1  303 123 AIR POLLUTION STRESS AND THE AGING PHENOTYPE: THE TELOMERE CONNECTION. AGING IS A COMPLEX PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON. THE QUESTION WHY SOME SUBJECTS GROW OLD WHILE REMAINING FREE FROM DISEASE WHEREAS OTHERS PREMATURELY DIE REMAINS LARGELY UNANSWERED. WE FOCUS HERE ON THE ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IN BIOLOGICAL AGING. HALLMARKS OF AGING CAN BE GROUPED INTO THREE MAIN CATEGORIES: GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE ATTRITION, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS LEADING TO ALTERED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE. AT BIRTH, THE INITIAL TELOMERE LENGTH OF A PERSON IS LARGELY DETERMINED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTENS WITH EACH CELL DIVISION AND EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION AS WELL AS LOW RESIDENTIAL GREENS SPACE EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTER TELOMERE LENGTH. RECENT STUDIES SHOW THAT THE ESTIMATED EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE ON THE TELOMERE MITOCHONDRIAL AXIS OF AGING MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. THE EXPOSOME ENCOMPASSES ALL EXPOSURES OVER AN ENTIRE LIFE. AS TELOMERES CAN BE CONSIDERED AS THE CELLULAR MEMORIES OF EXPOSURE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION, TELOMERE MAINTENANCE MAY BE A PROXY FOR ASSESSING THE "EXPOSOME". IF TELOMERES ARE CAUSALLY RELATED TO THE AGING PHENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTION IS AN IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF TELOMERE LENGTH, THIS MIGHT PROVIDE NEW AVENUES FOR FUTURE PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2  625  35 BIOLOGICAL AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEMENTIA AND STROKE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. SINCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND VACCINATION, AS WELL AS MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC HYGIENE, THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE AGE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, BOTH OF WHICH CAN INTERACT WITH GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AS THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE POPULATION INCREASES, THE PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF CHRONIC DISEASES, ESPECIALLY NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING. THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, DEVELOP CHRONICALLY OVER RELATIVELY LONG PERIODS OF TIME, IN CONTRAST TO THE RELATIVELY RAPID DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR ACCIDENTS. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE MEDIATED BY ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE. THIS HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE THAT DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH UNIVERSALLY DELAYS AGE-RELATED DISEASES, ALSO AMELIORATES DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. CONVERSELY, BOTH AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCUMULATION OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN MITOTIC CELLS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE A MEASURE OF "BIOLOGICAL AGE", A BETTER PREDICTOR OF AGE-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. HERE WE REVIEW EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS SUCH AS SMOKING AND AIR POLLUTION MAY ALSO DRIVE NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, BY THE ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE, MEDIATED BY CUMULATIVE AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AS WELL AS SOMATIC MUTATIONS. ELUCIDATION OF SUCH MECHANISMS COULD PLAUSIBLY ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS WHICH DELAY DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF BOTH AGING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3 6189  40 THE IMPACT OF LIFE STRESS ON HALLMARKS OF AGING AND ACCELERATED SENESCENCE: CONNECTIONS IN SICKNESS AND IN HEALTH. CHRONIC STRESS IS A RISK FACTOR FOR NUMEROUS AGING-RELATED DISEASES AND HAS BEEN SHOWN TO SHORTEN LIFESPAN IN HUMANS AND OTHER SOCIAL MAMMALS. YET HOW LIFE STRESS CAUSES SUCH A VAST RANGE OF DISEASES IS STILL LARGELY UNCLEAR. IN RECENT YEARS, THE IMPACT OF STRESS ON HEALTH AND AGING HAS BEEN INCREASINGLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE DYSREGULATION OF THE SO-CALLED HALLMARKS OF AGING. THESE ARE BASIC BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THAT INFLUENCE INTRINSIC CELLULAR FUNCTIONS AND WHOSE ALTERATION CAN LEAD TO ACCELERATED AGING. HERE, WE REVIEW CORRELATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LITERATURE (PRIMARILY FOCUSING ON EVIDENCE FROM HUMANS AND MURINE MODELS) ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF LIFE STRESS - PARTICULARLY STRESS DERIVED FROM ADVERSE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS - TO TRIGGER HALLMARKS OF AGING, INCLUDING CELLULAR SENESCENCE, STERILE INFLAMMATION, TELOMERE SHORTENING, PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, DNA DAMAGE, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. WE ALSO EVALUATE THE VALIDITY OF STRESS-INDUCED SENESCENCE AND ACCELERATED AGING AS AN ETIOPATHOLOGICAL PROPOSITION. FINALLY, WE HIGHLIGHT CURRENT GAPS OF KNOWLEDGE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE FIELD, AND DISCUSS PERSPECTIVES FOR TRANSLATIONAL GEROSCIENCE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
4 6781  51 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

5 6287  37 THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN MODULATING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA EPIGENETIC MARKS. MANY STUDIES IMPLICATE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES. MITOCHONDRIA ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST CELLULAR ENERGY PRODUCTION, AND UNLIKE OTHER CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES, MITOCHONDRIA CONTAIN THEIR OWN GENOME. MOST RESEARCH TO DATE, THROUGH INVESTIGATING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER, HAS FOCUSED ON LARGER STRUCTURAL CHANGES OR ALTERATIONS TO THE ENTIRE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME AND THEIR ROLE IN HUMAN DISEASE. USING THESE METHODS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN LINKED TO CANCERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND METABOLIC HEALTH. HOWEVER, LIKE THE NUCLEAR GENOME, THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME MAY EXPERIENCE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION THAT MAY PARTIALLY EXPLAIN SOME OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF VARIOUS EXPOSURES. RECENTLY, THERE HAS BEEN A MOVEMENT TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE EXPOSOME, WHICH AIMS TO DESCRIBE AND QUANTIFY THE ENTIRETY OF ALL EXPOSURES PEOPLE ENCOUNTER THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. THESE INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES, HEAVY METALS, AND LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT RESEARCH ON MITOCHONDRIA AND HUMAN HEALTH, PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS, AND DESCRIBE THE EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES THAT HAVE INVESTIGATED PARTICULAR EXPOSURES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. WE CONCLUDE THE CHAPTER WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH THAT IS NEEDED TO ADVANCE THE GROWING FIELD OF MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6 3577  36 IMPACT OF NUTRITION ON TELOMERE HEALTH: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDIES AND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES, BUT ALSO IN A LOWER TOTAL MORTALITY AND LONGER LIFE EXPECTANCY. ONE OF THE MECHANISMS IN WHICH DIET CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF DISEASE IS WITH REGARD TO ITS IMPACT ON TELOMERES. TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IS HIGHLY CORRELATED TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND METABOLIC STATUS. INDIVIDUALS WITH SHORTER TELOMERES ARE AT HIGHER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND MORTALITY. DIET MAY INFLUENCE TL BY SEVERAL MECHANISMS SUCH AS REGULATING OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION OR MODULATING EPIGENETIC REACTIONS. THE PRESENT SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AIMS TO EXAMINE THE RESULTS FROM EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND CLINICAL TRIALS CONDUCTED IN HUMANS EVALUATING THE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS, FOOD GROUPS, AND DIETARY PATTERNS ON TL. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION THAT INFLUENCE THIS PROCESS, WITH THE PERSPECTIVE THAT TL COULD BE A NOVEL BIOMARKER INDICATING THE RISK OF METABOLIC DISTURBANCES AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES. THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SOME ANTIOXIDANT NUTRIENTS, THE CONSUMPTION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, AND MEDITERRANEAN DIET ARE MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH LONGER TELOMERES. HOWEVER, MOST OF THE EVIDENCE IS BASED ON HIGH HETEROGENIC OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND VERY FEW RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS (RCTS). THEREFORE, THE ASSOCIATIONS SUMMARIZED IN THE PRESENT REVIEW NEED TO BE CONFIRMED WITH LARGER PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES AND BETTER-DESIGNED RCTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7 5945  40 TARGETING THE "HALLMARKS OF AGING" TO SLOW AGING AND TREAT AGE-RELATED DISEASE: FACT OR FICTION? AGING IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR A NUMBER OF CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING NEURODEGENERATIVE AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. AGING PROCESSES HAVE THEREFORE BEEN DISCUSSED AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL AND BROADLY EFFECTIVE PREVENTATIVES OR THERAPEUTICS FOR AGE-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING THOSE AFFECTING THE BRAIN. MECHANISMS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO AGING HAVE BEEN SUMMARIZED UNDER THE TERM THE "HALLMARKS OF AGING" AND INCLUDE A LOSS OF PROTEOSTASIS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, ALTERED NUTRIENT SENSING, TELOMERE ATTRITION, GENOMIC INSTABILITY, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, STEM CELL EXHAUSTION, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND ALTERED INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION. WE HERE EXAMINE KEY CLAIMS ABOUT THE "HALLMARKS OF AGING". OUR ANALYSIS REVEALS IMPORTANT WEAKNESSES THAT PRECLUDE STRONG AND DEFINITIVE CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING A POSSIBLE ROLE OF THESE PROCESSES IN SHAPING ORGANISMAL AGING RATE. SIGNIFICANT AMBIGUITY ARISES FROM THE OVERRELIANCE ON LIFESPAN AS A PROXY MARKER FOR AGING, THE USE OF MODELS WITH UNCLEAR RELEVANCE FOR ORGANISMAL AGING, AND THE USE OF STUDY DESIGNS THAT DO NOT ALLOW TO PROPERLY ESTIMATE INTERVENTION EFFECTS ON AGING RATE. WE ALSO DISCUSS FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS THAT SHOULD BE TAKEN TO CLARIFY IF AND TO WHAT EXTENT PUTATIVE AGING REGULATORS DO IN FACT INTERACT WITH AGING. THESE INCLUDE MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS AS WELL AS DESIGNS THAT FACILITATE THE PROPER ASSESSMENT OF INTERVENTION EFFECTS ON AGING RATE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8 3102  41 GENOMIC INSTABILITIES, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AND AGING: IN VITRO, IN VIVO AND AGING-LIKE HUMAN SYNDROMES. AS AVERAGE LIFE SPAN AND ELDERLY PEOPLE PREVALENCE IN THE WESTERN WORLD POPULATION IS GRADUALLY INCREASING, THE INCIDENCE OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER, HEART DISEASES, DIABETES, AND DEMENTIA IS INCREASING, BEARING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES WORLDWIDE. UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF AGING-RELATED PROCESSES CAN HELP EXTEND THE ORGANISM'S HEALTH SPAN, I.E., THE LIFE PERIOD IN WHICH THE ORGANISM IS FREE OF CHRONIC DISEASES OR DECREASE IN BASIC BODY FUNCTIONS. DURING THE LAST FEW DECADES, IMMENSE PROGRESS WAS MADE IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AGING AND HEALTHY AGING BIOLOGY, INCLUDING GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE ATTRITION, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, PROTEOSTASIS, NUTRIENT SENSING, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, STEM CELL EXHAUSTION, AND INTRACELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS. THIS PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE BY THREE SPEAR-HEADED STRATEGIES: IN VITRO (CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE FROM VARIOUS SOURCES), IN VIVO (INCLUDES DIVERSE MODEL AND NON-MODEL ORGANISMS), BOTH CAN BE MANIPULATED AND TRANSLATED TO HUMAN BIOLOGY, AND THE STUDY OF AGING-LIKE HUMAN SYNDROMES AND HUMAN POPULATIONS. HEREIN, WE WILL FOCUS ON CURRENT REPOSITORY OF GENOMIC "SENESCENCE" STAGE OF AGING, WHICH INCLUDES HEALTH DECLINE, STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF THE GENOME, FAULTY DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE AND DNA DAMAGE, TELOMERE SHORTENING, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. ALTHOUGH AGING IS A COMPLEX PROCESS, MANY OF THE "HALLMARKS" OF AGING ARE DIRECTLY RELATED TO DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. THIS REVIEW WILL ILLUSTRATE THE VARIETY OF THESE STUDIES, DONE IN IN VITRO, IN VIVO AND HUMAN LEVELS, AND HIGHLIGHT THE UNIQUE POTENTIAL AND CONTRIBUTION OF EACH RESEARCH LEVEL AND EVENTUALLY THE LINK BETWEEN THEM.