1  179 64 ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING IN DOWN SYNDROME. DOWN SYNDROME (DS) ENTAILS AN INCREASED RISK OF MANY CHRONIC DISEASES THAT ARE TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH OLDER AGE. THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ACCELERATED AGING SUGGEST THAT TRISOMY 21 INCREASES THE BIOLOGICAL AGE OF TISSUES, BUT MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOR THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN SPARSE. HERE, WE UTILIZE A QUANTITATIVE MOLECULAR MARKER OF AGING (KNOWN AS THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK) TO DEMONSTRATE THAT TRISOMY 21 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES THE AGE OF BLOOD AND BRAIN TISSUE (ON AVERAGE BY 6.6 YEARS, P = 7.0 X 10(-14)).	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  175 25 ACCELERATED AGING WITH HIV BEGINS AT THE TIME OF INITIAL HIV INFECTION. LIVING WITH HIV INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY ONSET OF AGING-RELATED CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SOMETIMES DESCRIBED AS ACCELERATED AGING. EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS CAN EVALUATE ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE RELATIVE TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. THE IMPACT OF INITIAL HIV INFECTION ON FIVE EPIGENETIC MEASURES OF AGING WAS EXAMINED BEFORE AND APPROXIMATELY 3 YEARS AFTER HIV INFECTION IN THE SAME INDIVIDUALS (N=102). SIGNIFICANT EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION (MEDIAN 1.9-4.8 YEARS) AND ESTIMATED TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTENING (ALL P</= 0.001) WERE OBSERVED FROM PRE-TO POST-HIV INFECTION, AND REMAINED SIGNIFICANT IN THREE EPIGENETIC MEASURES AFTER CONTROLLING FOR T CELL CHANGES. NO ACCELERATION WAS SEEN IN AGE- AND TIME INTERVAL-MATCHED HIV-UNINFECTED CONTROLS. CHANGES IN GENOME-WIDE CO-METHYLATION CLUSTERS WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INITIAL HIV INFECTION (P</= 2.0 X 10(-4)). THESE LONGITUDINAL OBSERVATIONS CLEARLY DEMONSTRATE AN EARLY AND SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT OF HIV INFECTION ON THE EPIGENETIC AGING PROCESS, AND SUGGEST A ROLE FOR HIV ITSELF IN THE EARLIER ONSET OF CLINICAL AGING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3  177 20 ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING AND INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNOLOGICAL PROFILE (IPAGE) IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS DEFINED BY A REDUCED ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (EGFR). THIS FAILURE CAN BE RELATED TO A PHENOTYPE OF ACCELERATED AGING. IN THIS WORK, WE CONSIDERED 76 PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) AND 83 HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE CONCOMITANTLY EVALUATED FOR THE FIRST TIME TWO MEASURES THAT CAN BE INFORMATIVE OF THE RATE OF AGING, I.E., WHOLE BLOOD DNA METHYLATION USING THE ILLUMINA INFINIUM EPIC ARRAY AND PLASMA LEVELS OF A SELECTION OF INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNOLOGICAL PROTEINS USING MULTIPLEX IMMUNOASSAYS. FIRST OF ALL, WE DEMONSTRATED ACCELERATED AGING IN TERMS OF THE MOST COMMON EPIGENETIC AGE ESTIMATORS IN CKD PATIENTS. MOREOVER, WE DEVELOPED A NEW CLOCK/PREDICTOR OF AGE BASED ON THE INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNOLOGICAL PROFILE (IPAGE) AND IDENTIFIED THE INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS. IPAGE APPEARED TO BE MORE SENSITIVE THAN EPIGENETIC CLOCKS IN QUANTIFYING THE ACCELERATED AGING PHENOTYPE OF ESRD PATIENTS. INTERESTINGLY, WE DID NOT FIND ANY CORRELATION BETWEEN THE AGE ACCELERATION EVALUATED ACCORDING TO THE EPIGENETIC CLOCKS AND IPAGE IN EITHER THE ESRD GROUP OR THE CONTROL GROUP. ON THE WHOLE, OUR DATA SHOW A CONSISTENT ACCELERATED AGING PHENOTYPE IN ESRD PATIENTS, WHICH IS BETTER APPRECIATED BY QUANTIFYING THE UNDERLYING INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES (INFLAMMAGING) BY IPAGE THAN BY USING EPIGENETIC CLOCKS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4 3914 29 LIFETIME STRESS ACCELERATES EPIGENETIC AGING IN AN URBAN, AFRICAN AMERICAN COHORT: RELEVANCE OF GLUCOCORTICOID SIGNALING. