1  326 132 ALLELIC SILENCING AT THE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR LOCUS 13Q14.3 SUGGESTS AN EPIGENETIC TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. GENOMIC MATERIAL FROM CHROMOSOME BAND 13Q14.3 DISTAL TO THE RETINOBLASTOMA LOCUS IS RECURRENTLY LOST IN A VARIETY OF HUMAN NEOPLASMS, INDICATING AN AS-YET-UNIDENTIFIED TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. NO PATHOGENIC MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE MINIMALLY DELETED REGION UNTIL NOW. HOWEVER, IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA TUMORS WITH LOSS OF ONE COPY OF THE CRITICAL REGION, RESPECTIVE CANDIDATE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES ARE DOWN-REGULATED BY A FACTOR >2, WHICH WOULD BE EXPECTED BY A NORMAL GENE-DOSAGE EFFECT. THIS FINDING POINTS TO AN EPIGENETIC PATHOMECHANISM. WE FIND THAT THE TWO COPIES OF THE CRITICAL REGION REPLICATE ASYNCHRONOUSLY, SUGGESTING DIFFERENTIAL CHROMATIN PACKAGING OF THE TWO COPIES OF 13Q14.3. ALTHOUGH WE ALSO DETECT MONOALLELIC SILENCING OF GENES LOCALIZED IN THE CRITICAL REGION, MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION ORIGINATES FROM EITHER THE MATERNAL OR PATERNAL COPY, EXCLUDING AN IMPRINTING MECHANISM. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSES REVEALED ONE CPG ISLAND OF THE REGION TO BE METHYLATED. DNA DEMETHYLATION OF THIS CPG ISLAND AND GLOBAL HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION INDUCED BIALLELIC EXPRESSION, WHEREAS REPLICATION TIMING WAS NOT AFFECTED. WE PROPOSE THAT DIFFERENTIAL REPLICATION TIMING REPRESENTS AN EARLY EPIGENETIC MARK THAT DISTINGUISHES THE TWO COPIES OF 13Q14.3, RESULTING IN DIFFERENTIAL CHROMATIN PACKAGING AND MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION. ACCORDINGLY, DELETION OF THE SINGLE ACTIVE COPY OF 13Q14.3 RESULTS IN SIGNIFICANT DOWN-REGULATION OF THE CANDIDATE GENES AND LOSS OF FUNCTION, PROVIDING A MODEL FOR THE INTERACTION OF GENETIC LESIONS AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING AT 13Q14.3 IN B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 2481  46 EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF LNCRNAS AT 13Q14.3 IN LEUKEMIA IS LINKED TO THE IN CIS DOWNREGULATION OF A GENE CLUSTER THAT TARGETS NF-KB. NON-CODING RNAS ARE MUCH MORE COMMON THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT. HOWEVER, FOR THE VAST MAJORITY OF NON-CODING RNAS, THE CELLULAR FUNCTION REMAINS ENIGMATIC. THE TWO LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) GENES DLEU1 AND DLEU2 MAP TO A CRITICAL REGION AT CHROMOSOMAL BAND 13Q14.3 THAT IS RECURRENTLY DELETED IN SOLID TUMORS AND HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES LIKE CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). WHILE NO POINT MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE PROTEIN CODING CANDIDATE GENES AT 13Q14.3, THEY ARE DEREGULATED IN MALIGNANT CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. WE THEREFORE CHARACTERIZED THE EPIGENETIC MAKEUP OF 13Q14.3 IN CLL CELLS AND FOUND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVATED TRANSCRIPTION AND SIGNIFICANT DNA-DEMETHYLATION AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITES OF DLEU1 AND DLEU2 USING 5 DIFFERENT SEMI-QUANTITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS (APRIMES, BIOCOBRA, MCIP, MASSARRAY, AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING). THESE EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS WERE CORRELATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL DEREGULATION OF THE NEIGHBORING CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, SUGGESTING A COREGULATION IN CIS OF THIS GENE CLUSTER. WE FOUND THAT THE 13Q14.3 GENES IN ADDITION TO THEIR PREVIOUSLY KNOWN FUNCTIONS REGULATE NF-KB ACTIVITY, WHICH WE COULD SHOW AFTER OVEREXPRESSION, SIRNA-MEDIATED KNOCKDOWN, AND DOMINANT-NEGATIVE MUTANT GENES BY USING WESTERN BLOTS WITH PREVIOUSLY UNDESCRIBED ANTIBODIES, BY A CUSTOMIZED ELISA AS WELL AS BY REPORTER ASSAYS. IN ADDITION, WE PERFORMED AN UNBIASED SCREEN OF 810 HUMAN MIRNAS AND IDENTIFIED THE MIR-15/16 FAMILY OF GENES AT 13Q14.3 AS THE STRONGEST INDUCERS OF NF-KB ACTIVITY. IN SUMMARY, THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM AT 13Q14.3 IS A CLUSTER OF GENES CONTROLLED BY TWO LNCRNA GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY DNA-METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND WHOSE MEMBERS ALL REGULATE NF-KB. THEREFORE, THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM IN 13Q14.3 UNDERLINES THE ROLE BOTH OF EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS AND OF LNCRNA GENES IN HUMAN TUMORIGENESIS AND IS AN EXAMPLE OF COLOCALIZATION OF A FUNCTIONALLY RELATED GENE CLUSTER.