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9 4985  35 PATHWAYS TO AGING: THE MITOCHONDRION AT THE INTERSECTION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SCIENCES. COMPELLING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT BOTH BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IMPACT THE PROCESS OF AGING. HOWEVER, OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DYNAMIC INTERPLAY AMONG BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE IS STILL FRAGMENTARY. FOR EXAMPLE, IT NEEDS TO BE ESTABLISHED HOW THE INTERACTION OF INDIVIDUAL FACTORS (E.G., GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ENDOWMENT AND PERSONALITY), BEHAVIORAL FACTORS (E.G., PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, DIET, AND STRESS MANAGEMENT), AND PSYCHOSOCIAL EXPERIENCES (E.G., SOCIAL SUPPORT, WELL-BEING, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND MARRIAGE) IN PERINATAL, CHILDHOOD, AND ADULTHOOD INFLUENCE HEALTH ACROSS THE AGING CONTINUUM. THIS PAPER AIMS TO OUTLINE POTENTIAL INTERSECTION POINTS SERVING AS AN INTERFACE BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE MITOCHONDRION. MITOCHONDRIA ARE CELLULAR ORGANELLES WHICH PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN CELLULAR SENESCENCE. BOTH CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AND GENETIC-BASED MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAVE STRIKINGLY SIMILAR BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES; BOTH PREDISPOSE INDIVIDUALS TO ADVERSE AGE-RELATED HEALTH DISORDERS AND EARLY MORTALITY. EXPLORING THE INTERACTIVE NATURE OF THE FACTORS RESULTING IN PATHWAYS TO NORMAL HEALTHY AGING, AS WELL AS THOSE LEADING TO MORBIDITY AND EARLY MORTALITY, WILL CONTINUE TO ENHANCE OUR ABILITY TO TRANSLATE RESEARCH INTO EFFECTIVE PRACTICES THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE TO OPTIMISE THE AGING PROCESS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10 6109  36 THE EPIGENETIC AGING, OBESITY, AND LIFESTYLE. THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED WORLDWIDE OVER THE PAST DECADES. AGING-RELATED CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ARE MORE PREVALENT IN INDIVIDUALS WITH OBESITY, THUS REDUCING THEIR LIFESPAN. EPIGENETIC CLOCKS, THE NEW METRICS OF BIOLOGICAL AGE BASED ON DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, COULD BE CONSIDERED A REFLECTION OF THE STATE OF ONE'S HEALTH. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC AGING ACCELERATIONS, INCLUDING OBESITY, THUS LEADING TO AN INCREASED RISK OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES. THE INSIGHT INTO THE COMPLEX LINK BETWEEN OBESITY AND AGING MIGHT HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH AND THE MITIGATION OF FUTURE DISEASE RISK. THE PRESENT NARRATIVE REVIEW TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AGING AND OBESITY, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENOME MAY BE AN INTRIGUING TARGET FOR AGE-RELATED PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND THAT ITS MODIFICATION COULD INFLUENCE AGING AND PROLONG A HEALTHY LIFESPAN. THEREFORE, WE HAVE FOCUSED ON DNA METHYLATION AGE AS A CLINICAL BIOMARKER, AS WELL AS ON THE POTENTIAL REVERSAL OF EPIGENETIC AGE USING A PERSONALIZED DIET- AND LIFESTYLE-BASED INTERVENTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11 5959  33 TELOMERE LENGTH AS A MARKER OF BIOLOGICAL AGE: STATE-OF-THE-ART, OPEN ISSUES, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. TELOMERE SHORTENING IS A WELL-KNOWN HALLMARK OF BOTH CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND ORGANISMAL AGING. AN ACCELERATED RATE OF TELOMERE ATTRITION IS ALSO A COMMON FEATURE OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES. THEREFORE, TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED FOR A LONG TIME AS ONE OF THE BEST BIOMARKERS OF AGING. RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS, HOWEVER, INDICATE THAT TL PER SE CAN ONLY ALLOW A ROUGH ESTIMATE OF AGING RATE AND CAN HARDLY BE REGARDED AS A CLINICALLY IMPORTANT RISK MARKER FOR AGE-RELATED PATHOLOGIES AND MORTALITY. EVIDENCE IS OBTAINED THAT OTHER INDICATORS