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH ACCELERATED AGING AND INCREASED RISK FOR AGING-RELATED DISEASES, BUT THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ARE UNCLEAR. RESULTS: WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF LIFETIME STRESSORS ON A DNA METHYLATION-BASED AGE PREDICTOR, EPIGENETIC CLOCK. AFTER CONTROLLING FOR BLOOD CELL-TYPE COMPOSITION AND LIFESTYLE PARAMETERS, CUMULATIVE LIFETIME STRESS, BUT NOT CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT OR CURRENT STRESS ALONE, PREDICTED ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING IN AN URBAN, AFRICAN AMERICAN COHORT (N = 392). THIS EFFECT WAS PRIMARILY DRIVEN BY PERSONAL LIFE STRESSORS, WAS MORE PRONOUNCED WITH ADVANCING AGE, AND WAS BLUNTED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGHER CHILDHOOD ABUSE EXPOSURE. HYPOTHESIZING THAT THESE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS COULD BE MEDIATED BY GLUCOCORTICOID SIGNALING, WE FOUND THAT A HIGH NUMBER (N = 85) OF EPIGENETIC CLOCK CPG SITES WERE LOCATED WITHIN GLUCOCORTICOID RESPONSE ELEMENTS. WE FURTHER EXAMINED THE FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS ON EPIGENETIC CLOCK CPGS IN AN INDEPENDENT SAMPLE WITH GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION (N = 124) AND GENE EXPRESSION DATA (N = 297) BEFORE AND AFTER EXPOSURE TO THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AGONIST DEXAMETHASONE. DEXAMETHASONE INDUCED DYNAMIC CHANGES IN METHYLATION IN 31.2 % (110/353) OF THESE CPGS AND TRANSCRIPTION IN 81.7 % (139/170) OF GENES NEIGHBORING EPIGENETIC CLOCK CPGS. DISEASE ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS OF THESE DEXAMETHASONE-REGULATED GENES SHOWED ENRICHED ASSOCIATION FOR AGING-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, AND LEUKEMIAS. CONCLUSIONS: CUMULATIVE LIFETIME STRESS MAY ACCELERATE EPIGENETIC AGING, AN EFFECT THAT COULD BE DRIVEN BY GLUCOCORTICOID-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THESE FINDINGS CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS LINKING CHRONIC STRESS WITH ACCELERATED AGING AND HEIGHTENED DISEASE RISK.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 5847 24 SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGE MEDIATED BY INFLAMMATION: A MULTI-OMICS STUDY. AIMS: EPIGENETIC AGE IS EMERGING AS A PERSONALIZED AND ACCURATE PREDICTOR OF BIOLOGICAL AGE. THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO ASSESS THE ASSOCIATION OF SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS WITH ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGE AND TO INVESTIGATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS MEDIATING THIS ASSOCIATION. METHODS AND RESULTS: WHOLE BLOOD METHYLOMICS, TRANSCRIPTOMICS, AND PLASMA PROTEOMICS WERE OBTAINED FOR 391 PARTICIPANTS OF THE PROGRESSION OF EARLY SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS STUDY. EPIGENETIC AGE WAS CALCULATED FROM METHYLOMICS DATA FOR EACH PARTICIPANT. ITS DIVERGENCE FROM CHRONOLOGICAL AGE IS TERMED EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION. SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS BURDEN WAS ESTIMATED BY MULTI-TERRITORY 2D/3D VASCULAR ULTRASOUND AND BY CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION. IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS, THE PRESENCE, EXTENSION, AND PROGRESSION OF SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT ACCELERATION OF THE GRIM EPIGENETIC AGE, A PREDICTOR OF HEALTH AND LIFESPAN, REGARDLESS OF TRADITIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS. INDIVIDUALS WITH AN ACCELERATED GRIM EPIGENETIC AGE WERE CHARACTERIZED BY AN INCREASED SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION AND ASSOCIATED WITH A SCORE OF LOW-GRADE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. MEDIATION ANALYSIS USING TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND PROTEOMICS DATA REVEALED KEY PRO-INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS (IL6, INFLAMMASOME, AND IL10) AND GENES (IL1B, OSM, TLR5, AND CD14) MEDIATING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION. CONCLUSION: THE PRESENCE, EXTENSION, AND PROGRESSION OF SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN MIDDLE-AGED ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AN ACCELERATION IN THE GRIM EPIGENETIC AGE. MEDIATION ANALYSIS USING TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND PROTEOMICS DATA SUGGESTS A KEY ROLE OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION IN THIS ASSOCIATION, REINFORCING THE RELEVANCE OF INTERVENTIONS ON INFLAMMATION TO PREVENT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6 6751 21 WHY ARE PEOPLE WITH HIV CONSIDERED "OLDER ADULTS" IN THEIR FIFTIES? ONE IN SIX NEW HIV DIAGNOSES IN EUROPE OCCUR AMONG PEOPLE OVER 50 YEARS OF AGE. AS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, THE AGING PROCESS IS NOT HOMOGENEOUS AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITH HIV, AND SOME OF THEM EXHIBIT IMPAIRED PHYSICAL FUNCTION, HIGHER FRAILTY AND MORE FREQUENT GERIATRIC SYNDROMES. THESE ILLNESS REFLECT A HIGHER BIOLOGICAL AGE INDEPENDENTLY OF THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. AFTER STARTING ANTIRRETROVIRAL TREATMENT, PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) OLDER THAN 50 EXHIBIT A POORER IMMUNOLOGICAL RECOVERY THAN YOUNGER PLWH. MOREOVER, OLDER ADULTS WITH HIV PRESENT EARLY ONSET OF COMORBIDITIES AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT CAUSED BY PERSISTENT AND CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, WHICH LEADS TO IMMUNE EXHAUSTION AND ACCELERATED IMMUNOSENESCENCE DESPITE OPTIMAL SUPPRESSION OF HIV REPLICATION. THE EVIDENCE OF POORER IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO ARV, LINKED WITH EARLY IMMUNOSENESCENCE IN PLWH AND ITS PREMATURELY DELETERIOUS EFFECT IN PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND ITS CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES, ARE THE BASIS TO ACCEPT THE CUT-OFF OF 50 YEARS OF AGE TO DEFINE AN "OLDER ADULT WITH HIV".	