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  939  49 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND 13Q14: MIRS AND MORE. LOSS OF A CRITICAL REGION IN 13Q14.3 [DEL(13Q)] IS THE MOST COMMON GENOMIC ABERRATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), OCCURRING IN MORE THAN 50% OF PATIENTS (STILGENBAUER ET AL., ONCOGENE 1998;16:1891 - 1897, DOHNER ET AL., N ENGL J MED 2000;343:1910 - 1916). DESPITE EXTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS, NO POINT MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE REMAINING ALLELE THAT WOULD INACTIVATE ONE OF THE CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND EXPLAIN THE PATHOMECHANISM POSTULATED FOR THIS REGION. HOWEVER, THE GENES IN THE REGION ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED IN CLL CELLS, MORE THAN WOULD BE EXPECTED BY GENE DOSAGE, AND RECENTLY A COMPLEX EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISM WAS IDENTIFIED FOR 13Q14.3 IN NON-MALIGNANT CELLS THAT INVOLVES ASYNCHRONOUS REPLICATION TIMING AND MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION OF CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. HERE, WE PROPOSE A MODEL OF A MULTIGENIC PATHOMECHANISM IN 13Q14.3, WHERE SEVERAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, INCLUDING THE MIRNA GENES MIR-16-1 AND MIR-15A, ARE CO-REGULATED BY THE TWO LONG NON-CODING RNA GENES DLEU1 AND DLEU2 THAT SPAN THE CRITICAL REGION. FURTHERMORE, WE PROPOSE THESE CO-REGULATED GENES TO BE INVOLVED IN THE SAME MOLECULAR PATHWAYS, THEREBY ALSO FORMING A FUNCTIONAL GENE CLUSTER. ELUCIDATING THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR FUNCTION OF THE 13Q14.3 CANDIDATE GENES WILL SHED LIGHT ON THE UNDERLYING PATHOMECHANISM OF CLL.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4 2747  41 EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE EPIGENETIC METHYLTRANSFERASES AND METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN FAMILIES IN THE NORMAL B-CELL AND B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY FOR SOME TIME. THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT THAT CHANGES IN GENOMIC HYPERMETHYLATION CONTRIBUTE TO THE SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. FURTHERMORE, RECENT STUDIES HAVE ALSO IDENTIFIED THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GENOMIC HYPOMETHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AND TUMORIGENESIS. ONE OF THE MOST PERPLEXING QUESTIONS REGARDING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND LEUKEMOGENESIS IS THE RELATIONSHIP WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT'S). THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE DNMT ENZYMES IS TO METHYLATE GENOMIC DNA, WHEREAS THE METHYL-CPG BINDING DOMAIN PROTEINS (MBD) INTERPRET THIS METHYLATION SIGNAL AND REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN BEHAVIOR. IN THIS STUDY WE ANALYSE THESE GENE FAMILIES BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EXPRESSION LEVELS AND THE B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) PHENOTYPE ARE ASSOCIATED. FURTHERMORE, GIVEN THE EPIGENETIC CROSSTALK BETWEEN GENOME STABILITY AND THE HISTONE CHROMATIN CODE WE HAVE ANALYSED EUKARYOTIC HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (EU-HMTASEI). SURPRISINGLY, WE DID NOT OBSERVE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN B-CLL CASES WHEN COMPARED TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER WE NORMALISE AGAINST GAPDH OR PCNA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS. INDEED, EXPRESSION OF THE MAINTENANCE AND DE NOVO METHYLASES WERE INDEPENDENTLY REGULATED. OF PARTICULAR NOTE WAS THE SIGNIFICANT DOWN REGULATION OF DNMT3B. FURTHERMORE, WE OBSERVED A POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN HMTASEI EXPRESSION LEVELS AND STAGE OF LEUKEMIA SUGGESTING THAT CHANGES IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS IN B-CLL MAY REPRESENT DEREGULATION OF THE EPIGENETIC REPERTOIRE THAT ALSO INCLUDE THE METHYLATION DEPENDENT BINDING PROTEINS, MBD2 AND MECP2. WE ENVISAGE CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAM ARE MULTIFACTORIAL IN NATURE AND POSTULATE THAT THE PREVALENT GENOMIC METHYLASES JUST ONE COMPONENT OF A LARGER EPIGENETIC REPERTOIRE.