SUCH AS CERTAIN IMMUNE PARAMETERS, INDICES OF EPIGENETIC AGE, ETC., COULD BE STRONGER PREDICTORS OF THE HEALTH STATUS AND THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE. HOWEVER, DESPITE THESE ISSUES AND LIMITATIONS, TL REMAINS TO BE VERY INFORMATIVE MARKER IN ACCESSING THE BIOLOGICAL AGE WHEN USED ALONG WITH OTHER MARKERS SUCH AS INDICES OF HOMEOSTATIC DYSREGULATION, FRAILTY INDEX, EPIGENETIC CLOCK, ETC. THIS REVIEW ARTICLE IS AIMED AT DESCRIBING THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ART IN THE FIELD AND AT DISCUSSING RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DIVERGENT VIEWPOINTS REGARDING THE USEFULNESS OF LEUKOCYTE TL FOR ESTIMATING THE HUMAN BIOLOGICAL AGE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12 6187  29 THE IMPACT OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE ON PULMONARY DISEASE. THE GLOBAL POPULATION IS AGING WITH SIGNIFICANT GAINS IN LIFE EXPECTANCY PARTICULARLY IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD. CONSEQUENTLY, GREATER FOCUS ON UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESSES THAT UNDERLIE PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING HAS OCCURRED. KEY FACETS OF ADVANCING AGE INCLUDE GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE SHORTENING, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND DECLINES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION TERMED IMMUNOSENESCENCE. IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND ITS ASSOCIATED CHRONIC LOW GRADE SYSTEMIC "INFLAMM-AGING" CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF PULMONARY DISEASE IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS. THESE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES PREDISPOSE TO PULMONARY INFECTION AND CONFER SPECIFIC AND UNIQUE CLINICAL PHENOTYPES OBSERVED IN CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE INCLUDING LATE-ONSET ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND PULMONARY FIBROSIS. EMERGING CONCEPTS OF THE GUT AND AIRWAY MICROBIOME FURTHER COMPLICATE THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOST AND MICROORGANISM PARTICULARLY FROM AN IMMUNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ESPECIALLY SO IN THE SETTING OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE AGING PROCESS, IMMUNOSENESCENCE, AND HOW IT CAN POTENTIALLY IMPACT ON VARIOUS PULMONARY DISEASES AND THE HUMAN MICROBIOME.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13 1324  34 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS DEVELOPMENT. AIR POLLUTION IS A SUBSTANTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO CHILDREN AND ACTS AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK FACTORS ALIKE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONCERNING ITS EXPOSURE ACROSS VARIOUS LIFE STAGES. HOWEVER, FINDINGS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS THE CONSEQUENCES OF AIR POLLUTION DURING CHILDHOOD ARE RATHER MINIMAL. THIS REVIEW EVALUATED HIGHLY RELEVANT STUDIES IN THE FIELD TO ANALYZE THE EXISTING LITERATURE REGARDING EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, WITH A FOCUS ON EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING CHILDHOOD AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS. THE SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED USING READILY AVAILABLE ELECTRONIC DATABASES (PUBMED AND SCIENCEDIRECT) TO SCREEN FOR CHILDREN'S STUDIES ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOLLOWING EITHER PRE- OR POST-NATAL EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS. STUDIES RELEVANT ENOUGH AND MATCHED THE PREDETERMINED CRITERIA WERE CHOSEN TO BE REVIEWED. NON-ENGLISH ARTICLES AND STUDIES THAT DID NOT REPORT BOTH AIR MONITORING AND EPIGENETIC OUTCOMES IN THE SAME ARTICLE WERE EXCLUDED. THE REVIEW FOUND THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS DURING EARLY LIFE WITH EVIDENCE AND REPORTS OF HOW THEY MAY DEREGULATE THE EPIGENOME BALANCE, THUS INDUCING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN THE FUTURE. EPIGENETIC STUDIES EVOLVE AS A PROMISING NEW APPROACH IN DECIPHERING THE UNDERLYING IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) DUE TO LINKS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ILLNESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14 2849  26 FROM AIR POLLUTION TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: THE EMERGING ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND A WIDE-RANGING SPECTRUM OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISORDERS-INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES-IS WIDELY ACKNOWLEDGED. EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS TRIGGERS HARMFUL MECHANISMS SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH LEAD TO INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, STROKE, AND HEART FAILURE. SUSTAINED EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN RECENT YEARS TO DISCOVER HOW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH THROUGH EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNA-MEDIATED GENE REGULATION. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT EVIDENCES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND CARDIOVASCULAR IMPACT, IN VIEW OF PRESENT IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 5630  43 SENESCENCE IN PULMONARY FIBROSIS: BETWEEN AGING AND EXPOSURE. TO DATE, CHRONIC PULMONARY PATHOLOGIES REPRESENT THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE ELDERLY POPULATION. EVIDENCE-BASED PROJECTIONS SUGGEST THAT >65 (YEARS OLD) INDIVIDUALS WILL ACCOUNT FOR APPROXIMATELY A QUARTER OF THE WORLD POPULATION BEFORE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE ATTRITION, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, LOSS OF PROTEOSTASIS, DEREGULATED NUTRIENT SENSING, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, STEM CELL EXHAUSTION, AND ALTERED INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION, ARE DESCRIBED AS THE NINE "HALLMARKS" THAT GOVERN CELLULAR FITNESS. ANY DEVIATION FROM THE NORMAL PATTERN INITIATES A COMPLEX CASCADE OF EVENTS CULMINATING TO A DISEASE STATE. THIS BLUEPRINT, ORIGINALLY EMPLOYED TO DESCRIBE ABERRANT CHANGES IN CANCER CELLS, CAN BE ALSO USED TO DESCRIBE AGING AND FIBROSIS. PULMONARY FIBROSIS (PF) IS THE RESULT OF A PROGRESSIVE DECLINE IN INJURY RESOLUTION PROCESSES STEMMING FROM ENDOGENOUS (PHYSIOLOGICAL DECLINE OR SOMATIC MUTATIONS) OR EXOGENOUS STRESS. ENVIRONMENTAL, DIETARY OR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ACCELERATES THE PATHOGENESIS OF A SENESCENT PHENOTYPE BASED ON (1) WINDOW OF EXPOSURE; (2) DOSE, DURATION, RECURRENCE; AND (3) CELLS TYPE BEING TARGETED. AS THE LUNG AGES, THE THRESHOLD TO GENERATE AN IRREVERSIBLY SENESCENT PHENOTYPE IS LOWERED. HOWEVER, WE DO NOT HAVE SUFFICIENT KNOWLEDGE TO MAKE ACCURATE PREDICTIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LITERATURE THAT INTERROGATES LUNG EPITHELIAL, MESENCHYMAL, AND IMMUNE SENESCENCE AT THE INTERSECTION OF AGING, ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND PULMONARY FIBROSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16 5434  28 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN CHILDREN AND ADULT LUNG DISEASE: THE CASE FOR OUTDOOR EXPOSURES. THERE IS A GROWING UNDERSTANDING THAT CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN ADULTS HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES OCCURRING IN VULNERABLE PERIODS DURING LUNG GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE FETAL PERIOD AND IN EARLY CHILDHOOD THAT ALTER LUNG STRUCTURE AND LIMIT THE GROWTH IN LUNG FUNCTION MAY HAVE LIFELONG CONSEQUENCES. EVIDENCE IS INCREASING THAT EXPOSURE TO THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING AIR POLLUTANTS, PERSISTENT TOXIC SUBSTANCES, WATER POLLUTANTS AND RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS, CAN INHIBIT LUNG FUNCTION GROWTH AND PREDISPOSE TO CHRONIC NON-MALIGNANT LUNG DISEASES. THESE EXPOSURES GENERALLY INTERACT WITH A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS AND EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA ARE ATTRACTING CONSIDERABLE STUDY. AN UNDERSTANDING OF HOW AMBIENT EXPOSURES IMPACT ON NORMAL LUNG GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT WILL AID IN UNDERSTANDING OF HOW CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES OF ADULTS DEVELOP AND MAY LEAD TO NEW PREVENTATIVE STRATEGIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  285  30 AGING AND AGING-RELATED DISEASES: FROM MOLECULAR MECHANISMS TO INTERVENTIONS AND TREATMENTS. AGING IS A GRADUAL AND IRREVERSIBLE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS. IT PRESENTS WITH DECLINES IN TISSUE AND CELL FUNCTIONS AND SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN THE RISKS OF VARIOUS AGING-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, METABOLIC