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7 1567 28 DNA METHYLATION OF THE KLF14 GENE REGION IN WHOLE BLOOD CELLS PROVIDES PREDICTION FOR THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE. KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR 14 (KLF14) GENE, WHICH APPEARS TO BE A MASTER REGULATOR OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BMI AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D) BY LARGE GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES. IN ORDER TO FIND PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D, IT IS NECESSARY TO TAKE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INTO ACCOUNT. THIS STUDY FOCUSES ON AGEING AND OBESITY, WHICH ARE T2D RISK FACTORS, AND EXAMINES EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND INFLAMMATORY CHANGES. WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE KLF14 PROMOTER REGION IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF MICE FOR COMPARING AGING AND WEIGHT. WE FOUND THAT METHYLATION LEVELS OF THESE SITES WERE INCREASED WITH AGING AND WEIGHT IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE, THE KIDNEY, THE LUNG, THE COLON AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. IN ADDITION, IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD, THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATORY LEVELS. MOREOVER, NOT ONLY KLF14, BUT ALSO EXPRESSION LEVELS OF SOME DOWNSTREAM GENES WERE DECREASED WITH METHYLATION IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT METHYLATION CHANGES OF KLF14 IN THOSE TISSUES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND INFLAMMATION ON THE ADIPOSE TISSUE OF OBESITY AND T2D. IN ADDITION, THE METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS MAY SERVE AS A PREDICTIVE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  276 17 AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN MONOCYTE DNA METHYLATION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION IN HEALTHY KENYAN ADULTS AND CHILDREN. BACKGROUND: AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN ADAPTIVE AND INNATE IMMUNE CELLS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A DECLINE IN EFFECTIVE IMMUNITY AND CHRONIC, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION. EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN MONOCYTES OCCUR WITH AGING, THOUGH MOST STUDIES TO DATE HAVE FOCUSED ON DIFFERENCES BETWEEN YOUNG ADULTS AND THE ELDERLY IN POPULATIONS WITH EUROPEAN ANCESTRY; FEW DATA EXIST REGARDING CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN CIRCULATING MONOCYTES DURING THE FIRST FEW DECADES OF LIFE OR IN AFRICAN POPULATIONS. WE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION PROFILES, CYTOKINE PRODUCTION, AND INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IN MONOCYTES FROM YOUNG ADULTS AND CHILDREN FROM WESTERN KENYA. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED SEVERAL HYPO- AND HYPER-METHYLATED CPG SITES IN MONOCYTES FROM KENYAN YOUNG ADULTS VS. CHILDREN THAT REPLICATED FINDINGS IN THE CURRENT LITERATURE OF DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION IN MONOCYTES FROM ELDERLY PERSONS VS. YOUNG ADULTS ACROSS DIVERSE POPULATIONS. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES WERE ALSO NOTED IN GENE REGIONS IMPORTANT TO INFLAMMATION AND INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES. MONOCYTES FROM KENYAN YOUNG ADULTS VS. CHILDREN DISPLAYED INCREASED PRODUCTION OF IL-8, IL-10, AND IL-12P70 IN RESPONSE TO TLR4 AND TLR2/1 STIMULATION AS WELL AS DISTINCT INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS COMPLEMENT PREVIOUS REPORTS OF AGE-RELATED METHYLATION CHANGES IN ISOLATED MONOCYTES AND PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF AGE-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN INNATE IMMUNE FUNCTIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 1519 18 DNA METHYLATION AT ATP11A CG11702988 IS A BIOMARKER OF LUNG DISEASE SEVERITY IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY. CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) IS A CHRONIC GENETIC DISEASE THAT MAINLY