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5 2771  31 EXTENSIVE PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND HYPOMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. DYSREGULATED MICRORNA (MIRNA) EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTES TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). HOWEVER, AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE ABERRANT MIRNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL IS LACKING. IN THIS STUDY, WE COMPREHENSIVELY INVESTIGATED THE ROLE AND EXTENT OF MIRNA EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN CLL. GENOME-WIDE PROFILING CONDUCTED ON 24 CLL AND 10 HEALTHY B CELL SAMPLES REVEALED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS UPSTREAM OF MIRNA SEQUENCES THAT DISTINGUISHED MALIGNANT FROM HEALTHY CELLS AND IDENTIFIED PUTATIVE MIRNA PROMOTERS. INTEGRATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND MIRNA PROMOTER DATA LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF 128 RECURRENT MIRNA TARGETS FOR ABERRANT PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION. DNA HYPOMETHYLATION ACCOUNTED FOR MORE THAN 60% OF ALL ABERRANT PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION IN CLL, AND PROMOTER DNA HYPOMETHYLATION WAS RESTRICTED TO WELL-DEFINED REGIONS. INDIVIDUAL HYPER- AND HYPOMETHYLATED PROMOTERS ALLOWED DISCRIMINATION OF CLL SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY CONTROLS. PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE CONFIRMED IN AN INDEPENDENT PATIENT COHORT, WITH 11 MIRNAS CONSISTENTLY SHOWING AN INVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND EXPRESSION LEVEL. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS CHARACTERIZE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE REGULATION OF MIRNA TRANSCRIPTION AND CREATE A REPOSITORY OF DISEASE-SPECIFIC PROMOTER REGIONS THAT MAY PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLL.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6 3822  36 INVESTIGATING EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF ACTIVATION-INDUCED DEAMINASE IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. ACTIVATION INDUCED DEAMINASE (AID) HAS TWO DISTINCT AND WELL DEFINED ROLES, BOTH RELYING ON ITS DEOXYCYTIDINE (DC) DEAMINATING FUNCTION: ONE AS A DNA MUTATOR AND ANOTHER IN DNA DEMETHYLATION. IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), AID WAS PREVIOUSLY SHOWN TO BE AN INDEPENDENT NEGATIVE PROGNOSTIC FACTOR. WHILE THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT ON DNA MUTATIONS, EFFECTS OF AID ON GENE EXPRESSION BY PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION OF DISEASE RELATED TARGET GENES IN LEUKEMIA HAS NOT BEEN ADDRESSED. TO SHED LIGHT ON THIS QUESTION, WE AIMED AT DETERMINING GENOME WIDE METHYLATION CHANGES AS WELL AS GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO AID EXPRESSION IN CLL. ALTHOUGH WE FOUND MINOR DIFFERENCES IN INDIVIDUAL METHYLATION VARIABLE POSITIONS FOLLOWING AID EXPRESSION, WE COULD NOT FIND RECURRENT METHYLATION CHANGES OF SPECIFIC TARGET SITES OR CHANGES IN GLOBAL METHYLATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7   59  33 A GENOME-WIDE SCREEN IDENTIFIES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED GENES IN HAEMATOLOGICAL AND EPITHELIAL CANCERS. BACKGROUND: GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF BOTH EPITHELIAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENS ARE REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT CAN BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC PURPOSES ACROSS MALIGNANCIES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE USE OF THE MIRA ASSAY (METHYLATED CPG ISLAND RECOVERY ASSAY) IN COMBINATION WITH GENOME-WIDE CPG ISLAND ARRAYS TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MARKERS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. WE IDENTIFIED 30 GENES DEMONSTRATING METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF > OR =25% IN CHILDHOOD ALL, NINE GENES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN B VS T-ALL. FOR MAJORITY OF THE GENES EXPRESSION COULD BE RESTORED IN METHYLATED LEUKEMIA LINES AFTER TREATMENT WITH 5-AZADC. FORTY-FOUR PERCENT OF THE GENES REPRESENT TARGETS OF THE POLYCOMB COMPLEX. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) TWO OF THE GENES, (TFAP2A AND EBF2), DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BLAST CRISIS COMPARED TO CHRONIC PHASE (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE HYPERMETHYLATION OF AN AUTOPHAGY RELATED GENE ATG16L2 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB TREATMENT. LASTLY WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TEN OF THESE GENES WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS. CONCLUSION: IN SUMMARY WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES SHOWING FREQUENT METHYLATION IN CHILDHOOD ALL, METHYLATION STATUS OF TWO OF THESE GENES IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE IN CML AND METHYLATION STATUS OF ANOTHER GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGNOSIS. IN ADDITION A SUBSET OF THESE GENES MAY ACT AS EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AS WELL AS COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 2639  35 EPIGENOMIC ANALYSIS DETECTS WIDESPREAD GENE-BODY DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. WE HAVE EXTENSIVELY CHARACTERIZED THE DNA METHYLOMES OF 139 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) WITH MUTATED OR UNMUTATED IGHV AND OF SEVERAL MATURE B-CELL SUBPOPULATIONS THROUGH THE USE OF WHOLE-GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND HIGH-DENSITY MICROARRAYS. THE TWO MOLECULAR SUBTYPES OF CLL HAVE DIFFERING DNA METHYLOMES THAT SEEM TO REPRESENT EPIGENETIC IMPRINTS FROM DISTINCT NORMAL B-CELL SUBPOPULATIONS. DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN THE GENE BODY, TARGETING MOSTLY ENHANCER SITES, WAS THE MOST FREQUENT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NAIVE AND MEMORY B CELLS AND BETWEEN THE TWO MOLECULAR SUBTYPES OF CLL AND NORMAL B CELLS. ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION WERE POORLY CORRELATED, WE IDENTIFIED GENE-BODY CPG DINUCLEOTIDES WHOSE METHYLATION WAS POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH EXPRESSION. WE HAVE ALSO RECOGNIZED A DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE THAT DISTINGUISHES NEW CLINICO-BIOLOGICAL SUBTYPES OF CLL. WE PROPOSE AN EPIGENOMIC SCENARIO IN WHICH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN THE GENE BODY MAY HAVE FUNCTIONAL AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS IN LEUKEMOGENESIS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9 3918  31 LINKING ABERRANT CHROMATIN FEATURES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA TO TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NETWORKS. IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), A DIVERSE SET OF GENETIC MUTATIONS IS EMBEDDED IN A DEREGULATED EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE THAT DRIVES CANCEROGENESIS. TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF ABERRANT CHROMATIN FEATURES, WE MAPPED DNA METHYLATION, SEVEN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, NUCLEOSOME POSITIONS, CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY, BINDING OF EBF1 AND CTCF, AS WELL AS THE TRANSCRIPTOME OF B CELLS FROM CLL PATIENTS AND HEALTHY DONORS. A GLOBALLY INCREASED HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY WAS DETECTED AND HALF OF THE GENOME COMPRISED TRANSCRIPTIONALLY DOWNREGULATED PARTIALLY DNA METHYLATED DOMAINS DEMARCATED BY CTCF CLL SAMPLES DISPLAYED A H3K4ME3 REDISTRIBUTION AND NUCLEOSOME GAIN AT PROMOTERS AS WELL AS CHANGES OF ENHANCER ACTIVITY AND ENHANCER LINKAGE TO TARGET GENES. A DNA BINDING MOTIF ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS THAT GAINED OR LOST BINDING IN CLL AT SITES WITH ABERRANT CHROMATIN FEATURES. THESE FINDINGS WERE INTEGRATED INTO A GENE REGULATORY ENHANCER CONTAINING NETWORK ENRICHED FOR B-CELL RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY COMPONENTS. OUR STUDY PREDICTS NOVEL MOLECULAR LINKS TO TARGETS OF CLL THERAPIES AND PROVIDES A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EPIGENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE DISEASE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10 1976  30 EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN A MURINE MODEL FOR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. EARLY STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) HAVE NOT BEEN EXPLORED MAINLY DUE TO THE INABILITY TO STUDY NORMAL B-CELLS EN ROUTE TO TRANSFORMATION. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE SUCH EARLY EVENTS OF LEUKEMOGENESIS, WE HAVE USED A WELL ESTABLISHED MOUSE MODEL FOR CLL. OVER-EXPRESSION OF HUMAN TCL1, A KNOWN CLL ONCOGENE IN MURINE B-CELLS LEADS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATURE CD19+/CD5+/IGM+ CLONAL LEUKEMIA WITH A DISEASE PHENOTYPE SIMILAR TO THAT SEEN IN HUMAN CLL. HEREIN, WE REVIEW OUR RECENT STUDY USING THIS TCL1-DRIVEN MOUSE MODEL FOR CLL AND CORRESPONDING HUMAN CLL SAMPLES IN A CROSS-SPECIES EPIGENOMICS APPROACH TO ADDRESS THE TIMING AND RELEVANCE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS OCCURRING DURING LEUKEMOGENESIS. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE MOUSE MODEL RECAPITULATES THE EPIGENETIC EVENTS THAT HAVE BEEN REPORTED FOR HUMAN CLL, AFFIRMING THE POWER AND VALIDITY OF THIS MOUSE MODEL TO STUDY EARLY EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN CANCER PROGRESSION. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE DETECTED AS EARLY AS THREE MONTHS AFTER BIRTH, FAR BEFORE DISEASE MANIFESTS AT ABOUT 11 MONTHS OF AGE. THESE MICE UNDERGO NFKAPPAB REPRESSOR COMPLEX MEDIATED INACTIVATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXD3, WHOSE TARGETS BECOME ABERRANTLY METHYLATED AND SILENCED IN MOUSE AND HUMAN CLL. OVERALL, OUR DATA SUGGEST THE ACCUMULATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING CLL PATHOGENESIS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF GENE SILENCING THROUGH TCL1 AND NFKAPPAB REPRESSOR COMPLEX, SUGGESTING THE RELEVANCE FOR NFKAPPAB AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN CLL.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11 2966  32 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILING OF CLL DISEASE PROGRESSION REVEALS LIMITED SOMATIC EVOLUTION AND SUGGESTS A RELATIONSHIP TO MEMORY-CELL DEVELOPMENT. WE EXAMINED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION FROM INDOLENT TO AGGRESSIVE FORMS OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) USING SERIAL SAMPLES FROM 27 PATIENTS. ANALYSIS OF DNA MUTATIONS GROUPED THE LEUKEMIA CASES INTO THREE CATEGORIES: EVOLVING (26%), EXPANDING (26%) AND STATIC (47%). THUS, APPROXIMATELY THREE-QUARTERS OF THE CLL CASES HAD LITTLE TO NO GENETIC SUBCLONAL EVOLUTION. HOWEVER, WE IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT RECURRENT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING PROGRESSION AT 4752 CPGS ENRICHED FOR REGIONS NEAR POLYCOMB 2 REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC2) TARGETS. PROGRESSION-ASSOCIATED CPGS NEAR THE PRC2 TARGETS UNDERGO METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE SAME DIRECTION DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION AS DURING NORMAL DEVELOPMENT FROM NAIVE TO MEMORY B CELLS. OUR STUDY SHOWS THAT CLL PROGRESSION DOES NOT TYPICALLY OCCUR VIA SUBCLONAL EVOLUTION, BUT THAT CERTAIN CPG SITES UNDERGO RECURRENT METHYLATION CHANGES. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST CLL PROGRESSION MAY INVOLVE DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES SHARED IN COMMON WITH THE GENERATION OF NORMAL MEMORY B CELLS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12 1659  51 DOWN-REGULATION OF CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES WITHIN CHROMOSOME BAND 13Q14.3 IS INDEPENDENT OF THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN IN B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. LOSS OF GENOMIC MATERIAL FROM CHROMOSOMAL BAND 13Q14.3 IS THE MOST COMMON GENETIC IMBALANCE IN B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) AND MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA, POINTING TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF THIS REGION IN A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM. FROM THE MINIMALLY DELETED REGION, 3 CANDIDATE GENES HAVE BEEN ISOLATED, RFP2, BCMS, AND BCMSUN. DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSES HAVE FAILED TO DETECT SMALL MUTATIONS IN ANY OF THESE GENES, SUGGESTING A DIFFERENT PATHOMECHANISM, MOST LIKELY HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY. WE, THEREFORE, TESTED B-CLL PATIENTS FOR EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS BY MEASURING EXPRESSION OF GENES FROM 13Q14.3 AND METHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTOR REGION. RB1, CLLD7, KPNA3, CLLD6, AND RFP2 WERE DOWN-REGULATED IN B-CLL PATIENTS AS COMPARED WITH B CELLS OF HEALTHY DONORS, WITH RFP2 SHOWING THE MOST PRONOUNCED LOSS OF EXPRESSION. TO TEST WHETHER THIS LOSS OF GENE EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE RESPECTIVE PROMOTOR REGIONS, WE PERFORMED METHYLATION-SENSITIVE QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSES AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING ON DNA FROM B-CLL PATIENTS. NO DIFFERENCE IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS