1  162 104 ABL1 METHYLATION IN PH-POSITIVE ALL IS EXCLUSIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE P210 FORM OF BCR-ABL. IN HUMAN PH-POSITIVE LEUKEMIA THERE IS A CLEAR ASSOCIATION OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE BCR-ABL ONCOGENE WITH DISTINCT TYPES OF LEUKEMIA. THE P190 FORM OF BCR-ABL IS RARELY OBSERVED IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) BUT IS PRESENT IN 50% OF PH-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL). IN CONTRAST, THE P210 FORM IS OBSERVED BOTH IN CML AND 50% OF PH-POSITIVE ALL. METHYLATION OF THE PROXIMAL PROMOTER OF THE ABL1 GENE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE A NEARLY UNIVERSAL EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL PROGRESSION OF CML. THIS RAISES THE QUESTION OF WHETHER METHYLATION OF THE ABL1 PROMOTER IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH PH-POSITIVE ALL. TO STUDY THIS ISSUE, WE USED METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE ABL1 PROMOTER IN 18 PH-POSITIVE ALL SAMPLES. WE REPORT HERE THAT GENE-SPECIFIC ABL1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED MAINLY WITH THE P210 FORM OF BCR-ABL AND NOT THE P190 FORM. WHILE SIX OUT OF THE SEVEN P210-POSITIVE ALL SAMPLES HAD ABL1 PROMOTER METHYLATION, NONE OF THE 11 P190-POSITIVE ALL SAMPLES DEMONSTRATED ABL1 PROMOTER METHYLATION. IN ADDITION, WE ESTIMATED THE EXTENT AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF ABL1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN SEVERAL PH-POSITIVE ALL SAMPLES AND COMPARED IT TO THE METHYLATION PATTERN IN CHRONIC, ACCELERATED AND BLASTIC CRISIS PHASES OF CML. WE PUT FORTH A MODEL THAT CORRELATES THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEUKEMIAS WITH THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ABL1 PROMOTER METHYLATION.	2001	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  139  30 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB AND SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. THE EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. TO ELUCIDATE ITS ROLE WE ANALYZED 120 PATIENTS WITH CML FOR METHYLATION OF PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED CPG ISLANDS OF 10 GENES. FIVE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY DNA METHYLATION SCREENING IN THE K562 CELL LINE AND 3 GENES IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. THE CDKN2B GENE WAS SELECTED FOR ITS FREQUENT METHYLATION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES AND ABL1 AS THE TARGET OF BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION. THIRTY PATIENTS WERE IMATINIB-NAIVE (MOSTLY TREATED BY INTERFERON-ALPHA BEFORE THE IMATINIB ERA), 30 WERE IMATINIB-RESPONSIVE, 50 WERE IMATINIB-RESISTANT, AND 10 WERE IMATINIB-INTOLERANT. WE QUANTIFIED DNA METHYLATION BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS 4.5 PER PATIENT IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, INCREASING SIGNIFICANTLY TO 6.2 IN THE ACCELERATED AND 6.4 IN THE BLASTIC PHASE. HIGHER NUMBERS OF METHYLATED GENES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT OR INTOLERANT TO IMATINIB. THESE PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED ALMOST EXCLUSIVE METHYLATION OF A PUTATIVE TRANSPORTER OSCP1. ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF A SRC SUPPRESSOR GENE PDLIM4 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL INDEPENDENTLY OF CML STAGE AND IMATINIB RESPONSIVENESS. WE CONCLUDE THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CML PROGRESSION AND THAT DNA METHYLATION COULD BE A MARKER ASSOCIATED WITH IMATINIB RESISTANCE. FINALLY, DNA METHYLATION OF PDLIM4 MAY HELP IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF CML PATIENTS THAT WOULD BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH SRC/ABL INHIBITORS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3 5259  33 PROGRESSIVE DE NOVO DNA METHYLATION AT THE BCR-ABL LOCUS IN THE COURSE OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. DE NOVO METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IS A RARE EVENT IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES, SUCH AS X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION AND GENOMIC IMPRINTING. THE METHYLATION OF DNA, AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION, MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN TUMORIGENESIS. AFTER THE T(9;22) CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION AND GENERATION OF THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME, THE INITIATING EVENT IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML), MOST OF THE ABL CODING SEQUENCE IS FUSED TO THE 5' REGION OF THE BCR GENE. EXPRESSION OF THE HYBRID BCR-ABL GENE IS, THEREFORE, REGULATED BY THE BCR PROMOTER. IN MOST CASES OF CML, ONE OF THE TWO ABL PROMOTERS (PA) IS NESTED WITHIN THE BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPTIONAL UNIT AND SHOULD BE ABLE TO TRANSCRIBE THE TYPE IA 6-KB NORMAL ABL MRNA