AFFECTS THE RESPIRATORY AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMS. NO CURATIVE TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE, BUT THE FOLLOW-UP IN SPECIALIZED CENTERS HAS GREATLY IMPROVED THE PATIENT LIFE EXPECTANCY. ROBUST BIOMARKERS ARE REQUIRED TO MONITOR THE DISEASE, GUIDE TREATMENTS, STRATIFY PATIENTS, AND PROVIDE OUTCOME MEASURES IN CLINICAL TRIALS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE OUTLINE A STRATEGY TO SELECT PUTATIVE DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS OF LUNG DISEASE SEVERITY IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS. IN THE DISCOVERY STEP, WE SELECTED SEVEN POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS USING A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION DATASET THAT WE GENERATED IN NASAL EPITHELIAL SAMPLES FROM THE METHYLCF COHORT. IN THE REPLICATION STEP, WE ASSESSED THE SAME BIOMARKERS USING SPUTUM CELL SAMPLES FROM THE METHYLBIOMARK COHORT. OF INTEREST, DNA METHYLATION AT THE CG11702988 SITE (ATP11A GENE) POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUNG FUNCTION AND BMI, AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUNG DISEASE SEVERITY, P. AERUGINOSA CHRONIC INFECTION, AND THE NUMBER OF EXACERBATIONS. THESE RESULTS WERE REPLICATED IN PROSPECTIVE SPUTUM SAMPLES COLLECTED AT FOUR TIME POINTS WITHIN AN 18-MONTH PERIOD AND LONGITUDINALLY. TO CONCLUDE, (I) WE IDENTIFIED A DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKER THAT CORRELATES WITH CF SEVERITY, (II) WE PROVIDED A METHOD TO EASILY ASSESS THIS BIOMARKER, AND (III) WE CARRIED OUT THE FIRST LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION IN CF PATIENTS. THIS NEW EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER COULD BE USED TO STRATIFY CF PATIENTS IN CLINICAL TRIALS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10 2653 25 EPIGENOTYPING IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA AND BREAST CANCER RISK: A PROOF OF PRINCIPLE STUDY. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE EMERGING AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN CARCINOGENESIS. TWO ALTERATIONS IN THE PATTERN OF DNA METHYLATION IN BREAST CANCER (BC) HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY REPORTED; ACTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-ALPHA (ER-ALPHA) IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED METHYLATION OF ER-ALPHA TARGET (ERT) GENES, AND POLYCOMB GROUP TARGET (PCGT) GENES ARE MORE LIKELY THAN OTHER GENES TO HAVE PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CANCER. HOWEVER, WHETHER DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL UNRELATED CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH BC RISK AND WHETHER THESE IMPRINTS CAN BE RELATED TO FACTORS WHICH CAN BE MODIFIED BY THE ENVIRONMENT, IS UNCLEAR. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: USING QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY (N = 1,083) WE FOUND THAT DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA PROVIDES GOOD PREDICTION OF BC RISK. WE ALSO REPORT THAT INVASIVE DUCTAL AND INVASIVE LOBULAR BC IS CHARACTERIZED BY TWO DIFFERENT SETS OF GENES, THE LATTER PARTICULAR BY GENES INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MESENCHYME (PITX2, TITF1, GDNF AND MYOD1). FINALLY WE DEMONSTRATE THAT ONLY ERT GENES PREDICT ER POSITIVE BC; LACK OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA METHYLATION OF ZNF217 PREDICTED BC INDEPENDENT OF AGE AND FAMILY HISTORY (ODDS RATIO 1.49; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL 1.12-1.97; P = 0.006) AND WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ER-ALPHA BIOACTIVITY IN THE CORRESPONDING SERUM. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: THIS FIRST LARGE-SCALE EPIGENOTYPING STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY SERVE AS A LINK BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE GENOME. FACTORS THAT CAN BE MODULATED BY THE ENVIRONMENT (LIKE ESTROGENS) LEAVE AN IMPRINT IN THE DNA OF CELLS THAT ARE UNRELATED TO THE TARGET ORGAN AND INDICATE THE PREDISPOSITION TO DEVELOP A CANCER. FURTHER RESEARCH WILL NEED TO DEMONSTRATE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION PROFILES WILL BE ABLE TO SERVE AS A NEW TOOL TO PREDICT THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY TO GUIDE PREVENTIVE MEASURES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11 6678 23 USING GENETIC BURDEN SCORES FOR GENE-BY-METHYLATION INTERACTION ANALYSIS ON METABOLIC SYNDROME IN AFRICAN AMERICANS. WITH THE RAPID ADVANCEMENT OF OMICS-BASED RESEARCH, PARTICULARLY BIG DATA SUCH AS GENOME- AND EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES THAT INCLUDE EXTENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLINICAL VARIABLES, DATA ANALYTICS HAVE BECOME INCREASINGLY COMPLEX. RESEARCHERS FACE SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES REGARDING HOW TO ANALYZE MULTIFACTORIAL DATA AND MAKE USE OF THE FINDINGS FOR CLINICAL TRANSLATION. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO PROVIDE A SCIENTIFIC EXEMPLAR FOR USE OF GENETIC BURDEN SCORES AS A DATA ANALYSIS METHOD FOR STUDIES WITH BOTH GENOTYPE AND DNA METHYLATION DATA IN WHICH THE GOAL IS TO EVALUATE ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHRONIC CONDITIONS SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS). THIS STUDY INCLUDED 739 AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN AND WOMEN FROM THE GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY NETWORK OF ARTERIOPATHY STUDY WHO MET DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR METS AND HAD AVAILABLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DATA. GENETIC BURDEN SCORES FOR EVALUATED GENES WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT AFTER MULTIPLE TESTING CORRECTIONS, BUT DNA METHYLATION AT 2 CPG SITES (DIHYDROOROTATE DEHYDROGENASE CG22381196 PFDR = .014; CTNNA3 CG00132141 PFDR = .043) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH METS AFTER CONTROLLING FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MARGINALLY SIGNIFICANT CPG SITES AND BURDEN SCORES, HOWEVER, WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. MORE WORK IS REQUIRED IN THIS AREA TO IDENTIFY INTERMEDIATE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC VARIATION THAT MAY EXPLAIN THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF METS AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS. THIS STUDY DOES SERVE, HOWEVER, AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THE GENETIC BURDEN SCORE AS AN ALTERNATIVE DATA ANALYSIS APPROACH FOR COMPLEX STUDIES INVOLVING THE ANALYSIS OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DATA SIMULTANEOUSLY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12 5737 27 SMOKING AND HEALTH: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TELOMERE LENGTH AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON HUMAN DISEASE, QUALITY OF LIFE AND LIFE SPAN IN A LARGE POPULATION-BASED COHORT UNDER THE EFFECT OF SMOKING DURATION. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) ARE OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE AS THEY CAUSE DAMAGE TO LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND DNA EITHER ENDOGENOUSLY BY CELLULAR MECHANISM, OR THROUGH EXOGENOUS EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INJURY FACTORS, INCLUDING OXIDATION INSULT FACTORS, SUCH AS TOBACCO SMOKE. CURRENTLY 46.3 MILLION ADULTS (25.7 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION) ARE SMOKERS. THIS INCLUDES 24 MILLION MEN (28.1 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL) AND MORE THAN 22 MILLION WOMEN (23.5 PERCENT). THE PREVALENCE IS HIGHEST AMONG PERSONS 25-44 YEARS OF AGE. CIGARETTE SMOKERS HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING SEVERAL CHRONIC DISORDERS. THESE INCLUDE FATTY BUILDUPS IN ARTERIES, SEVERAL TYPES OF CANCER AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (LUNG PROBLEMS). AS PERIPHERAL LEUKOCYTES HAVE BEEN THE MAIN TARGET OF HUMAN TELOMERE RESEARCH, MOST OF WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT HUMAN TELOMERE DYNAMICS IN VIVO IS BASED ON THESE CELLS. LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IS A COMPLEX TRAIT THAT IS SHAPED BY GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE CONSIDER THAT SMOKING MODIFIES LEUKOCYTE TL IN HUMANS AND CONTRIBUTES TO ITS VARIABILITY AMONG INDIVIDUALS, ALTHOUGH THE SMOKING EFFECT ON TL AND ITS RELATION WITH OTHER METABOLIC INDICES MAY ACCELERATE BIOLOGICAL AGING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMOKING-INDUCED CHRONIC DISEASES IN A LARGE HUMAN POPULATION-BASED COHORTS WITH SMOKING BEHAVIOR. RECENT STUDIES CONFIRMED THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH SHORTER TELOMERES PRESENT A HIGHER PREVALENCE OF ARTERIAL LESIONS AND HIGHER RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MORTALITY. THIS STUDY ORIGINALLY SUGGESTS THAT EFFICIENT THERAPEUTIC PROTECTION OF TL AND STRUCTURE IN RESPONSE TO STRESSES THAT ARE KNOWN TO REDUCE TL, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE DAMAGE OR INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH TOBACCO SMOKING, WOULD LEAD TO BETTER TELOMERE MAINTENANCE. RECENTLY, WE HAVE DISCOVERED THE POTENTIAL USE OF TELOMERE-RESTORATIVE IMIDAZOLE-CONTAINING DIPEPTIDE (NON-HYDROLIZED CARNOSINE, CARCININE) BASED THERAPY FOR BETTER SURVIVAL OF SMOKERS. WE CONCLUDE THAT A BETTER THERAPEUTIC OR NUTRITIONAL MAINTENANCE OF TL MAY CONFER HEALTHY AGING IN SMOKERS AND EXCEPTIONAL LONGEVITY IN REGULARLY ROS-EXPOSED HUMAN SURVIVORS.	2011	