DISEASES, MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES, AND IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES. ALTHOUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MEDICINE HAS PROMOTED HUMAN HEALTH AND GREATLY EXTENDED LIFE EXPECTANCY, WITH THE AGING OF SOCIETY, A VARIETY OF CHRONIC DISEASES HAVE GRADUALLY BECOME THE MOST IMPORTANT CAUSES OF DISABILITY AND DEATH IN ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS. CURRENT RESEARCH ON AGING FOCUSES ON ELUCIDATING HOW VARIOUS ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS STRESSES (SUCH AS GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE DYSFUNCTION, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, LOSS OF PROTEOSTASIS, COMPROMISE OF AUTOPHAGY, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, STEM CELL EXHAUSTION, ALTERED INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION, DEREGULATED NUTRIENT SENSING) PARTICIPATE IN THE REGULATION OF AGING. FURTHERMORE, THOROUGH RESEARCH ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF AGING TO IDENTIFY INTERVENTIONS THAT PROMOTE HEALTH AND LONGEVITY (SUCH AS CALORIC RESTRICTION, MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION, AND NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION) AND CLINICAL TREATMENT METHODS FOR AGING-RELATED DISEASES (DEPLETION OF SENESCENT CELLS, STEM CELL THERAPY, ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TREATMENTS, AND HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY) COULD DECREASE THE INCIDENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF AGING-RELATED DISEASES AND IN TURN PROMOTE HEALTHY AGING AND LONGEVITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18 3676  37 INFLAMMATION AND NEUTROPHIL IMMUNOSENESCENCE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: TARGETED TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN THE ELDERLY. DESPITE INCREASING LONGEVITY, MANY OLD PEOPLE ARE NOT IN GOOD HEALTH. THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF AGE-ASSOCIATED MULTI-MORBIDITY (TWO OR MORE CHRONIC CONDITIONS IN THE SAME PERSON). ALSO, SEVERE INFECTIONS, SUCH AS PNEUMONIA, REMAIN SIGNIFICANT CAUSES OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY IN THIS AGING GROUP. MANY CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS SHARE RISK FACTORS SUCH AS INCREASING AGE, SMOKING, A SEDENTARY LIFE STYLE AND BEING PART OF A LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC GROUP. HOWEVER, DESPITE THIS, MULTI-MORBIDITIES OFTEN CO-OCCUR MORE COMMONLY THAN WOULD BE PREDICTED. THIS HAS LED TO THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THEY SHARE COMMON UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT, FOR IF IT WERE TRUE, TREATMENTS COULD BE DEVISED WHICH TARGET THESE COMMON PATHWAYS AND IMPROVE A NUMBER OF AGE-ASSOCIATED HEALTH CONDITIONS. MANY CHRONIC ILLNESSES ASSOCIATED WITH MULTI-MORBIDITY AND SEVERE INFECTIONS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABNORMAL AND SUSTAINED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, WITH NEUTROPHILS BEING KEY EFFECTOR CELLS IN THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS. STUDIES HAVE DESCRIBED ABERRANT NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS ACROSS THESE CONDITIONS, AND SOME HAVE HIGHLIGHTED POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR ALTERED CELL BEHAVIOURS WHICH APPEAR SHARED ACROSS DISEASE STATES. IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT ALTERED FUNCTIONS MAY REPRESENT NEUTROPHIL "SENESCENCE". THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS HOW AND WHY NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS CHANGE AS THE CELL AGES, AND HOW AND WHY NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS CHANGE AS THE HOST AGES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE AND DISCUSSES WHETHER NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS COULD BE TARGETED TO IMPROVE HEALTH OUTCOMES IN OLDER ADULTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19 6034  37 THE CHALLENGE BY MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS INDUCE INFLAMMATION IN AGING: THEIR ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THE AGING PROCESS IS DRIVEN BY MULTIPLE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO CHANGES IN ENERGY PRODUCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, HOMEOSTATIC DYSREGULATION AND EVENTUALLY TO LOSS OF FUNCTIONALITY AND INCREASED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. MOST