FROM THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME. HOWEVER, WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE 6-KB TRANSCRIPT IS PRESENT ONLY IN CML CELL LINES CONTAINING A NORMAL ABL ALLELE AND THAT THE APPARENT INACTIVATION OF THE NESTED PA PROMOTER IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALLELE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE NOTICED THAT THE PA PROMOTER IS CONTAINED WITHIN A CPG ISLAND AND UNDERGOES PROGRESSIVE DE NOVO METHYLATION IN THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE. THIS IS ATTESTED TO BY THE FACT THAT DNA SAMPLES FROM CML PATIENTS THAT ARE METHYLATION-FREE AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS INVARIABLY BECOME METHYLATED IN ADVANCED CML. SINCE TUMOR PROGRESSION IN CML CANNOT ALWAYS BE INFERRED FROM THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION, ASSESSMENT OF DE NOVO CPG METHYLATION MAY PROVE TO BE OF CRITICAL VALUE IN MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE. IT COULD HERALD BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION AT A STAGE WHEN BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, THE ONLY POTENTIALLY CURATIVE THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURE IN CML, IS STILL EFFECTIVE.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4 5669  27 SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP GENES HAS BEEN SHOWN TO LEAD TO CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT-SIGNALING PATHWAY. THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF DEREGULATED WNT-SIGNALING ACTIVATION IN A HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY WAS REPORTED IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OBSERVED WNT ACTIVATION IN CML, WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION AND MUTATIONAL STATUS OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER IN 48 CHRONIC PHASE CML PATIENTS. OF THE 48 CML PATIENTS 41 WERE SHOWN TO BE UNMETHYLATED, 6 PATIENTS HEMI-METHYLATED AND 1 PATIENT FULLY METHYLATED AT THE SFRP1 PROMOTER. ALBEIT OBSERVED INFREQUENTLY IN CHRONIC PHASE CML, SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH PRIMARY CYTOGENETIC RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB MESYLATE. SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY INDICATE A GENETICALLY MORE UNSTABLE FORM OF DISEASE RESISTANT TO THERAPY AND PROVIDE A KEY BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE IN THERAPY RESISTANT PATIENTS, IN ADDITION TO A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE OBSERVED ACTIVATION OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING IN CML.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5 3532  35 IMATINIB INDEPENDENT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF NOV/CCN3 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: A MECHANISM UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION? BACKGROUND: THE NOV GENE PRODUCT, CCN3, HAS BEEN REPORTED IN A DIVERSE RANGE OF TUMORS TO SERVE AS A NEGATIVE GROWTH REGULATOR, WHILE ACTING AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF ITS SILENCING IN CML IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO QUERY IF THE GENE REGULATION OF CCN3 IS MEDIATED BY THE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE PATIENTS WITH CML. IN ADDITION, TO CLARIFY WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS AFFECTED BY BCR-ABL1 INHIBITION, WE ASSESSED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS FOLLOWING THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION USING IMATINIB THERAPY, AS THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR THIS TYPE OF LEUKEMIA. METHODS: TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE APPLIED BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE AS A HIGH-RESOLUTION METHOD TO STUDY THE REGULATORY SEGMENT OF THE CCN3 GENE. THE RESULTS WERE ANALYZED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CML PATIENTS AS WELL AS FOLLOWING IMATINIB THERAPY. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE CORRELATION OF CCN3 PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH BCR-ABL1 LEVELS. RESULTS: OUR FINDINGS REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURS FREQUENTLY IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF CML PATIENTS SHOWING A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF THE METHYLATED PERCENTAGE AT THE CPG SITES COMPARED TO NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, THIS HYPERMETHYLATION WAS INDICATED TO BE INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 TITERS IN BOTH GROUPS, WHICH MIGHT SUGGEST A MECHANISM BEYOND THE BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: DESPITE SUGGESTING THAT THE CCN3 HYPERMETHYLATION ACTS AS A MOLECULAR MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION IN CML PATIENTS, THIS SCENARIO REQUIRES FURTHER VALIDATION BY COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. IN THE CASE OF ACTING UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 SIGNALING, THE METHYLATION MARKER CAN PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION AND A NOVEL PLATFORM FOR TARGETED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS FOR EFFICIENT TREATMENT IN IMATINIB RESISTANT PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6 4388  40 MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C EXPRESSION CORRELATES WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION AND RESPONSE TO IMATINIB MESYLATE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A CLONAL MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM WHOSE PATHOGENESIS IS LINKED TO THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME PRESENCE THAT GENERATES THE BCR-ABL1 FUSION ONCOGENE. TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) SUCH AS IMATINIB MESYLATE (IM) DRAMATICALLY IMPROVED THE TREATMENT EFFICIENCY AND SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS BY TARGETING BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE. THE DISEASE SHOWS THREE DISTINCT CLINICAL-LABORATORY STAGES: CHRONIC PHASE, ACCELERATED PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS. ALTHOUGH PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE RESPOND WELL TO TREATMENT, PATIENTS IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE OR BLAST CRISIS USUALLY SHOW THERAPY RESISTANCE AND CML RELAPSE. IT IS CRUCIAL, THEREFORE, TO IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS TO PREDICT CML GENETIC EVOLUTION AND RESISTANCE TO TKI THERAPY, CONSIDERING NOT ONLY THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC ABERRATIONS BUT ALSO THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING THE DISEASE. ALTHOUGH DYSREGULATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODULATORS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLTRASNFERASES HAVE ALREADY BEEN DESCRIBED FOR SOME HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, TO DATE VERY LIMITED DATA IS AVAILABLE FOR CML, ESPECIALLY WHEN CONSIDERING THE LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C. METHODS: HERE WE INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF BOTH GENES IN CML PATIENTS IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE DISEASE, IN PATIENTS SHOWING DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO THERAPY WITH IM AND IN NON-NEOPLASTIC CONTROL SAMPLES. IMATINIB SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT CML CELL LINES WERE ALSO USED TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER TREATMENT WITH OTHER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS INTERFERED IN THEIR EXPRESSION. RESULTS: IN PATIENTS, BOTH METHYLTRANSFERASES WERE EITHER UPREGULATED OR WITH BASAL EXPRESSION LEVEL DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE COMPARED TO CONTROLS. INTERESTINGLY, MLL3/KMT2C AND SPECIALLY MLL2/KMT2D LEVELS DECREASED DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION CORRELATING WITH DISTINCT CLINICAL STAGES. FURTHERMORE, MLL2/KMT2D WAS DECREASED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT TO IM TREATMENT. A RESCUE IN THE EXPRESSION OF BOTH MLL GENES WAS OBSERVED IN KCL22S, A CML CELL LINE SENSITIVE TO IM, AFTER TREATMENT WITH DASATINIB OR NILOTINIB WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER RATE OF APOPTOSIS, AN ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF P21 (CDKN1A) AND A CONCOMITANT DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF CDK2, CDK4 AND CYCLIN B1 (CCNB1) IN COMPARISON TO UNTREATED KCL22S CONTROL OR IM RESISTANT KCL22R CELL LINE, WHICH SUGGESTS INVOLVEMENT OF P53 REGULATED PATHWAY. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS ESTABLISHED A NEW ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C GENES WITH CML AND SUGGEST THAT MLL2/KMT2D IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE EVOLUTION AND MAY BE A POTENTIAL MARKER TO PREDICT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPY RESISTANCE.	2018	

7 4694  31 NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IDENTIFIES MAJOR DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING PROGRESSION OF PH+ CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION ON THE EVOLUTION/PROGRESSION OF PH+ CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLOME OF CML PATIENTS IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP-CML), ACCELERATED PHASE (AP-CML) AND BLAST CRISIS (BC-CML) AS WELL AS IN CONTROLS BY REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING. ALTHOUGH ONLY ~600 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES WERE IDENTIFIED IN SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM CP-CML PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, ~6500 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES WERE FOUND IN SAMPLES FROM BC-CML PATIENTS. IN THE MAJORITY OF AFFECTED CPG SITES, METHYLATION WAS INCREASED. IN CP-CML PATIENTS WHO PROGRESSED TO AP-CML/BC-CML, WE IDENTIFIED UP TO 897 GENES THAT WERE METHYLATED AT THE TIME OF PROGRESSION BUT NOT AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS. USING RNA-SEQUENCING, WE OBSERVED DOWNREGULATED EXPRESSION OF MANY OF THESE GENES IN BC-CML COMPARED WITH CP-CML SAMPLES. SEVERAL OF THEM ARE WELL-KNOWN TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES OR REGULATORS OF CELL PROLIFERATION, AND GENE RE-EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED BY THE USE OF EPIGENETIC ACTIVE DRUGS. TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT CPG SITE METHYLATION CLEARLY INCREASES DURING CML PROGRESSION AND THAT IT MAY PROVIDE A USEFUL BASIS FOR REVEALING NEW TARGETS OF THERAPY IN ADVANCED CML.