13 2820 24 FINE-MAPPING INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE LOCI TO SINGLE-VARIANT RESOLUTION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES ARE CHRONIC GASTROINTESTINAL INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS THAT AFFECT MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED 200 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE-ASSOCIATED LOCI, BUT FEW HAVE BEEN CONCLUSIVELY RESOLVED TO SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS. HERE WE REPORT FINE-MAPPING OF 94 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE LOCI USING HIGH-DENSITY GENOTYPING IN 67,852 INDIVIDUALS. WE PINPOINT 18 ASSOCIATIONS TO A SINGLE CAUSAL VARIANT WITH GREATER THAN 95% CERTAINTY, AND AN ADDITIONAL 27 ASSOCIATIONS TO A SINGLE VARIANT WITH GREATER THAN 50% CERTAINTY. THESE 45 VARIANTS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED FOR PROTEIN-CODING CHANGES (N = 13), DIRECT DISRUPTION OF TRANSCRIPTION-FACTOR BINDING SITES (N = 3), AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MARKS (N = 10), WITH THE LAST CATEGORY SHOWING ENRICHMENT IN SPECIFIC IMMUNE CELLS AMONG ASSOCIATIONS STRONGER IN CROHN'S DISEASE AND IN GUT MUCOSA AMONG ASSOCIATIONS STRONGER IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT HIGH-RESOLUTION FINE-MAPPING IN LARGE SAMPLES CAN CONVERT MANY DISCOVERIES FROM GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES INTO STATISTICALLY CONVINCING CAUSAL VARIANTS, PROVIDING A POWERFUL SUBSTRATE FOR EXPERIMENTAL ELUCIDATION OF DISEASE MECHANISMS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14 6195 17 THE IMPACT OF RECENT ALCOHOL USE ON GENOME WIDE DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES. CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTAKE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE VARIETY OF ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES INCLUDING DEPRESSION, DIABETES, AND HEART DISEASE. UNFORTUNATELY, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THESE EFFECTS ARE CONVEYED ARE NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD. TO EXAMINE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THIS PROCESS, WE EXAMINED THE RELATIONSHIP OF RECENT ALCOHOL INTAKE TO GENOME WIDE METHYLATION PATTERNS USING THE ILLUMINA 450 METHYLATION BEAD CHIP AND LYMPHOBLAST DNA DERIVED FROM 165 FEMALE SUBJECTS PARTICIPATING IN THE IOWA ADOPTION STUDIES. WE FOUND THAT THE PATTERN OF ALCOHOL USE OVER THE 6-MONTHS IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO PHLEBOTOMY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH, SEVERITY-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE DEGREE OF GENOME WIDE METHYLATION THAT PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATE THE CENTRAL PORTION OF CPG ISLANDS WITH METHYLATION AT CG05600126, A PROBE IN ABR, AND THE 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION OF BLCAP ATTAINING GENOME WIDE SIGNIFICANCE IN TWO POINT AND SLIDING WINDOW ANALYSES OF PROBE METHYLATION DATA, RESPECTIVELY. WE CONCLUDE THAT RECENT ALCOHOL USE IS ASSOCIATED WITH WIDESPREAD CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN WOMEN AND THAT FURTHER STUDY TO CONFIRM THESE FINDINGS AND DETERMINE THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO SOMATIC FUNCTION ARE IN ORDER.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
15 1345 23 DETECTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS USING BAYES FACTOR FOR ORDINAL GROUP RESPONSES. RESEARCHERS IN GENOMICS ARE INCREASINGLY INTERESTED IN EPIGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, BECAUSE THEY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT CHANGES IN THE DNA SEQUENCE. THERE HAVE BEEN SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES IN DEVELOPING STATISTICAL METHODS TO DETECT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) ASSOCIATED WITH BINARY DISEASE STATUS. MOST OF THESE METHODS ARE BEING DEVELOPED FOR DETECTING DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION RATES BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS. WE CONSIDER MULTIPLE SEVERITY LEVELS OF DISEASE, AND DEVELOP A BAYESIAN STATISTICAL METHOD TO DETECT THE REGION WITH INCREASING (OR DECREASING) METHYLATION RATES AS THE DISEASE SEVERITY INCREASES. PATIENTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO MORE THAN TWO GROUPS, BASED ON THE DISEASE SEVERITY (E.G., STAGES OF CANCER), AND DMRS ARE DETECTED BY USING MOVING WINDOWS ALONG THE GENOME. WITHIN EACH WINDOW, THE BAYES FACTOR IS CALCULATED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS OF MONOTONIC INCREASE IN METHYLATION RATES CORRESPONDING TO SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE VERSUS NO DIFFERENCE. A MIXED-EFFECT MODEL IS USED TO INCORPORATE THE CORRELATION OF METHYLATION RATES OF NEARBY CPG