COULD BE DETECTED IN ANY CPG ISLAND OF THE MINIMALLY DELETED REGION. DOWN-REGULATION OF GENES WITHIN CHROMOSOMAL BAND 13Q14.3 IN B-CLL IS IN LINE WITH THE CONCEPT OF HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY, BUT THIS TUMOR-SPECIFIC PHENOMENON IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13  160  27 ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IN CLL: DOES IT MATTER FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT? OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS, STUDIES OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES HAVE BEEN DOMINATED BY THE PRIMARY FOCUS OF UNDERSTANDING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. THESE EFFORTS NOT ONLY RESULTED IN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE BASIS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES BUT ALSO RESULTED IN APPROVAL OF HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEVERAL MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. RECENT ADVANCES IN GLOBAL METHYLATION PROFILING COUPLED WITH THE USE OF MOUSE MODELS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IS ALSO A FREQUENT EVENT IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, PARTICULARLY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION AND, THEREFORE, MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. HERE, WE REVIEW RECENT FINDINGS AND DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IN CLL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14 3686  34 INFLAMMATION-RELATED ABERRANT PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION: DETECTION AND ROLE IN EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF CANCER CELL TRANSCRIPTOME. IT IS NOW APPARENT THAT EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, IN PARTICULAR ALTERED DNA METHYLATION, PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF HUMAN CANCERS. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AT PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS IS NOW RECOGNIZED AS A THIRD MECHANISM BY WHICH INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OCCURS. ABERRANT CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION IS ALSO FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND PRECANCEROUS LESIONS, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT IT IS AN EARLY EVENT IN TUMORIGENESIS THAT COULD SERVE AS A USEFUL TUMOR MARKER. A VARIETY OF SCREENING TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR GENOME-WIDE SCREENING OF METHYLATION STATUS. OF THOSE, TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS COUPLED WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL UNMASKING HAS EMERGED AS A POWERFUL TOOL FOR REVEALING DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CANCER CELLS AND IDENTIFYING NEW TUMOR MARKER CANDIDATES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15 2494  31 EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS GENERALLY LOWER THAN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION IS GLOBALLY DECREASED, REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENE PROMOTERS LEADS TO GENE SILENCING. MANY OF THESE GENES HAVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PHENOTYPES. UNLIKE MUTATIONS OR DELETIONS, HYPERMETHYLATION IS POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE AFTER INHIBITION WITH DNA METHYLATION MODULATORS. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME HAS BEEN A MODEL DISEASE IN WHICH TREATMENT OF PATIENTS RESULTS IN DEMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES. THE STORY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS SLOWLY UNRAVELING AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LIKELY ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE. ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS CORRELATING CLINICAL RESPONSE TO GENE EXPRESSION AFTER TREATMENT WITH DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS WILL ULTIMATELY ALLOW US TO BETTER RISK STRATIFY AND PREDICT THE SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH THIS CLASS OF DRUGS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16 1568  26 DNA METHYLATION OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR MIRNA GENES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF THE GENOME INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF NUMEROUS CELLULAR PROCESSES THROUGH GENE SILENCING WITHOUT ALTERING DNA SEQUENCES. MIRNAS, A CLASS OF SINGLE-STRANDED NONCODING