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  163  45 ABL1 METHYLATION IS A DISTINCT MOLECULAR EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH CLONAL EVOLUTION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. METHYLATION OF THE PROXIMAL PROMOTER OF THE ABL1 ONCOGENE IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN THIS STUDY WE QUERIED WHETHER BOTH THE PH'-ASSOCIATED AND NORMAL ABL1 ALLELES UNDERGO METHYLATION; WHAT MAY BE THE PROPORTION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS BEARING METHYLATED ABL1 PROMOTERS IN CHRONIC VERSUS ACUTE PHASE DISEASE; WHETHER METHYLATION AFFECTS THE PROMOTER UNIFORMLY OR IN PATCHES WITH DISCRETE CLINICAL RELEVANCE; AND, FINALLY, WHETHER METHYLATION OF ABL1 REFLECTS A GENERALIZED PROCESS OR IS GENE-SPECIFIC. TO ADDRESS THESE ISSUES, WE ADAPTED THE TECHNIQUES OF METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TO STUDY THE REGULATORY REGIONS OF ABL1 AND OTHER GENES WITH A ROLE IN DNA REPAIR OR GENOTOXIC STRESS RESPONSE. IN CELL LINES ESTABLISHED FROM CML BLAST CRISIS, WHICH ONLY CARRY A SINGLE ABL1 ALLELE NESTED WITHIN THE BCR-ABL FUSION GENE, ABL1 PROMOTERS WERE UNIVERSALLY METHYLATED. BY CONTRAST, IN CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS AT ADVANCED STAGES OF DISEASE, BOTH METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED PROMOTER ALLELES WERE DETECTABLE. TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ALLELE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION AND A MIXED CELL POPULATION PATTERN, WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF ABL1 IN COLONIES DERIVED FROM SINGLE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT BOTH METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED PROMOTER ALLELES COEXISTED IN THE SAME COLONY. FURTHERMORE, ABL1 METHYLATION WAS NOTED IN THE VAST MAJORITY OF COLONIES FROM BLAST CRISIS, BUT NOT CHRONIC-PHASE CML. BOTH CELL LINES AND CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM ACUTE-PHASE CML SHOWED NEARLY UNIFORM HYPERMETHYLATION ALONG THE PROMOTER REGION. FINALLY, WE SHOWED THAT ABL1 METHYLATION DOES NOT REFLECT A GENERALIZED PROCESS AND MAY BE UNIQUE AMONG DNA REPAIR/GENOTOXIC STRESS RESPONSE GENES. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT SPECIFIC METHYLATION OF THE PH'-ASSOCIATED ABL1 ALLELE ACCOMPANIES CLONAL EVOLUTION IN CML.	1999	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 6249  36 THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE MAJOR BREAKPOINT CLUSTER REGION IN HUMAN LEUKEMIA CELLS, INCLUDING PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME-POSITIVE CELLS, IS LINKED TO THE LINEAGE OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS. THE PHILADELPHIA (PH) TRANSLOCATION [T(9;22)(Q34;Q11)] IS THE MOST COMMON GENETIC ABNORMALITY IN HUMAN LEUKEMIA; A TRANSPOSITION OF THE ABL GENE TO THE MAJOR-BREAKPOINT CLUSTER REGION (M-BCR) IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOGENESIS IN PH+ CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (PH+ CML) AND IN SOME CASES OF PH+ ACUTE LEUKEMIA (PH+ AL). OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE METHYLATION OF HUMAN GENOMES ALLOWS US TO CONSIDER THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON AND THE CONTROL OF DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE M-BCR IS ASSOCIATED WITH BREAKPOINT-LOCALIZATION IN THIS REGION AND WITH THE LINEAGE OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS, WE HAVE EXAMINED 28 PATIENTS WITH PH+ LEUKEMIAS, INCLUDING NINE WITH PH+ AL, SIX PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA WITHOUT PH (PH- AML), AND FIVE PATIENTS WITH PH- ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (PH- ALL); USING THE RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ISOCHIZOMERS, MSPI AND HPAII. IN CML PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, THE HYPOMETHYLATED STATUS WITHIN THE NORMAL M-BCR ALLELE IS HETEROGENEOUS. IN CONTRAST, PATIENTS WITH PH+ CML IN THE LYMPHOID BLAST CRISIS PHASE EXHIBITED A 2.5/2.7 KB BAND WITH A COMPLETE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE GERMLINE M-BCR FRAGMENT (TYPE L). THIS PATTERN IS CONSISTENTLY NOTED IN PH- ALL CELLS, AND THE PATTERN IS QUITE DIFFERENT FROM THAT FOUND IN MYELOID BLAST CRISIS OR PH- AML (TYPE M). IN PATIENTS WITH M-BCR-NONREARRANGED PH+ ALL, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE M-BCR METHYLATION PATTERNS ARE CELL-LINEAGE SPECIFIC BUT SOME PH+ ALL CELLS HAD A HYPOMETHYLATION PATTERN THAT WAS IDENTICAL TO THAT OBSERVED IN PH- AML, SUGGESTING A DISTINCTION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY OF LEUKEMIA CELLS WITH THE PH CHROMOSOME, ESPECIALLY PH+ AL.	1993	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10 1593  34 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING REVEALS A PATHOLOGICAL SIGNATURE THAT CONTRIBUTES TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL DEFECTS OF CD34(+) CD15(-) CELLS IN EARLY CHRONIC-PHASE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. DESPITE THE HIGH EFFICIENCY OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI), SOME PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) WILL DISPLAY RESIDUAL DISEASE THAT CAN BECOME RESISTANT TO TREATMENT, INDICATING INTRACLONAL HETEROGENEITY IN CHRONIC-PHASE CML (CP-CML). TO DETERMINE THE BASIS OF THIS HETEROGENEITY, WE CONDUCTED THE FIRST EXHAUSTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN OF SORTED CP-CML CD34(+) CD15(-) (IMMATURE) AND CD34(-) CD15(+) (MATURE) CELLS AT DIAGNOSIS (PRIOR TO ANY TREATMENT) AND COMPARED IT TO THAT OF CD34(+) CD15(-) AND CD34(-) CD15(+) CELLS ISOLATED FROM HEALTHY DONORS (HD). IN BOTH CELL TYPES, WE IDENTIFIED SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) SHOWING DNA METHYLATION CHANGES BETWEEN CP-CML AND HD SAMPLES, WITH ONLY A SUBSET OF THEM IN COMMON BETWEEN CD34(+) CD15(-) AND CD34(-) CD15(+) CELLS. THIS SUGGESTED DNA METHYLATION VARIABILITY WITHIN THE SAME CML CLONE. WE ALSO IDENTIFIED 70 GENES THAT COULD BE ABERRANTLY REPRESSED UPON HYPERMETHYLATION AND 171 GENES THAT COULD BE ABERRANTLY EXPRESSED UPON HYPOMETHYLATION OF SOME OF THESE DMRS IN CP-CML CELLS, AMONG WHICH 18 AND 81, RESPECTIVELY, WERE IN CP-CML CD34(+) CD15(-) CELLS ONLY. WE THEN VALIDATED THE DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION DEFECTS OF SELECTED CANDIDATE GENES. SPECIFICALLY, WE IDENTIFIED GAS2, A CANDIDATE ONCOGENE, AS A NEW EXAMPLE OF GENE THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH ROBUST OVEREXPRESSION IN CP-CML CELLS. ALTOGETHER, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT DNA METHYLATION ABNORMALITIES EXIST AT EARLY STAGES OF CML AND CAN AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LANDSCAPE OF MALIGNANT CELLS. THESE OBSERVATIONS COULD LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINATION TREATMENTS WITH EPIGENETIC DRUGS AND TKI FOR CP-CML.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11 6366  40 THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN CML. METHYLATION OF THE PROXIMAL PROMOTER OF THE ABL1 ONCOGENE IS COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN PRESENTED STUDY WE QUERIED WHETHER BOTH THE PH'-ASSOCIATED AND NORMAL ABL1 ALLELES UNDERGO METHYLATION; WHAT MAY BE THE PROPORTION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS BEARING METHYLATED ABL1 PROMOTERS IN CHRONIC VERSUS ACUTE PHASE DISEASE; WHETHER METHYLATION AFFECTS THE PROMOTER UNIFORMLY OR IN PATCHES WITH DISCRETE CLINICAL RELEVANCE; AND, FINALLY WHETHER METHYLATION OF ABL1 REFLECTS A GENERALIZED PROCESS OR IS GENE-SPECIFIC. TO ADDRESS THESE ISSUES, THE TECHNIQUE OF METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE-SEQUENCING WAS ADAPTED TO STUDY THE REGULATORY REGIONS OF ABL1 AND OTHER GENES. IN CELL LINES ESTABLISHED FROM CML BLAST CRISIS, WHICH ONLY CARRY A SINGLE ABL1 ALLELE NESTED WITHIN THE BCR-ABL FUSION GENE, ABL1 PROMOTERS WERE UNIVERSALLY METHYLATED. IN CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS AT ADVANCED STAGES OF THE DISEASE, BOTH METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED PROMOTER ALLELES WERE DETECTABLE. IN COLONIES DERIVED FROM SINGLE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED PROMOTER ALLELES WERE REVEALED AS WELL. ABL1 METHYLATION WAS WAS NOTED IN THE VAST MAJORITY OF COLONIES FROM BLAST CRISIS, BUT NOT CHRONIC-PHASE CML. IT WAS SHOWN FINALLY THAT ABL1 METHYLATION DOES NOT REFLECT A GENERALIZED PROCESS AND MAY BE UNIQUE AMONG DNA REPAIR/GENOTOXIC STRESS RESPONSE GENES. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT SPECIFIC METHYLATION OF THE PH'-ASSOCIATED ABL1 ALLELE ACCOMPANIES CLONAL EVOLUTION IN CML.