SITES IN THE REGION. RESULTS FROM EXTENSIVE SIMULATION INDICATE THAT OUR PROPOSED METHOD IS STATISTICALLY VALID AND REASONABLY POWERFUL. WE DEMONSTRATE OUR APPROACH ON A BISULFITE SEQUENCING DATASET FROM A CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) STUDY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16 1628 23 DNMT3A AND TET2 DOMINATE CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS AND DEMONSTRATE BENIGN PHENOTYPES AND DIFFERENT GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AGE-ASSOCIATED CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS CAUSED BY ACQUIRED MUTATIONS IN MYELOID CANCER-ASSOCIATED GENES IS HIGHLY PREVALENT IN THE NORMAL POPULATION. ITS ETIOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL IMPACT ON HEMATOPOIESIS, AND ONCOGENIC RISK IS POORLY DEFINED AT THIS TIME. TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO THIS PHENOMENON, WE ANALYZED A COHORT OF 2530 RELATED AND UNRELATED HEMATOLOGICALLY NORMAL INDIVIDUALS (AGES 55 TO 101 YEARS). WE USED A SENSITIVE GENE-TARGETED DEEP SEQUENCING APPROACH TO GAIN PRECISION ON THE EXACT PREVALENCE OF DRIVER MUTATIONS AND THE PROPORTIONS OF AFFECTED GENES. MUTATIONAL STATUS WAS CORRELATED WITH BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS. WE REPORT A HIGHER OVERALL PREVALENCE OF DRIVER MUTATIONS (13.7%), WHICH OCCURRED MOSTLY (93%) IN DNMT3A OR TET2 AND WERE HIGHLY AGE-CORRELATED. MUTATION IN THESE 2 GENES HAD SOME DISTINCTIVE EFFECTS ON END POINTS. TET2 MUTATIONS WERE MORE AGE-DEPENDENT, ASSOCIATED WITH A MODEST NEUTROPENIC EFFECT (9%, P = .012), DEMONSTRATED FAMILIAL AGGREGATION, AND ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. MUTATIONS IN DNMT3A HAD NO IMPACT ON BLOOD COUNTS OR INDICES. MUTATIONAL BURDEN OF BOTH GENES CORRELATED WITH X-INACTIVATION SKEWING BUT NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WITH AGE-ADJUSTED TELOMERE LENGTH REDUCTION WAS DOCUMENTED. THE DISCORDANCE BETWEEN THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF MUTATIONS IN THESE 2 GENES AND THEIR LIMITED BIOLOGICAL IMPACT RAISE THE QUESTION OF THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DYSREGULATED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS IN NORMAL AGING HEMATOPOIESIS, WHICH MAY INCLUDE SUPPORT TO FAILING HEMATOPOIESIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17 5894 24 T CELL EPIGENETIC REMODELING AND ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING ARE LINKED TO LONG-TERM IMMUNE ALTERATIONS IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS. BACKGROUND: CANCER TREATMENTS HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVED CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVAL BUT ARE ACCOMPANIED BY LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS, NOTABLY CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT CANCER TREATMENTS COULD LEAD TO LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN IMMUNE CELLS, RESULTING IN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASES IN CANCER SURVIVORS. RESULTS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE ESTABLISHED THE EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILES OF IMMUNE CELLS FROM 44 CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS (CCS, > 16 YEARS OLD) ON FULL REMISSION (> 5 YEARS) WHO HAD RECEIVED CHEMOTHERAPY ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION (TBI) AND HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (HSCT). WE FOUND THAT MORE THAN 10 YEARS POST-TREATMENT, CCS TREATED WITH TBI/HSCT SHOWED AN ALTERED DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE IN T CELL, PARTICULARLY AT GENES CONTROLLING IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. DNA METHYLATION REMODELING IN T CELL WAS PARTIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC EXPRESSION CHANGES OF NEARBY GENES, INCREASED FREQUENCY OF TYPE 1 CYTOKINE-PRODUCING T CELL, ELEVATED SYSTEMIC LEVELS OF THESE CYTOKINES, AND OVER-ACTIVATION OF RELATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS. SURVIVORS EXPOSED TO TBI/HSCT WERE FURTHER CHARACTERIZED BY AN EPIGENETIC-AGING-SIGNATURE OF T CELL CONSISTENT WITH ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING. TO INVESTIGATE THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF IRRADIATION TO THESE CHANGES, WE ESTABLISHED TWO CELL CULTURE MODELS. WE IDENTIFIED THAT RADIATION PARTIALLY RECAPITULATED THE IMMUNE CHANGES OBSERVED IN SURVIVORS THROUGH A BYSTANDER EFFECT THAT COULD BE MEDIATED BY CIRCULATING FACTORS. CONCLUSION: CANCER TREATMENTS, IN PARTICULAR TBI/HSCT, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM IMMUNE DISTURBANCES. WE PROPOSE THAT EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF IMMUNE CELLS FOLLOWING CANCER THERAPY AUGMENTS