1  212 132 ACUPUNCTURE ALLEVIATES CHRONIC PAIN AND COMORBID CONDITIONS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN: THE INVOLVEMENT OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. CHRONIC PAIN REDUCES LIFE QUALITY AND IS AN IMPORTANT CLINICAL PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IS INVOLVED IN THE INDUCTION OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS AND PATHOLOGICAL GENE EXPRESSION. WE EXAMINED WHETHER ACUPUNCTURE CAN RESTORE EPIGENETIC CHANGES CAUSED BY CHRONIC PAIN, AND IDENTIFIED THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MICE. ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT FOR 6 MONTHS (3 DAYS/WEEK) IMPROVED MECHANICAL/COLD ALLODYNIA AND THE EMOTIONAL/COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION CAUSED BY LEFT PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION (PSNL)-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE EFFECTS OF ACUPUNCTURE WERE ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION RECOVERY IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC). ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN PFC INDICATED THAT 1364 OVERLAPPING GENES AMONG 4442 AND 4416 METHYLATED GENES IN THE PSNL VS SHAM AND PSNL VS ACUPUNCTURE POINTS GROUPS, RESPECTIVELY, WERE HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE DNA METHYLATION PROCESS. ACUPUNCTURE RESTORED THE REDUCED EXPRESSION OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE, METHYL-CYTOSINE-PHOSPHO-GUANINE BINDING PROTEIN 2, AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE FAMILY ENZYMES INDUCED BY PSNL IN PFC. METHYLATION LEVELS OF NR4A1 AND CHKB ASSOCIATED WITH MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION WERE DECREASED IN PFC OF THE PSNL MICE, AND INCREASED BY ACUPUNCTURE. BY CONTRAST, HIGH EXPRESSION OF NR4A1 AND CHKB MRNA IN PSNL MICE DECREASED AFTER ACUPUNCTURE. WE ALSO FOUND THAT ACUPUNCTURE INHIBITED THE EXPRESSION OF RAS PATHWAY-RELATED GENES SUCH AS RASGRP1 AND RASSF1. FINALLY, THE EXPRESSION OF NR4A1, RASGRP1, RASSF1, AND CHKB MRNA INCREASED IN THE NEURONAL CELLS TREATED WITH MECP2 SMALL INTERFERING RNA. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ACUPUNCTURE CAN RELIEVE CHRONIC PAIN-INDUCED COMORBID CONDITIONS BY ALTERING DNA METHYLATION OF NR4A1, RASGRP1, RASSF1, AND CHKB IN THE PFC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2 5205  33 PRENATAL STRESS CHANGES THE GLYCOPROTEIN GPM6A GENE EXPRESSION AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN RAT OFFSPRING BRAIN. PRENATAL STRESS (PS) EXERTS STRONG IMPACT ON FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND ON ADULT OFFSPRING BRAIN FUNCTIONS. PREVIOUS WORK DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC STRESS ALTERS THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF GPM6A, A NEURONAL GLYCOPROTEIN INVOLVED IN FILOPODIUM EXTENSION. IN THIS WORK, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF PS ON GPM6A EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED. PREGNANT WISTAR RATS RECEIVED RESTRAINT STRESS DURING THE LAST WEEK OF GESTATION. MALE OFFSPRING WERE SACRIFICED ON POSTNATAL DAYS 28 AND 60. HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FOR GENE EXPRESSION (QPCR FOR MRNAS AND MICRORNAS), METHYLATION STATUS (BISULFITE CONVERSION) AND PROTEIN LEVELS. HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS IN CULTURE WERE USED TO ANALYZE MICRORNA OVEREXPRESSION EFFECTS. PRENATAL STRESS INDUCED CHANGES IN GPM6A LEVELS IN BOTH TISSUES AND AT BOTH AGES ANALYZED, INDICATING A PERSISTENT EFFECT. TWO CPG ISLANDS IN THE GPM6A GENE WERE IDENTIFIED. VARIATIONS IN THE METHYLATION PATTERN AT THREE SPECIFIC CPGS WERE FOUND IN HIPPOCAMPUS, BUT NOT IN PFC SAMPLES FROM PS OFFSPRING. MICRORNAS PREDICTED TO TARGET GPM6A WERE IDENTIFIED IN SILICO. QPCR MEASUREMENTS SHOWED THAT PS MODIFIED THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL MICRORNAS IN BOTH TISSUES, BEING MICRORNA-133B THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED. FURTHER STUDIES OVEREXPRESSING THIS MICRORNA IN NEURONAL CULTURES SHOWED A REDUCTION IN GMP6A MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL. MOREOVER FILOPODIUM DENSITY WAS ALSO REDUCED, SUGGESTING THAT GPM6A FUNCTION WAS AFFECTED. GESTATIONAL STRESS AFFECTED GPM6A GENE EXPRESSION IN OFFSPRING LIKELY THROUGH CHANGES IN METHYLATION STATUS AND IN POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY MICRORNAS. THUS, OUR FINDINGS PROPOSE GPM6A AS A NOVEL TARGET FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION DURING PRENATAL STRESS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3 2470  44 EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 3 CONTRIBUTES TO LONG-LASTING NEUROPATHIC PAIN. A MULTIPLEX ANALYSIS FOR PROFILING THE EXPRESSION OF CANDIDATE GENES ALONG WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION MAY LEAD TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX MACHINERY OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION MOST REMARKABLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 3 (MCP-3, KNOWN AS CCL7) A TOTAL OF 33 541 GENES IN THE SPINAL CORD, WHICH LASTED FOR 4 WEEKS. THIS INCREASE IN MCP-3 GENE TRANSCRIPTION WAS ACCOMPANIED BY THE DECREASED TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYS27 AT THE MCP-3 PROMOTER. THE INCREASED MCP-3 EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH ITS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OBSERVED IN THE SPINAL CORD WAS ALMOST ABOLISHED IN INTERLEUKIN 6 KNOCKOUT MICE WITH PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION. CONSISTENT WITH THESE FINDINGS, A SINGLE INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS OF INTERLEUKIN 6 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED MCP-3 MESSENGER RNA WITH A DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF LYS27 TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT THE MCP-3 PROMOTER IN THE SPINAL CORD OF MICE. FURTHERMORE, DELETION OF THE C-C CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR TYPE 2 (CCR2) GENE, WHICH ENCODES A RECEPTOR FOR MCP-3, FAILED TO AFFECT THE ACCELERATION OF MCP-3 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION. A ROBUST INCREASE IN MCP-3 PROTEIN, WHICH LASTED FOR UP TO 2 WEEKS AFTER SURGERY, IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD OF MICE WITH PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION WAS SEEN MOSTLY IN ASTROCYTES, BUT NOT MICROGLIA OR NEURONS. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE INCREASES IN BOTH MICROGLIA AND ASTROCYTES IN THE SPINAL CORD BY PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION WERE MOSTLY ABOLISHED IN INTERLEUKIN 6 KNOCKOUT MICE. MOREOVER, THIS INCREASE IN MICROGLIA WAS ALMOST ABOLISHED BY CCR2 GENE DELETION, WHEREAS THE INCREASE IN ASTROCYTES WAS NOT AFFECTED IN NERVE-LIGATED MICE THAT LACKED THE CCR2 GENE. WE ALSO FOUND THAT EITHER IN VIVO OR IN VITRO TREATMENT WITH MCP-3 CAUSED ROBUST MICROGLIA ACTIVATION. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF MCP-3 ANTIBODY SUPPRESSED THE INCREASE IN MICROGLIA WITHIN THE MOUSE SPINAL CORD AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE BEHAVIOURS AFTER NERVE INJURY. WITH THE USE OF A FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ANALYSIS, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT A SINGLE INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF MCP-3 INDUCED DRAMATIC INCREASES IN SIGNAL INTENSITY IN PAIN-RELATED BRAIN REGIONS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED MCP-3 EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH INTERLEUKIN 6 DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AT THE MCP-3 PROMOTER AFTER NERVE INJURY, MOSTLY IN SPINAL ASTROCYTES, MAY SERVE TO FACILITATE ASTROCYTE-MICROGLIA INTERACTION IN THE SPINAL CORD AND COULD PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE STATE.	2013	

4 6148  42 THE EXPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS MECP2 AND CREB IS MODULATED IN INFLAMMATORY PELVIC PAIN. EARLY ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN STATES. PREVIOUS STUDIES IDENTIFIED THE CHANGES IN A NUMBER OF NOCICEPTION-RELATED GENES, SUCH AS CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP), SUBSTANCE P (SP), AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN THE PELVIC ORGANS AFTER TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. THE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THESE NEUROPEPTIDES COULD BE MODULATED BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) AND CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MECP2 AND CREB IN THE LUMBOSACRAL (LS) SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PELVIC PAIN IN RAT. ADULT SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH 2,4,6-TRINITROBENZENESULFONIC ACID (TNBS) TO INDUCE TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. LS (L6-S2) SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS AND RESPECTIVE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIAS (DRGS) WERE ISOLATED FROM CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AT 1, 2, 6, 24 H AND 3 DAYS POST-TNBS TREATMENT. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL (IHC) LABELING AND WESTERN BLOTTING EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE EXPRESSION OF MECP2, CREB AND THEIR PHOSPHORYLATED FORMS. TOTAL MECP2 EXPRESSION, BUT NOT PHOSPHORYLATED P-MECP2 (PS421MECP2) EXPRESSION WAS DETECTED IN THE CELLS OF THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN UNDER CONTROL CONDITIONS. COLONIC INFLAMMATION TRIGGERED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF MECP2-EXPRESSING NEURONS IN PARALLEL WITH ELEVATED NUMBERS OF PS421MECP2-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 2 H AND 6 H POST-TNBS. THE MAJORITY OF MECP2-POSITIVE CELLS (80 +/- 6%) CO-EXPRESSED CREB. TNBS TREATMENT CAUSED A TRANSIENT UP-REGULATION OF CREB-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 1 H POST-TNBS ONLY. THE NUMBER OF CELLS EXPRESSING PHOSPHORYLATED CREB (PS133CREB) DID NOT CHANGE AT 1 H AND 2 H POST-TNBS, BUT WAS DOWN-REGULATED BY THREE FOLDS AT 6 H POST-TNBS. ANALYSIS OF DRG SECTIONS REVEALED THAT THE NUMBER OF MECP2-POSITIVE NEURONS WAS UP-REGULATED BY TNBS TREATMENT, REACHING THREE-FOLD INCREASE AT 2 H POST-TNBS, AND EIGHT-FOLD INCREASE AT 6 H POST-TNBS (P </= 0.05 TO CONTROL). THESE DATA SHOWED EARLY CHANGES IN MECP2 AND CREB EXPRESSION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER COLONIC INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTING A POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION MECP2 AND CREB SIGNALING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERALGESIA AND PELVIC PAIN FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5  433  34 ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF HOMER1 PROMOTER IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC DEPRESSION. BACKGROUND: UNDERSTANDING THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THERAPEUTIC MEASURES IS CURRENTLY A RESEARCH PRIORITY. WE HAVE SHOWN THAT THE EXPRESSION OF THE SYNAPTIC PROTEIN HOMER1A CORRELATES WITH DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND ITS INDUCTION IS A COMMON MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DIFFERENT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM OF HOMER1A REGULATION IS STILL UNKNOWN. METHODS: WE COMBINED THE CHRONIC DESPAIR MOUSE MODEL (CDM) OF CHRONIC DEPRESSION