RNAS OF 19-25 NUCLEOTIDES IN LENGTH, FUNCTION AS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION LEADING TO MRNA CLEAVAGE OR TRANSLATIONAL REPRESSION OF THEIR CORRESPONDING TARGET PROTEIN-CODING GENES. RECENTLY, DYSREGULATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIRNAS MEDIATED BY PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS IMPLICATED IN HUMAN CANCERS, INCLUDING B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). MOREOVER, IT APPEARS THAT METHYLATED MIRNA GENES COULD BE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR CLL DIAGNOSIS OR THERAPY. THIS REVIEW WILL HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MIRNA GENES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17 5210  33 PRENEOPLASTIC ALTERATIONS DEFINE CLL DNA METHYLOME AND PERSIST THROUGH DISEASE PROGRESSION AND THERAPY. MOST HUMAN CANCERS CONVERGE TO A DEREGULATED METHYLOME WITH REDUCED GLOBAL LEVELS AND ELEVATED METHYLATION AT SELECT CPG ISLANDS. TO INVESTIGATE THE EMERGENCE AND DYNAMICS OF THE CANCER METHYLOME, WE CHARACTERIZED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION IN PRE-NEOPLASTIC MONOCLONAL B CELL LYMPHOCYTOSIS (MBL) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), INCLUDING SERIAL SAMPLES COLLECTED ACROSS DISEASE COURSE. WE DETECTED THE ABERRANT TUMOR-ASSOCIATED METHYLATION LANDSCAPE AT CLL DIAGNOSIS AND FOUND NO SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN THE HIGH-COUNT MBL-TO-CLL TRANSITION. PATIENT METHYLOMES SHOWED REMARKABLE STABILITY WITH NATURAL DISEASE AND POST-THERAPY PROGRESSION. SINGLE CLL CELLS WERE CONSISTENTLY ABERRANTLY METHYLATED, INDICATING A HOMOGENEOUS TRANSITION TO THE ALTERED EPIGENETIC STATE, AND A DISTINCT EXPRESSION PROFILE TOGETHER WITH MBL CELLS COMPARED TO NORMAL B CELLS. OUR LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS REVEALS THE CANCER METHYLOME TO EMERGE EARLY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A PLATFORM FOR SUBSEQUENT GENETICALLY-DRIVEN GROWTH DYNAMICS AND TOGETHER WITH ITS PERSISTENT PRESENCE SUGGESTS A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE NORMAL-TO-CANCER TRANSITION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18 4004  37 LOSS OF THE POLYCOMB MARK FROM BIVALENT PROMOTERS LEADS TO ACTIVATION OF CANCER-PROMOTING GENES IN COLORECTAL TUMORS. IN COLON TUMORS, THE TRANSCRIPTION OF MANY GENES BECOMES DEREGULATED BY POORLY DEFINED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT HAVE BEEN STUDIED MAINLY IN ESTABLISHED CELL LINES. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED FROZEN HUMAN COLON TISSUES TO ANALYZE PATTERNS OF HISTONE MODIFICATION AND DNA CYTOSINE METHYLATION IN CANCER AND MATCHED NORMAL MUCOSA SPECIMENS. DNA METHYLATION IS STRONGLY TARGETED TO BIVALENT H3K4ME3- AND H3K27ME3-ASSOCIATED PROMOTERS, WHICH LOSE BOTH HISTONE MARKS AND ACQUIRE DNA METHYLATION. HOWEVER, WE FOUND THAT LOSS OF THE POLYCOMB MARK H3K27ME3 FROM BIVALENT PROMOTERS WAS ACCOMPANIED OFTEN BY ACTIVATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER PROGRESSION, INCLUDING NUMEROUS STEM CELL REGULATORS, ONCOGENES, AND PROLIFERATION-ASSOCIATED GENES. INDEED, WE FOUND MANY OF THESE SAME GENES WERE ALSO ACTIVATED IN PATIENTS WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS WHERE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PREDISPOSES THEM TO COLON CANCER. BASED ON OUR FINDINGS, WE PROPOSE THAT A LOSS OF POLYCOMB REPRESSION AT BIVALENT GENES COMBINED WITH AN ENSUING SELECTION FOR TUMOR-DRIVING EVENTS PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN CANCER PROGRESSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19 3455  40 HYPOMETHYLATION COORDINATES ANTAGONISTICALLY WITH HYPERMETHYLATION IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: METHYLATION CHANGES ARE FREQUENT IN CANCERS, BUT UNDERSTANDING HOW HYPER- AND HYPOMETHYLATED REGION CHANGES COORDINATE, ASSOCIATE WITH GENOMIC FEATURES, AND AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION IS NEEDED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THEIR BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE. THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HYPERMETHYLATION IS WELL STUDIED, BUT THAT OF HYPOMETHYLATION REMAINS LIMITED. HERE, WITH PAIRED EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION SAMPLES GATHERED FROM A PATIENT/CONTROL COHORT, WE ATTEMPT TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE GENE EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE IN CANCER FROM