INFLAMMATORY- AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS, IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18 1537 19 DNA METHYLATION IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDER: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY. ANXIETY DISORDERS (AD) TYPICALLY MANIFEST IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AND MIGHT PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THERE ARE STILL FEW DATA CONCERNING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH ONSET, PERSISTENCE OR REMISSION OF AD OVER TIME. WE INVESTIGATED A COHORT OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS AT BASELINE (AGE; 13.19 +/- 2.38) AND AFTER 5 YEARS AND CLASSIFIED THEM ACCORDING TO THE AD DIAGNOSIS AND THEIR LONGITUDINAL TRAJECTORIES INTO 4 GROUPS: (1) TYPICALLY DEVELOPING COMPARISONS (TDC; CONTROL GROUP, N = 14); (2) INCIDENT (AD IN THE SECOND EVALUATION ONLY, N = 11); (3) PERSISTENT (AD IN BOTH EVALUATIONS, N = 14) AND (4) REMITTENT (AD IN THE FIRST EVALUATION ONLY, N = 8). DNA METHYLATION WAS EVALUATED WITH THE INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP FROM SALIVA SAMPLES COLLECTED AT BOTH EVALUATIONS. GENE SET ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED TO CONSIDER BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS. WE FOUND DECREASED DNA METHYLATION IN TDC GROUP WHILE THE CHRONIC CASES OF AD PRESENTED HYPERMETHYLATION IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS. MOREOVER, WE SHOWED THAT THIS PERSISTENT GROUP ALSO PRESENTED HYPERMETHYLATION WHILE THE OTHER THREE GROUPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOMETHYLATION IN NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PATHWAY. INCIDENCE AND REMISSION GROUPS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED AND DECREASED METHYLATION IN NEURON DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS, RESPECTIVELY. LARGER STUDIES ARE LIKELY TO DETECT SPECIFIC GENES RELEVANT TO AD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19 3555 27 IMPACT OF AGE, ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, AND CANCER ON EPIGENETIC AGING IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV. BACKGROUND: PREMATURE AGING HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A GLOBAL RISK FACTOR FOR CANCER. CAUSES OF PREMATURE AGING ARE MULTIFACTORIAL, INCLUDING INFLAMMATION, INFECTION, CHRONIC STRESS, AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS. METHOD: WE EVALUATED WHETHER PREMATURE AGING IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) OR THE DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER. WE USED WELL-ESTABLISHED DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS TO ASSESS PREMATURE AGING, USING HORVATH ET AL., IN INDIVIDUALS WITH HIV LOCATED IN CLEVELAND, OHIO AND COMPARED THESE TO STANDARDIZED DATASETS OF US HISTORICAL BLOOD SAMPLES. SOME OF THE PLWH DEVELOPED CANCER OVER TIME. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED ACCELERATED AGING IN PLWH WHEREAS ART THERAPY MITIGATED THE ADVANCEMENT OF DNA METHYLATION AGE. A VARIETY OF CANCERS WERE OBSERVED IN THIS POPULATION, BUT A CANCER DIAGNOSIS WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH MORE ADVANCED DNA METHYLATION AGE. CONCLUSION: WE FIND THAT THE AGE ACCELERATION DETECTED IN PLWH IS MITIGATED BY ART THERAPY AND IS NOT FURTHER ACCELERATED BY A DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20 6720 22 VITAMIN D METABOLISM GENES ARE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. CONTEXT: RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VITAMIN D MAY INTERACT WITH THE EPIGENOME AND PLAY A ROLE IN THE PAIN EXPERIENCE. IN ORDER FOR PROPER FUNCTIONING TO OCCUR, THERE MUST BE AN ADEQUATE LEVEL OF VITAMIN D PRESENT, MADE POSSIBLE BY ENZYMATIC REACTIONS THAT ALLOW VITAMIN D TO BE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF GENES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. PROCEDURES: COMMUNITY-DWELLING INDIVIDUALS RECRUITED AS PART OF A LARGER STUDY FOCUSED ON KNEE PAIN PROVIDED DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL AND PAIN-RELATED INFORMATION, AS WELL AS AN INTRAVENOUS BLOOD SAMPLE TO DETERMINE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AT CPG SITES. MAIN FINDINGS: THERE WERE DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION BETWEEN THOSE WITH AND WITHOUT PAIN IN GENES THAT CODE FOR ENZYMES RELATED TO VITAMIN D METABOLISM: CYP24A1 (24-HYDROXYLASE) AND CYP27B1 (1-?-HYDROXYLASE). THERE WAS ALSO HYPERMETHYLATION ON THE GENE THAT CODES FOR THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR). PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXPRESSION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM AND CELLULAR FUNCTION. THESE RESULTS LAY GROUNDWORK IN UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CHRONIC PAIN.	2023