WITH DIFFERENT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS. DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR WAS CHARACTERIZED BY FORCED SWIM AND TAIL SUSPENSION TESTS, AND VIA AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF SUCROSE PREFERENCE IN INTELLICAGE. THE HOMER1 MRNA EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED IN CORTEX AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD BY QRT-PCR AND PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: CDM MICE SHOW DECREASED HOMER1A AND HOMER1B/C MRNA EXPRESSION IN CORTEX AND BLOOD SAMPLES, WHILE CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH IMIPRAMINE AND FLUOXETINE OR ACUTE KETAMINE APPLICATION INCREASES THEIR LEVEL ONLY IN THE CORTEX. THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES OF THE METHYLATION OF 7 CPG SITES, LOCATED ON THE HOMER1 PROMOTER REGION CONTAINING SEVERAL CRE BINDING SITES, SHOW A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE CORTEX OF CDM MICE. IN CONTRAST, ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS REDUCE THE METHYLATION LEVEL. LIMITATIONS: HOMER1 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTOR METHYLATION WERE NOT ANALYZED IN DIFFERENT BLOOD CELL TYPES. OTHER CPG SITES OF HOMER1 PROMOTER SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED IN FUTURE STUDIES. OUR EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH DOES NOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: WE DEMONSTRATE THAT STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF HOMER1 PROMOTER, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6 5347  32 RARBETA AGONIST DRUG (C286) DEMONSTRATES EFFICACY IN A PRE-CLINICAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL RESTORING MULTIPLE PATHWAYS VIA DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS. NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NP) IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROFOUND GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS WITHIN THE NOCICEPTIVE SYSTEM. DNA MECHANISMS, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC REMODELING AND REPAIR PATHWAYS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN NP. HERE WE HAVE USED A RAT MODEL OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF A RECENTLY DEVELOPED RARBETA AGONIST, C286, CURRENTLY UNDER CLINICAL RESEARCH, IN NP. A 4-WEEK TREATMENT INITIATED 2 DAYS AFTER THE INJURY NORMALIZED PAIN SENSATION. GENOME-WIDE AND PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT MULTIPLE MECHANISMS PERSISTENTLY ALTERED IN THE SPINAL CORD WERE RESTORED TO PREINJURY LEVELS BY THE AGONIST. CONCOMITANT UPREGULATION OF DNA REPAIR PROTEINS, ATM AND BRCA1, THE LATTER BEING REQUIRED FOR C286-MEDIATED PAIN MODULATION, SUGGESTS THAT EARLY DNA REPAIR MAY BE IMPORTANT TO PREVENT PHENOTYPIC EPIGENETIC IMPRINTS IN NP. THUS, C286 IS A PROMISING DRUG CANDIDATE FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS MAY BE USEFUL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO EXPLORE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7 4499  34 MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL PRODUCES ERK-DEPENDENT AND ERK-INDEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MARKS IN NEURONS OF THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND LATERAL SEPTUM. EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS COVALENT MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONE PROTEINS REPRESENT COMPLEX MOLECULAR SIGNATURES THAT PROVIDE A CELLULAR MEMORY OF PREVIOUSLY EXPERIENCED STIMULI WITHOUT IRREVERSIBLE CHANGES OF THE GENETIC CODE. IN THIS STUDY WE SHOW THAT NEW GENE EXPRESSION INDUCED IN VIVO BY MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL OCCURS WITH CONCOMITANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN BRAIN REGIONS CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN DRUG-DEPENDENT BEHAVIORS. WE FOUND THAT NALOXONE-PRECIPITATED WITHDRAWAL, BUT NOT CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION, CAUSED A STRONG INDUCTION OF PHOSPHO-HISTONE H3 IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) SHELL/CORE AND IN THE LATERAL SEPTUM (LS), A CHANGE THAT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY AUGMENTED H3 ACETYLATION (LYS14) IN NEURONS OF THE NAC SHELL. MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL INDUCED THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE EPIGENETIC FACTOR METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) IN SER421 BOTH IN THE LS AND THE NAC SHELL. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY THE ACTIVATION OF MEMBERS OF THE ERK PATHWAY AS WELL AS INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE IMMEDIATE EARLY GENES (IEG) C-FOS AND ACTIVITY-REGULATED CYTOSKELETON-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (ARC/ARG3.1). USING A PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH, WE FOUND THAT H3 PHOSPHORYLATION AND IEG EXPRESSION WERE PARTIALLY DEPENDENT ON ERK ACTIVATION, WHILE MECP2 PHOSPHORYLATION WAS FULLY ERK-INDEPENDENT. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE ROLE OF THE ERK PATHWAY IN THE REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MARKS AND GENE EXPRESSION THAT MAY CONCUR TO REGULATE IN VIVO THE CELLULAR CHANGES UNDERLYING THE ONSET OF THE OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8  984  37 CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS PROMOTING CHROMATIN REMODELING, BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION. CHRONIC STRESS IS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED ABDOMINAL PAIN (VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY), BUT THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HOW CHRONIC STRESS INDUCES VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM A RAT MODEL USING RNA-SEQUENCING TO EXAMINE STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES TO THE TRANSCRIPTOME. FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS, THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED GENES INCLUDED ATG16L1, COQ10B, DCAF13, NAT2, PTBP2, RRAS2, SPINK4 AND DOWN-REGULATED GENES INCLUDING ABAT, CITED2, CNNM2, DAB2IP, PLEKHM1, SCD2, AND TAB2. THE PRIMARY ALTERED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES REVEALED BY NETWORK ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS WERE INFLAMMATION/IMMUNE RESPONSE, TISSUE MORPHOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT, AND NUCLEOSOME/CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY. THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED PROCESS WAS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT/FUNCTION, WHEREAS THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED PROCESSES WERE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, ORGANISMAL INJURY, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING MEDIATED BY H3K9 METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, A SUBPOPULATION OF STRESSED RATS DEMONSTRATED VERY SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSCRIPT ISOFORMS, ENRICHED FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, INCLUDING UPREGULATION OF CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION COUPLED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF EPITHELIAL ADHERENS AND TIGHT JUNCTION MRNAS. IN SUMMARY, THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THAT CHRONIC STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES, THEIR DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAYS COUPLED TO DYSREGULATION OF INTESTINAL CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELING LIKELY PLAYS A PROMINENT ROLE IN THIS PROCESS. RESULTS ALSO SUGGEST THAT SUPER ENHANCERS PLAY A PRIMARY ROLE IN CHRONIC STRESS-ASSOCIATED INTESTINAL BARRIER DYSFUNCTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9 6411  38 THE SITE SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATION IN THE 5'-REGULATORY AREA OF NMDA RECEPTOR 2B SUBUNIT GENE ASSOCIATED WITH CIE-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION. BACKGROUND: THE NMDA RECEPTOR REPRESENTS A PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT SITE OF ETHANOL ACTION IN THE CNS. WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT NMDA RECEPTOR 2B (NR2B) GENE EXPRESSION WAS PERSISTENTLY UP-REGULATED FOLLOWING CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL (CIE) TREATMENT. INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN DYNAMIC AND LONG-LASTING REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN MULTIPLE NEUROADAPTIVE PROCESSES PROMPTED US TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MEDIATING CIE-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF NR2B GENE TRANSCRIPTION. TO DISSECT THE CHANGES OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE NR2B GENE, WE HAVE SCREENED A LARGE NUMBER OF CPG SITES WITHIN ITS 5'-REGULATORY AREA FOLLOWING CIE TREATMENT. METHODS: PRIMARY CORTICAL CULTURED NEURONS WERE SUBJECTED TO ETHANOL TREATMENT IN A CIE PARADIGM. BISULFITE CONVERSION FOLLOWED BY PYROSEQUENCING WAS USED FOR QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF CPG METHYLATION STATUS WITHIN THE 5'-REGULATORY AREA OF THE NR2B GENE; CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY WAS USED TO EXAMINE DNA LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING. ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAY (EMSA) AND IN VITRO DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE DIRECT IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DNA AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AND PROMOTER ACTIVITY. RESULTS: ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL CPG METHYLATION SITES WITHIN THE NR2B 5'REGULATORY AREA REVEALED THREE REGIONS WITH CLUSTERS OF SITE-SPECIFIC CPG DEMETHYLATION FOLLOWING CIE TREATMENT AND WITHDRAWAL. THIS WAS CONFIRMED BY CHIP SHOWING SIMILAR DECREASES OF METHYLATED DNA IN THE SAME REGIONS. THE CIE-INDUCED DEMETHYLATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY BEING LOCATED NEAR CERTAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SEQUENCES, AP-1 AND CRE, AND OCCURRED DURING TREATMENT AS WELL AS AFTER ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASE IN VITRO OF METHYLATED DNA DECREASED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING ACTIVITY AND PROMOTER ACTIVITY. AN ADDITIONAL CHIP ASSAY INDICATED THAT THE CIE-INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION IS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED OCCUPATION BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF DNA DEMETHYLATION IN MEDIATING CIE-INDUCED NR2B GENE UP-REGULATION, THUS IMPLICATING A NOVEL MOLECULAR SITE OF ALCOHOL ACTION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