B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTE LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) SAMPLES. RESULTS: ACROSS THE DATASET, WE FOUND THAT CONSISTENT DIFFERENTIALLY HYPOMETHYLATED REGIONS (C-DMRS) ACROSS SAMPLES WERE RELATIVELY FEW COMPARED TO THE MANY POORLY CONSISTENT HYPO- AND HIGHLY CONSERVED HYPER-DMRS. HOWEVER, GENES IN THE HYPO-C-DMRS TENDED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH FUNCTIONS ANTAGONISTIC TO THOSE IN THE HYPER-C-DMRS, LIKE DIFFERENTIATION, CELL-CYCLE REGULATION AND PROLIFERATION, SUGGESTING COORDINATED REGULATION OF METHYLATION CHANGES. HYPO-C-DMRS IN B-CLL WERE FOUND ENRICHED IN KEY SIGNALING PATHWAYS LIKE B CELL RECEPTOR AND P53 PATHWAYS AND GENES/MOTIFS ESSENTIAL FOR B LYMPHOPOIESIS. HYPO-C-DMRS TENDED TO BE PROXIMAL TO GENES WITH ELEVATED EXPRESSION IN CONTRAST TO THE TRANSCRIPTION SILENCING-MECHANISM IMPOSED BY HYPERMETHYLATION. HYPO-C-DMRS TENDED TO BE ENRICHED IN THE REGIONS OF ACTIVATING H4K4ME1/2/3, H3K79ME2, AND H3K27AC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. IN COMPARISON, THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2) SIGNATURE, MARKED BY EZH2, SUZ12, CTCF BINDING-SITES, REPRESSIVE H3K27ME3 MARKS, AND "REPRESSED/POISED PROMOTER" STATES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPER-C-DMRS. MOST HYPO-C-DMRS WERE FOUND IN INTRONS (36 %), 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (29 %), AND INTERGENIC REGIONS (24 %). MANY OF THESE GENIC REGIONS ALSO OVERLAPPED WITH ENHANCERS. THE METHYLATION OF CPGS FROM 3'UTR EXONS WAS FOUND TO HAVE WEAK BUT POSITIVE CORRELATION WITH GENE EXPRESSION. IN CONTRAST, METHYLATION IN THE 5'UTR WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH EXPRESSION. TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE OVERLAP BETWEEN METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION CHANGES, WE IDENTIFIED CORRELATION MODULES THAT ASSOCIATE WITH "APOPTOSIS" AND "LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION". CONCLUSIONS: DESPITE CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY IN DISEASE PRESENTATION, A NUMBER OF METHYLATION CHANGES, BOTH HYPO AND HYPER, APPEAR TO BE COMMON IN B-CLL. HYPOMETHYLATION APPEARS TO PLAY AN ACTIVE, TARGETED, AND COMPLEMENTARY ROLE IN CANCER PROGRESSION, AND IT INTERPLAYS WITH HYPERMETHYLATION IN A COORDINATED FASHION IN THE CANCER PROCESS.	2016	

20  938  38 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) RISK IS MEDIATED BY MULTIPLE ENHANCER VARIANTS WITHIN CLL RISK LOCI. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS THE MOST COMMON ADULT LEUKEMIA IN WESTERN COUNTRIES. IT HAS A STRONG GENETIC BASIS, SHOWING A ~ 8-FOLD INCREASED RISK OF CLL IN FIRST-DEGREE RELATIVES. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) HAVE IDENTIFIED 41 RISK VARIANTS ACROSS 41 LOCI. HOWEVER, FOR A MAJORITY OF THE LOCI, THE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS AND THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THEIR CAUSAL ROLES REMAIN UNDEFINED. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH 12 INDEX VARIANTS, ALONG WITH ANY CORRELATED (R2 >/= 0.5) VARIANTS, AT THE CLL RISK LOCI LOCATED OUTSIDE OF GENE PROMOTERS. BASED ON PUBLICLY AVAILABLE CHIP-SEQ AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY DATA AS WELL AS OUR OWN CHIP-SEQ DATA FROM CLL PATIENTS, WE IDENTIFIED SIX CANDIDATE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS AT SIX LOCI AND AT LEAST TWO CANDIDATE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS AT EACH OF THE REMAINING SIX LOCI. THE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS ARE PREDOMINANTLY LOCATED WITHIN ENHANCERS OR SUPER-ENHANCERS, INCLUDING BI-DIRECTIONALLY TRANSCRIBED ENHANCERS, WHICH ARE OFTEN RESTRICTED TO IMMUNE CELL TYPES. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT, AT 78% OF THE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS, THE ALTERNATIVE ALLELES ALTERED THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING MOTIFS OR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, INDICATING THE INVOLVEMENT OF THESE VARIANTS IN THE CHANGE OF LOCAL CHROMATIN STATE. FINALLY, THE ENHANCERS CARRYING FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS PHYSICALLY INTERACTED WITH GENES ENRICHED IN THE TYPE I INTERFERON SIGNALING PATHWAY, APOPTOSIS, OR TP53 NETWORK THAT ARE KNOWN TO PLAY KEY ROLES IN CLL. THESE RESULTS SUPPORT THE REGULATORY ROLES FOR INHERITED NONCODING VARIANTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLL.	2020