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12 3530  29 IMATINIB (ST1571) PROVIDES ONLY LIMITED SELECTIVITY FOR CML CELLS AND TREATMENT MIGHT BE COMPLICATED BY SILENT BCR-ABL GENES. VERY PROMISING RESULTS HAVE BEEN OBTAINED IN CLINICAL TRIALS ON CHRONIC-PHASE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CP-CML) PATIENTS TREATED WITH IMATINIB MESYLATE (IM; GLEEVECR, STI571), A BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR. HOWEVER, WE FOUND THAT IM CAUSED CONSIDERABLE INHIBITION OF NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS UPON TREATING CONTROL BONE MARROW (BM) CULTURES. IN VITRO IM TREATMENT GAVE A DECREASE IN THE YIELD AND SIZE OF COLONIES FROM BM OF UNTREATED CP-CML PATIENTS THAT WAS ONLY TWO TO THREE TIMES THAT FROM THE NORMAL SAMPLES. MOREOVER, ABOUT 30% OF MYELOID PROGENITORS (CFU-GM) FROM CML BM STILL FORMED COLONIES IN THE PRESENCE OF IM, MOST OF WHICH HAD BCR-ABL RNA. ABOUT HALF OF THESE TREATED COLONIES ALSO DISPLAYED METHYLATION OF THE INTERNAL ABL PA PROMOTER, A CML-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC ALTERATION, WHICH WAS USED IN THIS STUDY AS A MARKER FOR BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION-CONTAINING CELLS. HOWEVER, ~5-8% OF THE TREATED OR THE UNTREATED CML BM-DERIVED COLONIES HAD NO DETECTABLE BCR-ABL RNA BY TWO OR THREE ROUNDS OF RT-PCR DESPITE BEING POSITIVE FOR THE INTERNAL STANDARD RNA AND DISPLAYING HALLMARKS OF CML, EITHER T(9;22)(Q34;QL 1) OR ABL PA METHYLATION. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT IM IS ONLY PARTIALLY SPECIFIC FOR CML PROGENITOR CELLS COMPARED TO NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS AND SUGGEST THAT SOME CML CELLS MAY HAVE A SILENT BCR-ABL ONCOGENE THAT COULD INTERFERE WITH THERAPY.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13 2971  24 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MICRORNA-203 ENHANCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. THE MAMMALIAN GENOME CONTAINS SEVERAL HUNDRED MICRORNAS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH MODULATION OF TARGET MRNAS. HERE, WE REPORT A FRAGILE CHROMOSOMAL REGION LOST IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THIS 7 MB REGION ENCODES ABOUT 12% OF ALL GENOMIC MICRORNAS, INCLUDING MIR-203. THIS MICRORNA IS ADDITIONALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN SEVERAL HEMATOPOIETIC TUMORS, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIAS AND SOME ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIAS. A PUTATIVE MIR-203 TARGET, ABL1, IS SPECIFICALLY ACTIVATED IN THESE HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES IN SOME CASES AS A BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME). RE-EXPRESSION OF MIR-203 REDUCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN LEVELS AND INHIBITS TUMOR CELL PROLIFERATION IN AN ABL1-DEPENDENT MANNER. THUS, MIR-203 FUNCTIONS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND RE-EXPRESSION OF THIS MICRORNA MIGHT HAVE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14  149  31 ABERRANT HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER CPG REGIONS OF GENES RELATED TO THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS CHARACTERIZES ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA DISEASE, POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS AND POOR SURVIVAL. BACKGROUND: THERE IS STRONG EVIDENCE THAT DISEASE PROGRESSION, DRUG RESPONSE AND OVERALL CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF CML DISEASE ARE NOT ONLY DECIDED BY BCR/ABL1 ONCOPROTEIN BUT DEPEND ON ACCUMULATION OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS. DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IS IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIETY OF DISEASES. DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN DISEASE PROGRESSION, DRUG RESPONSE AND CLINICAL OUTCOME OF VARIOUS DISEASES. THEREFORE IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF ABERRANT HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS OF DIFFERENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN RELATION TO CML DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESPONSE TO IMATINIB THERAPY AND CLINICAL OUTCOME. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 150 CML PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT CLINICAL STAGES OF THE DISEASE. PATIENTS WERE FOLLOWED UP FOR 48 MONTHS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL/MOLECULAR RESPONSES WERE ANALYSED. HAEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE WAS ANALYSED BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR. BCR/ABL1 SPECIFIC TAQMAN PROBE BASED QRT-PCR WAS USED FOR ASSESSING THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE OF CML PATIENTS ON IMATINIB THERAPY. PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF THE GENES WAS CHARACTERIZED USING MS-PCR. RESULTS: WE OBSERVED THAT PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A AND P14ARF(ARF) GENES CHARACTERIZE ADVANCED CML DISEASE AND POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS. ALTHOUGH, CYTOKINE SIGNALLING (SOCS1) GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN ADVANCED STAGES OF CML AND ACCUMULATED IN PATIENTS WITH POOR IMATINIB RESPONSE, BUT THE DIFFERENCES WERE NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. MOREOVER, WE FOUND HYPERMETHYLATION OF P14(ARF), RASSF1 AND P16(INK4A) GENES AND CYTOKINE SIGNALLING GENE (SOCS1) SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS ON IMATINIB THERAPY. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY ARE IN AGREEMENT OF THE ROLE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF DIFFERENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSION, POOR IMATINIB RESPONSE AND OVERALL CLINICAL OUTCOME. CONCLUSION: IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A AND P14ARF(ARF) GENES IS A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSIONS, DEFINES POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS AND POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS TO IMATINIB THERAPY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  151  33 ABERRANT METHYLATION AND IMPAIRED EXPRESSION OF THE P15(INK4B) CELL CYCLE REGULATORY GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). THE IMPORTANT CELL CYCLE REGULATORY GENE P15(INK4B) HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE INACTIVATED IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THIS GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) THAT BELONGS TO THE MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS (MDS/MPD) WITH A HIGH PROPORTION OF BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. ANALYSIS OF BONE MARROW TREPHINES IN A SERIES OF 33 CMML CASES SHOWED AN ABERRANT P15(INK4B) GENE METHYLATION IN UP TO 58% OF CASES. METHYLATION WAS ANALYZED EMPLOYING DIFFERENT METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND GENOMIC SEQUENCING PROTOCOLS. IT TURNED OUT TO BE SPREAD OVER A BROAD AREA OF THE 5' REGION AND EXHIBITED SUBSTANTIAL HETEROGENEITY BETWEEN CASES AND EVEN IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. THE DEGREE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION WAS CORRELATED WITH A REDUCED MRNA AS WELL AS REDUCED PROTEIN EXPRESSION, AND WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DNMT 3A. WE CONCLUDE THAT ABERRANT GENE METHYLATION IS A FREQUENT EVENT IN CMML THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS MDS/MPD.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16 2719  24 EXOME SEQUENCING REVEALS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 VARIANTS ASSOCIATE WITH PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AFTER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THERAPY. OBJECTIVE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) HAS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, APPROXIMATELY ONE THIRD OF PATIENTS ARE RESISTANT TO TKI AND/OR PROGRESS TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES. TKI THERAPY FAILURE HAS A WELL-KNOWN ASSOCIATION WITH ABL1 KINASE DOMAIN (KD) MUTATIONS, BUT ONLY AROUND HALF OF TKI NON-RESPONDERS HAVE DETECTABLE ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. METHOD: WE ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY GENETIC MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH TKI THERAPY FAILURE IN 13 PATIENTS (5 RESISTANT, 8 PROGRESSED) WITHOUT ABL1 KD MUTATIONS USING WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING. RESULTS: IN 6 PATIENTS, WE DETECTED MUTATIONS IN 6 GENES COMMONLY MUTATED IN OTHER MYELOID NEOPLASMS: ABL1, ASXL1, DNMT3A, IDH1, SETBP1, AND TP63. WE THEN USED TARGETED DEEP SEQUENCING TO VALIDATE OUR FINDING IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT CONSISTING OF 100 CML PATIENTS WITH VARYING DRUG RESPONSES (74 RESPONSIVE, 18 RESISTANT, AND 8 PROGRESSED PATIENTS). MUTATIONS IN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS SUCH AS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 SEEM TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION AND TKI-RESISTANCE INDEPENDENT OF ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TKI RESISTANT PROGRESSION TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES IN CML, PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS LACKING ABL1 KD MUTATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17   59  33 A GENOME-WIDE SCREEN IDENTIFIES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED GENES IN HAEMATOLOGICAL AND EPITHELIAL CANCERS. BACKGROUND: GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF BOTH EPITHELIAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENS ARE REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT CAN BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC PURPOSES ACROSS MALIGNANCIES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE USE OF THE MIRA ASSAY (METHYLATED CPG ISLAND RECOVERY ASSAY) IN COMBINATION WITH GENOME-WIDE CPG ISLAND ARRAYS TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MARKERS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. WE IDENTIFIED 30 GENES DEMONSTRATING METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF > OR =25% IN CHILDHOOD ALL, NINE GENES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN B VS T-ALL. FOR MAJORITY OF THE GENES EXPRESSION COULD BE RESTORED IN METHYLATED LEUKEMIA LINES AFTER TREATMENT WITH 5-AZADC. FORTY-FOUR PERCENT OF THE GENES REPRESENT TARGETS OF THE POLYCOMB COMPLEX. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) TWO OF THE GENES, (TFAP2A AND EBF2), DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BLAST CRISIS COMPARED TO CHRONIC PHASE (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE HYPERMETHYLATION OF AN AUTOPHAGY RELATED GENE ATG16L2 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB TREATMENT. LASTLY WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TEN OF THESE GENES WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS. CONCLUSION: IN SUMMARY WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES SHOWING FREQUENT METHYLATION IN CHILDHOOD ALL, METHYLATION STATUS OF TWO OF THESE GENES IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE IN CML AND METHYLATION STATUS OF ANOTHER GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGNOSIS. IN ADDITION A SUBSET OF THESE GENES MAY ACT AS EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AS WELL AS COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 4243  30 METHYLATION STATUS OF CEBPA GENE PROMOTER IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CCAAT/ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA IS ONE OF THE CRUCIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS FOR MYELOID CELL DEVELOPMENT THAT HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE INVOLVED IN HEMATOPOIETIC DIFFERENTIATION AND LEUKEMIOGENESIS. RECENTLY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CEBPA EXPRESSION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN LEUKEMIA. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CEBPA GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CEBPA PROMOTER WAS STUDIED IN 100 PATIENTS WITH CML AND 98 NORMAL HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS FROM HYDERABAD, INDIA, USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE ABERRANT METHYLATION OF CEBPA GENE PROMOTER WAS FOUND IN 32 OF THE 100 CML CASES. A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE FREQUENCY OF CEBPA GENE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND THE CML STAGES (P = 0.017), BUT ASSOCIATION WITH RESPECT TO AGE AND GENDER OF THE PATIENT WAS NOT FOUND. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE CPG ISLAND OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF THIS GENE MIGHT BE A COMMON EVENT IN CML, AND SYSTEMIC EXPRESSION STUDIES WILL BE NEEDED TO UNFOLD THE ROLE OF CEBPA PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRESSION, AND PROGNOSIS OF CML.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  536  24 ASXL1 MUTATIONS PREDICT INFERIOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO NILOTINIB TREATMENT IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. GENE MUTATIONS INDEPENDENT OF BCR::ABL1 HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IN CHRONIC PHASE, WHEREBY MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODIFIER GENES WERE MOST COMMON. THESE FINDINGS PROMPTED THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF PREVALENCE, DYNAMICS, AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SUCH MUTATIONS, IN A CLINICALLY WELL-CHARACTERIZED PATIENT POPULATION OF 222 CML PATIENTS FROM THE TIGER STUDY (CML-V) BY TARGETED NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING COVERING 54 MYELOID LEUKEMIA-ASSOCIATED GENES. IN TOTAL, 53/222 CML PATIENTS (24%) CARRIED 60 MUTATIONS AT DIAGNOSIS WITH ASXL1 BEING MOST COMMONLY AFFECTED (N = 20). TO STUDY MUTATION DYNAMICS, LONGITUDINAL DEEP SEQUENCING ANALYSIS OF SERIAL SAMPLES WAS PERFORMED IN 100 PATIENTS AFTER 12, 24, AND 36 MONTHS OF THERAPY. TYPICAL PATTERNS OF CLONAL EVOLUTION INCLUDED ERADICATION, PERSISTENCE, AND EMERGENCE OF MUTATED CLONES. PATIENTS CARRYING AN ASXL1 MUTATION AT DIAGNOSIS SHOWED A LESS FAVORABLE MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO NILOTINIB TREATMENT, AS A MAJOR MOLECULAR RESPONSE (MMR) WAS ACHIEVED LESS FREQUENTLY AT MONTH 12, 18, AND 24 COMPARED TO ALL OTHER PATIENTS. PATIENTS WITH ASXL1 MUTATIONS WERE ALSO YOUNGER AND MORE FREQUENTLY FOUND IN THE HIGH RISK CATEGORY, SUGGESTING A CENTRAL ROLE OF CLONAL EVOLUTION ASSOCIATED WITH ASXL1 MUTATIONS IN CML PATHOGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 1465  22 DISSECTING THE ROLE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN LEUKAEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY THE GENETIC TRANSLOCATION T(9;22)(Q34;Q11.2) ENCODING FOR THE BCR-ABL FUSION ONCOGENE. HOWEVER, MANY MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE DISEASE PROGRESSION STILL REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE INVOLVED IN TYROSINE KINASE RESISTANCE IN CML, LEADING TO LEUKAEMIC CLONE ESCAPE AND DISEASE PROPAGATION. HERE WE SHOW THAT, BY APPLYING CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING TO PRIMARY CML CELLS, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE DISEASE EVOLUTION. IMPORTANTLY, USING A BCR-ABL INDUCIBLE MURINE MODEL, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT A SINGLE ONCOGENIC LESION TRIGGERS DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, WHICH IN TURN ACT AS A PRECIPITATING EVENT IN LEUKAEMIA PROGRESSION.	2015