10 5273  26 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND BDNF AND DAT1 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH DRUG ADDICTION. BACKGROUND: DRUG ADDICTION IS A BRAIN DISORDER THAT HAS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY. ADDICTIONS ARE CHRONIC RELAPSING DISEASES OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE CAUSED BY DIRECT DRUG-INDUCED EFFECTS AND PERSEVERING NEUROADAPTATIONS AT THE EPIGENETIC, NEUROPEPTIDE AND NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS. BECAUSE THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE, THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION PROFILE OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT1) GENES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DRUG ADDICTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BDNF AND DAT1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WERE INVESTIGATED WITH A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TECHNIQUE IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 75 INDIVIDUALS WITH DRUG ADDICTION AND 65 HEALTHY CONTROLS. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF AND DAT1 WERE ASSESSED IN 12 MRNA SAMPLES FROM THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS AND COMPARED TO THE SAMPLES OF HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 12) WITH REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR. RESULTS: NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN THE METHYLATION OF BDNF AND DAT1 BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, BUT THE RELATIVE LEVELS OF EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND DAT1 MRNA DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE BDNF AND DAT1 GENES HAD NO SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION IN THE PROCESSES OF DRUG ADDICTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11 5065  38 PHOTOPERIOD-INDUCED NEUROTRANSMITTER PLASTICITY DECLINES WITH AGING: AN EPIGENETIC REGULATION? NEUROPLASTICITY HAS CLASSICALLY BEEN UNDERSTOOD TO ARISE THROUGH CHANGES IN SYNAPTIC STRENGTH OR SYNAPTIC CONNECTIVITY. A NEWLY DISCOVERED FORM OF NEUROPLASTICITY, NEUROTRANSMITTER SWITCHING, INVOLVES CHANGES IN NEUROTRANSMITTER IDENTITY. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT PHOTOPERIODS ALTERS THE NUMBER OF DOPAMINE (TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE, TH+) AND SOMATOSTATIN (SST+) NEURONS IN THE PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PAVN) OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF ADULT RATS AND RESULTS IN DISCRETE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. HERE, WE INVESTIGATE WHETHER PHOTOPERIOD-INDUCED NEUROTRANSMITTER SWITCHING PERSISTS DURING AGING AND WHETHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THIS NEUROTRANSMITTER PLASTICITY. WE SHOW THAT THIS PLASTICITY IN RATS IS ROBUST AT 1 AND AT 3 MONTHS BUT REDUCED IN TH+ NEURONS AT 12 MONTHS AND COMPLETELY ABOLISHED IN BOTH TH+ AND SST+ NEURONS BY 18 MONTHS. DE NOVO EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A CATALYZING DNA METHYLATION AND ANTI-ACETYLH3 ASSESSING HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION WERE OBSERVED FOLLOWING SHORT-DAY PHOTOPERIOD EXPOSURE IN BOTH TH+ AND SST+ NEURONS AT 1 AND 3 MONTHS WHILE AN OVERALL INCREASE IN DNMT3A IN SST+ NEURONS PARALLELED NEUROPLASTICITY REDUCTION AT 12 AND 18 MONTHS. HISTONE ACETYLATION INCREASED IN TH+ NEURONS AND DECREASED IN SST+ NEURONS FOLLOWING SHORT-DAY EXPOSURE AT 3 MONTHS WHILE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ANTI-ACETYLH3+ PAVN NEURONS REMAINED CONSTANT. RECIPROCAL HISTONE ACETYLATION IN TH+ AND SST+ NEURONS INDICATES THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING EPIGENETIC REGULATION AT THE CIRCUIT LEVEL FOR IDENTIFIED CELL PHENOTYPES. THE FINDINGS MAY BE USEFUL FOR DEVELOPING APPROACHES FOR NONINVASIVE TREATMENT OF DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY NEUROTRANSMITTER DYSFUNCTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 6602  22 TWO KINDS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS MEDIATE CHRONIC MORPHINE-INDUCED DECREASE IN MIR-105 IN MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF RATS. CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS, AN EFFECT WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PLASTIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. THIS CHANGE IN GENE EXPRESSION IS MOST POSSIBLY MEDIATED BY ADDICTIVE DRUG-INDUCED EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAMS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES SHOWED THAT CHRONIC MORPHINE-INDUCED DECREASE OF MIR-105 IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC) CONTRIBUTED TO CONTEXT-INDUCED RETRIEVAL OF MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL MEMORY. HOWEVER, HOW CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT DECREASES MIR-105 IN THE MPFC STILL REMAINS UNKNOWN. THE PRESENT STUDY SHOWS THAT CHRONIC MORPHINE INDUCES ADDICTION-RELATED CHANGE IN MIR-105 IN THE MPFC VIA TWO KINDS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS: THE FIRST TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IS CREB ACTIVATED BY MU RECEPTORS-ERK-P90RSK SIGNALING PATHWAY AND THE SECOND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IS GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR), WHICH AS A NEGATIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, MEDIATES CHRONIC MORPHINE-INDUCED DECREASE IN MIR-105 IN THE MPFC OF RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 2246  34 EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF INFLAMMATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY PROMOTES RESILIENCE AGAINST STRESS IN MICE. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMALITIES IN THE BRAIN AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. CHRONIC STRESS IN ANIMALS SHOWED THAT EPIGENETIC AND INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN MEDIATING RESILIENCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION. HERE, THROUGH A HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING, WE IDENTIFY TWO PHYTOCHEMICALS, DIHYDROCAFFEIC ACID (DHCA) AND MALVIDIN-3'-O-GLUCOSIDE (MAL-GLUC) THAT ARE EFFECTIVE IN PROMOTING RESILIENCE AGAINST STRESS BY MODULATING BRAIN SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION. DHCA/MAL-GLUC ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES DEPRESSION-LIKE PHENOTYPES IN A MOUSE MODEL OF INCREASED SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY TRANSPLANTATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS FROM STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE. DHCA REDUCES PRO-INFLAMMATORY INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6) GENERATIONS BY INHIBITING DNA METHYLATION AT THE CPG-RICH IL-6 SEQUENCES INTRONS 1 AND 3, WHILE MAL-GLUC MODULATES SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY BY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION OF THE REGULATORY SEQUENCES OF THE RAC1 GENE. PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION AND SYNAPTIC MALADAPTATION ARE IN LINE WITH NEWLY HYPOTHESIZED CLINICAL INTERVENTION TARGETS FOR DEPRESSION THAT ARE NOT ADDRESSED BY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE ANTIDEPRESSANTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14 5339  32 QUETIAPINE TREATMENT REVERSES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND REDUCES DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY INDUCED BY MATERNAL DEPRIVATION. STRESS IN EARLY LIFE HAS BEEN APPOINTED AS AN IMPORTANT PHENOMENON IN THE ONSET OF DEPRESSION AND POOR RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH CLASSICAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS. FURTHERMORE, CHILDHOOD TRAUMA TRIGGERS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD). TREATMENT WITH ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS SUCH AS QUETIAPINE, EXERTS THERAPEUTIC EFFECT FOR MDD PATIENTS AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ANALYZE THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH QUETIAPINE (20MG/KG) ON DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR OF RATS SUBMITTED TO MATERNAL DEPRIVATION (MD), AS WELL AS THE ACTIVITY OF HISTONE ACETYLATION BY THE ENZYMES HISTONE ACETYL TRANSFERASES (HAT) AND DEACETYLASES (HDAC) AND DNA METHYLATION, THROUGH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME (DNMT) IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AND HIPPOCAMPUS. MATERNALLY DEPRIVED RATS HAD A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST AND AN INCREASE IN THE HDAC AND DNMT ACTIVITIES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND NAC. TREATMENT WITH QUETIAPINE REVERSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND REDUCED THE DNMT ACTIVITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO SHOW THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF QUETIAPINE IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO MD AND A PROTECTIVE EFFECT BY QUETIAPINE IN REDUCING EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY STRESS IN EARLY LIFE. THESE RESULTS REINFORCE AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF QUETIAPINE AS THERAPY FOR MDD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15 4580  29 N(6)-METHYLADENOSINE MODIFICATION OF FATTY ACID AMIDE HYDROLASE MESSENGER RNA IN CIRCULAR RNA STAG1-REGULATED ASTROCYTE DYSFUNCTION AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS. BACKGROUND: N(6)-METHYLADENOSINE (M(6)A) IS THE MOST ABUNDANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN EUKARYOTIC MESSENGER RNAS AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR MULTIPLE RNA PROCESSING EVENTS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES. HOWEVER, PRECISELY HOW M(6)A METHYLATION IS INVOLVED IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: CIRCULAR RNA STAG1 (CIRCSTAG1) WAS SCREENED FROM THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS-TREATED MICE USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT RNA SEQUENCING. MICROINJECTION OF CIRCSTAG1 LENTIVIRUS INTO THE MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS USED TO OBSERVE THE ROLE OF CIRCSTAG1 IN DEPRESSION. SUCROSE PREFERENCE, FORCED SWIM, AND TAIL SUSPENSION TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO EVALUATE THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS OF MICE. ASTROCYTE DYSFUNCTION WAS EXAMINED BY GFAP IMMUNOSTAINING AND 3D RECONSTRUCTION. METHYLATED RNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCE ANALYSIS WAS USED TO IDENTIFY DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF CIRCSTAG1/ALKBH5 (ALKB HOMOLOG 5) AXIS. CELL COUNTING KIT-8 ASSAY WAS PERFORMED TO EVALUATE ASTROCYTE VIABILITY IN VITRO. RESULTS: CIRCSTAG1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS-TREATED MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS AND IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH MDD. OVEREXPRESSION OF CIRCSTAG1 NOTABLY ATTENUATED ASTROCYTE DYSFUNCTION AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS. FURTHER EXAMINATION INDICATED THAT OVEREXPRESSED CIRCSTAG1 CAPTURED ALKBH5 AND DECREASED THE TRANSLOCATION OF ALKBH5 INTO THE NUCLEUS, LEADING TO INCREASED M(6)A METHYLATION OF FATTY ACID AMIDE HYDROLASE (FAAH) MESSENGER RNA AND DEGRADATION OF FAAH IN ASTROCYTES WITH SUBSEQUENT ATTENUATION OF DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND ASTROCYTE LOSS INDUCED BY CORTICOSTERONE IN VITRO. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS DISSECT THE FUNCTIONAL LINK BETWEEN CIRCSTAG1 AND M(6)A METHYLATION IN THE CONTEXT OF MDD, PROVIDING EVIDENCE THAT CIRCSTAG1 MAY BE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR MDD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16 2886  26 GABA-AALPHA5 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN LEARNING-MEMORY DYSFUNCTION IN THE OFFSPRINGS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL-TREATED RATS VIA GABA-AALPHA5 HISTONE H3K9 ACETYLATION. RECENTLY, NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE BEEN FOCUSED ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GABA-A RECEPTORS AND ALCOHOL-INDUCED SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY DEFICITS. GABA-AALPHA5, A SUBUNIT OF GABA-A RECEPTORS, IS CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ALCOHOL-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM REMAINS OBSCURE. IN THIS STUDY, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF GABA-AALPHA5 INCREASED IN RATS TREATED WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL VIA HISTONE H3K9 ACETYLATION. FURTHERMORE, THIS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION COULD BE INHERITED BY THE NEXT GENERATIONS, WHICH EVENTUALLY EXHIBIT SIMILAR SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY DEFICITS IN THE OFFSPRINGS. IN SUMMARY, OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT GABA-AALPHA5 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT-INDUCED LEARNING-MEMORY DYSFUNCTION AND FOR THE FIRST TIME PROVED THAT LEARNING-MEMORY DYSFUNCTION COULD BE INHERITED BY THE OFFSPRINGS VIA HISTONE H3K9 ACETYLATION. HOPEFULLY, IN THE NEAR FUTURE, GABA-AALPHA5 INHIBITORS WOULD BE AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO TREAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED COGNITION IMPAIRMENT.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17 3833  37 INVOLVEMENT OF THE DYNORPHIN/KOR SYSTEM ON THE NOCICEPTIVE, EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS OF JOINT PAIN IN MICE. JOINT PAIN IS A MAJOR CLINICAL PROBLEM MAINLY ASSOCIATED TO OSTEOARTHRITIS, AND CHARACTERIZED BY ARTICULAR CARTILAGE DEGRADATION RESULTING IN A COMPLEX CHRONIC PAIN STATE THAT INCLUDES NOCICEPTIVE, EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS. MEMORY IMPAIRMENT, DEPRESSIVE- AND ANXIETY-LIKE SYMPTOMS HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN, LEADING TO A DECREASE OF LIFE QUALITY. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE ENDOGENOUS DYNORPHIN/KAPPA OPIOID RECEPTOR (KOR) SYSTEM ON THE NOCICEPTIVE, EMOTIONAL, COGNITIVE, NEUROCHEMICAL AND EPIGENETIC MANIFESTATIONS OF JOINT PAIN. THE MURINE MODEL OF MONOSODIUM IODOACETATE (MIA) WAS USED TO INDUCE JOINT PAIN IN KNOCKOUT MICE FOR KOR (KOR-KO), PRODYNORPHIN (PDYN-KO) AND THEIR WILD-TYPE (WT) LITTERMATES. KOR-KO AND PDYN-KO MICE DEVELOPED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AFTER INTRA-ARTICULAR INJECTION OF MIA. THIS ALLODYNIA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN BOTH KOR-KO AND PDYN-KO WHEN COMPARED TO WT MICE. ACCORDINGLY, BOTH MUTANTS SHOWED INCREASED MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION ON THE LUMBAR SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD AFTER MIA. THE EMOTIONAL RESPONSES WERE EVALUATED BY MEASURING ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND ANHEDONIA AS DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOUR, AND COGNITIVE ALTERATIONS IN THE OBJECT RECOGNITION PARADIGM. EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS AFTER JOINT PAIN WERE DIFFERENTLY MODIFIED IN KOR-KO AND PDYN-KO MICE. ALTERATIONS OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) ON THE AMYGDALA AND HIPPOCAMPUS AND DOWN REGULATION OF HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION ON THE AMYGDALA SUGGEST A POSSIBLE MECHANISM TO EXPLAIN THESE EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS. OUR RESULTS REVEAL A SPECIFIC INVOLVEMENT OF THE DYNORPHIN/KOR SYSTEM ON JOINT PAIN MANIFESTATIONS THAT ARE USUALLY ASSOCIATED TO OSTEOARTHRITIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18 6429  43 THE UPREGULATION OF NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION BY TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 2 (TET2) CONTRIBUTED TO DIABETIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MICE. BACKGROUND: THE NUCLEOTIDE OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN (NOD)-LIKE RECEPTOR FAMILY PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 3 (NLRP3) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) CONTRIBUTES TO PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MULTIPLE NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS, BUT THE FUNCTION OF THE NLRP3 IN DIABETIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN (DNP) AND THE REGULATION MECHANISM ARE STILL LARGELY UNKNOWN. EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN THE CONTROLLING OF GENE EXPRESSION. TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 2 (TET2) IS A DNA DEMETHYLASE THAT CONTRIBUTES TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. TET2 IS ALSO INVOLVED IN HIGH GLUCOSE (HG)-INDUCED PATHOLOGY. METHODS: DNP WAS INDUCED IN MICE VIA THE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF STREPTOZOTOCIN (STZ) FOR FIVE CONSECUTIVE DAYS AND THE MECHANICAL THRESHOLD WAS EVALUATED IN STZ-DIABETIC MICE BY USING VON FREY HAIRS. THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF THE NLRP3 PATHWAY AND TET2 IN DRG WERE DETERMINED THROUGH MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS. THE REGULATION OF THE NLRP3 PATHWAY BY TET2 WAS EXAMINED IN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO CONDITIONS. RESULTS: IN THE PRESENT RESEARCH, WE FIRST ESTABLISHED THE DNP MODEL AND FOUND THAT NLRP3 PATHWAY WAS ACTIVATED IN DRG. THE TREATMENT OF NLRP3 INHIBITOR MCC950 ALLEVIATED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA OF DNP MICE. THEN WE REVEALED THAT IN STZ-DIABETIC MICE DRG, THE GENOMIC DNA WAS DEMETHYLATED, AND THE EXPRESSION OF DNA DEMETHYLASE TET2 WAS INCREASED EVIDENTLY. USING RNA-SEQUENCING ANALYSIS, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF TXNIP, A GENE THAT ENCODES A THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP) WHICH MEDIATES NLRP3 ACTIVATION, WAS ELEVATED IN THE DRG AFTER STZ TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, KNOCKING DOWN OF TET2 EXPRESSION IN DRG USING TET2-SIRNA SUPPRESSED THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF TXNIP AND SUBSEQUENTLY INHIBITED THE EXPRESSION/ACTIVATION OF NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME IN VITRO AND IN VIVO AS WELL AS RELIEVED THE PAIN SENSITIVITY OF DNP ANIMALS. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THE UPREGULATION OF THE TXNIP/NLRP3 PATHWAY BY TET2 IN DRG WAS INVOLVED IN THE PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY OF THE DNP MODEL.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19 3468  40 HYPOXIA-INDUCED DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN PULMONARY FIBROBLASTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PRO-FIBROTIC PHENOTYPE. BACKGROUND: PULMONARY FIBROSIS IS A DEBILITATING AND LETHAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT PLAY WILL DIRECT THE APPLICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES. HYPOXIA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY FIBROSIS YET THE PRECISE MECHANISM BY WHICH IT CONTRIBUTES TO DISEASE PROGRESSION REMAINS TO BE FULLY ELUCIDATED. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAN ALTER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN TUMOUR-DERIVED CELL LINES. THIS EPIGENETIC ALTERATION CAN INDUCE CHANGES IN CELLULAR PHENOTYPE WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION BEING ASSOCIATED WITH GENE SILENCING. OF PARTICULAR RELEVANCE TO IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS THE OBSERVATION THAT THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MYOFIBROBLAST PHENOTYPE WHERE LOSS OF THY-1 OCCURS ALONGSIDE INCREASED ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION. THE INITIAL AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER HYPOXIA REGULATES DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLASTS (CCD19LU). AS IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT HYPOXIA SUPPRESSES THY-1 EXPRESSION DURING LUNG DEVELOPMENT WE ALSO STUDIED THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. METHODS: CCD19LU WERE GROWN FOR UP TO 8 DAYS IN HYPOXIA AND ASSESSED FOR GLOBAL CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION USING FLOW CYTOMETRY. REAL-TIME PCR WAS USED TO QUANTIFY EXPRESSION OF THY-1, ALPHA-SMA, COLLAGEN I AND III. GENOMIC DNA WAS BISULPHITE TREATED AND METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR (MSPCR) WAS USED TO EXAMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE THY-1 PROMOTER. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN HYPOXIC FIBROBLASTS RELATIVE TO NORMOXIC CONTROLS AND WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MYOFIBROBLAST MARKERS. THY-1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SUPPRESSED IN HYPOXIC CELLS, WHICH WAS RESTORED WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. MSPCR REVEALED THAT THY-1 BECAME METHYLATED FOLLOWING FIBROBLAST EXPOSURE TO 1% O2. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FIBROBLAST FUNCTION IN HYPOXIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20 3325  36 HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS INVOLVED IN THE EARLY ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE-RELATED INCREASE IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR EVOKED BY CHRONIC VARIABLE STRESS IN MICE. INCREASING STUDIES REPORT THAT PROLONGED OR MULTIPLE ANAESTHETIC EXPOSURES EARLY IN LIFE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON BRAIN FUNCTION. ALTHOUGH STUDIES HAVE EVALUATED THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTION, FEW HAVE FOCUSED ON LONG-TERM NEUROPSYCHIATRIC EFFECTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, C57BL/6 MICE RECEIVED EITHER THREE NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURES OR CONTROL EXPOSURE. STARTING ON POSTNATAL DAY 45, THE MICE WERE EITHER EXPOSED OR NOT TO A CHRONIC VARIABLE STRESS (CVS) PARADIGM, AND CVS-RELATED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PERFORMANCE WAS EVALUATED USING A SERIES OF BEHAVIOURAL TESTS. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (ACETYL-H3K9), BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN-BINDING PROTEIN, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES 1-4 IN THE AMYGDALA WERE MEASURED BY IMMUNOBLOTTING OR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS. IN MICE WITH NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE, THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BUTYRATE (NAB), A COMMONLY USED HDAC INHIBITOR, WERE EXAMINED ON CVS-RELATED BEHAVIOURAL AND MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT REPEATED NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE DID NOT AFFECT INNATE DEPRESSION-LIKE AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOURS UNDER NON-STRESS CONDITIONS BUT FACILITATED THE CVS-INDUCED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOURAL PHENOTYPE. INCREASED HDAC2 EXPRESSION IN THE AMYGDALA WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN THE CVS-INDUCED REPRESSION OF ACETYL-H3K9 AND BDNF EXPRESSION AND AN ENHANCED CVS-EVOKED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOURAL PHENOTYPE IN MICE NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE. NAB SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE CVS-INDUCED ANXIETY LEVEL BY ELEVATING ACETYL-H3K9 AND BDNF EXPRESSION. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT EARLY ANAESTHESIA EXPOSURE FACILITATED CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC OUTCOMES, AND THE HDAC2-RELATED EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IS INVOLVED IN THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM.	2021