROWTH WITH DEXAMETHASONE. WE EXPLORED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING AND STATISTICAL PERMUTATION. LINEAR REGRESSION WAS IMPLEMENTED TO DISCOVER EPIGENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-REPORTED QUALITY OF LIFE AND NETWORK ANALYSIS OF GENE ONTOLOGY TERMS TO BIOLOGICALLY CONTEXTUALIZE RESULTS. RESULTS: WE DETECTED 12,608 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES BETWEEN ME/CFS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS PREDOMINANTLY LOCALIZED TO CELLULAR METABOLISM GENES, SOME OF WHICH WERE ALSO RELATED TO SELF-REPORTED QUALITY OF LIFE HEALTH SCORES. AMONG ME/CFS PATIENTS, GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AT 13 LOCI. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS INDICATE DNA METHYLATION MODIFICATIONS IN CELLULAR METABOLISM IN ME/CFS DESPITE A HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION, IMPLICATING THESE PROCESSES IN IMMUNE AND HPA AXIS DYSFUNCTION IN ME/CFS. MODIFICATIONS TO EPIGENETIC LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENCES IN GLUCOCORTICOID SENSITIVITY MAY BE IMPORTANT AS BIOMARKERS FOR FUTURE CLINICAL TESTING. OVERALL, THESE FINDINGS ALIGN WITH RECENT ME/CFS WORK THAT POINT TOWARDS IMPAIRMENT IN CELLULAR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THIS PATIENT POPULATION.	2017