AGED INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, WHICH IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR MORBIDITY, PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, FRAILTY, AND DEATH. AT ANY AGE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES ARE MAJOR CAUSES OF MORBIMORTALITY, AFFECTING UP TO 5-8% OF THE POPULATION OF INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR MODIFYING THE INFLAMMATORY STATE. GENETICS ACCOUNTS FOR ONLY A SMALL FRACTION OF CHRONIC-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, WHEREAS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS APPEAR TO PARTICIPATE, EITHER WITH A CAUSATIVE OR A PROMOTIONAL ROLE IN 50% TO 75% OF PATIENTS. SEVERAL OF THOSE CHANGES DEPEND ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT WILL FURTHER MODIFY THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE TO ADDITIONAL STIMULI. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN INFLAMMATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT OFFERS IMPORTANT INSIGHTS ON AGING AND HEALTH. THESE CONDITIONS, OFTEN DEPENDING ON THE INDIVIDUAL'S SEX, APPEAR TO LEAD TO DECREASED LONGEVITY AND PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DECLINE. IN ADDITION TO BIOLOGICAL FACTORS, THE ENVIRONMENT IS ALSO INVOLVED IN THE GENERATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT LEADING TO STRESS. POOR PSYCHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS AND OTHER SOURCES OF STRESS ALSO RESULT IN INCREASED INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND NUTRITION ON THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND HOW THE RESPONSE ELICITED FOR THOSE FACTORS INTERACT AMONG THEM, ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WHEREAS CERTAIN DELETERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS RESULT IN THE GENERATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS DRIVEN BY AN INCREASED PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND INFLAMMATION, OTHER FACTORS, INCLUDING NUTRITION (POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS) AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS (EXERCISE) CONFER PROTECTION AGAINST INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AND THUS AMELIORATE THEIR DELETERIOUS EFFECT. HERE, WE DISCUSS PROCESSES AND MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND BEHAVIOR, THEIR LINKS TO SEX AND GENDER, AND THEIR OVERALL IMPACT ON AGING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20  637  33 BIOLOGY OF PREMATURE AGEING IN SURVIVORS OF CANCER. OVER 30 MILLION CANCER SURVIVORS EXIST WORLDWIDE. SURVIVORS HAVE AN EARLIER ONSET AND HIGHER INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING ENDOCRINOPATHIES, CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION, OSTEOPOROSIS, PULMONARY FIBROSIS, SECONDARY CANCERS AND FRAILTY THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION; HOWEVER, THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF THESE CHANGES AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL IS UNKNOWN. AN ELECTRONIC SEARCH WAS PERFORMED ON EMBASE, MEDLINE IN-PROCESS & OTHER NON-INDEXED CITATIONS, AND THE COCHRANE CENTRAL REGISTER OF CONTROLLED TRIALS. ORIGINAL ARTICLES ADDRESSING THE CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF AGEING AND/OR THE MECHANISMS OF CANCER THERAPIES SIMILAR TO AGEING MECHANISMS WERE INCLUDED, AND REFERENCES OF THESE ARTICLES WERE REVIEWED FOR FURTHER SEARCH. WE FOUND MULTIPLE BIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF AGEING AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH CANCER THERAPIES, AS WELL AS WITH CLINICAL EFFECTS. THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CHEMOTHERAPIES AND RADIATION ON TELOMERE LENGTH, SENESCENT CELLS, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND MICRORNA WERE FOUND. WE REVIEW THE EFFECTS OF CANCER THERAPIES ON RECOGNISED HALLMARKS OF AGEING. LONG-TERM COMORBIDITIES SEEN IN CANCER SURVIVORS MIMIC THE PHENOTYPES OF AGEING AND LIKELY RESULT FROM THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THERAPEUTIC EXPOSURES AND THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGY OF AGEING. LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF CANCER SURVIVORS AND RESEARCH ON PREVENTION STRATEGIES SHOULD BE PURSUED TO INCREASE THE LENGTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG THE GROWING POPULATION OF CANCER SURVIVORS.	2017