1   90 182 A PILOT REVERSE VIRTUAL SCREENING STUDY SUGGESTS TOXIC EXPOSURES CAUSED LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS UPWARD OF 32% OF DEPLOYED VETERANS TO THE 1991 GULF WAR (GW). THE SYMPTOMS ARE MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED, RANGING ACROSS COGNITIVE DEFICITS, FATIGUE, GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS, AND MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN. RESEARCH INDICATES THAT CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF GWI. THE KHAMISIYAH AMMUNITION STORAGE THAT HOUSED CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS SUCH AS SARIN, AN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (ACHE) INHIBITOR, WAS DEMOLISHED DURING THE GW, RELEASING TOXICANTS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE AFFECTING DEPLOYED TROOPS. EXPOSURE TO OTHER CHEMICAL AGENTS SUCH AS PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE, N,N-DIETHYL-M-TOLUAMIDE, PERMETHRIN AND CHLORPYRIFOS, WERE ALSO PREVALENT DURING THE WAR. THESE ADDITIONAL CHEMICAL AGENTS HAVE ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO INHIBIT ACHE. ACHE INHIBITION INDUCES AN ACETYLCHOLINE BUILD-UP, DISRUPTING SIGNALS BETWEEN NERVES AND MUSCLES, WHICH IN HIGH DOSES LEADS TO ASPHYXIATION. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT LOW DOSE EXPOSURE. AS BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS TEND TO INTERACT WITH MULTIPLE PROTEINS WITH VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT, WE AIMED TO IDENTIFY OTHER POTENTIAL SHARED TARGETS TO UNDERSTAND THE EXTENT IN WHICH THESE CHEMICALS COULD LEAD TO GWI. WE FOLLOWED A REVERSE SCREENING APPROACH WHERE EACH CHEMICAL IS COMPUTATIONALLY DOCKED TO A LIBRARY OF PROTEIN TARGETS. THE PROGRAMS PHARMMAPPER AND TARGETNET WERE USED FOR THIS PURPOSE, AND FURTHER ANALYSES WERE CONDUCTED TO MARK SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN PARTICIPANTS WITH GWI. PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED WORK ON DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN GWI WAS REANALYZED FOCUSING SPECIFICALLY ON THE PREDICTED SHARED TARGETS INDICATING SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION OF THE ASSOCIATED GENES. OUR FINDINGS THUS SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO GWI-RELATED AGENTS MAY CONVERGE ON SIMILAR TARGETS WITH ROLES IN INFLAMMATION, NEUROTRANSMITTER AND LIPID METABOLISM, AND DETOXIFICATION WHICH MAY HAVE IMPACTS ON NEURODEGENERATIVE-LIKE DISEASE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN VETERANS WITH GWI.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2 3980  56 LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN A RAT MODEL OF GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYMPTOM ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS 25% OF THE 700,000 US VETERANS DEPLOYED TO THE PERSIAN GULF DURING THE 1990-1991 GULF WAR. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IMPAIRMENTS ARE AMONG THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOMS REPORTED, INCLUDING MEMORY DYSFUNCTION AND DEPRESSION. AFTER 25 YEARS, THE DIAGNOSIS REMAINS ELUSIVE, USEFUL TREATMENTS ARE LACKING, AND THE CAUSE IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH EXPOSURES TO PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE (PB) AND PESTICIDES ARE CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED TO BE AMONG THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES INCLUDING ALTERED MICRORNA (MIRNA) EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING, MEMORY, AND EMOTION REGULATION AND HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED AN ESTABLISHED RAT MODEL OF GWI TO DETERMINE WHETHER 1) CHRONIC ALTERATIONS IN MIRNA EXPRESSION AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION ARE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF GWI, AND 2) PLASMA EXOSOME SMALL RNAS MAY SERVE AS POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF THIS DEBILITATING DISEASE. ONE YEAR AFTER A 28-DAY EXPOSURE REGIMEN OF PB, DEET (N,N-DIETHYL-3-METHYLBENZAMIDE), PERMETHRIN, AND MILD STRESS, EXPRESSION OF 84 MATURE MIRNAS AND GLOBAL 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) CONTENT WERE ANALYZED IN THE BRAINS OF GWI RATS AND VEHICLE CONTROLS BY PCR ARRAY AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, RESPECTIVELY. PLASMA EXOSOME RNA NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED IN POOLED SAMPLES TO DISCOVER POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS. WE FOUND THAT COMBINED EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF GW-RELATED CHEMICALS AND MILD STRESS CAUSED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE BRAIN THAT PERSISTED ONE YEAR AFTER EXPOSURE, INCLUDING INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MIR-124-3P AND MIR-29B-3P IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND REGIONAL ALTERATIONS IN GLOBAL 5MC AND 5HMC CONTENT. GW-RELEVANT EXPOSURES ALSO INDUCED THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF TWO PIWI-INTERACTING RNAS (PIRNAS) IN CIRCULATION (PIR-007899 AND PIR-019162). RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY IMPLICATE A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GWI. EVALUATION OF THE DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF PLASMA EXOSOME RNAS IN VETERANS WITH GWI IS WARRANTED.	2016	
                                                                                      
3 1988  45 EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS IN A MURINE GENETIC MODEL OF GULF WAR ILLNESS. OF THE NEARLY 1 MILLION MILITARY PERSONNEL WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE 1990-1991 GULF WAR, BETWEEN 25% AND 35% BECAME ILL WITH WHAT NOW IS REFERRED TO AS GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. SYMPTOMS VARIED FROM GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS TO LETHARGY, MEMORY LOSS, INABILITY TO CONCENTRATE, DEPRESSION, RESPIRATORY, AND REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS. THE SYMPTOMS HAVE PERSISTED FOR 30 YEARS IN THOSE AFFLICTED BUT THE BASIS OF THE ILLNESS REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. NERVE AGENTS AND OTHER CHEMICAL EXPOSURES IN THE WAR ZONE HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED BUT THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THESE ACUTE EXPOSURES HAVE LEFT FEW IF ANY IDENTIFIABLE SIGNATURES. THE MAJOR AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO ELUCIDATE THE POSSIBLE GENOMIC BASIS FOR THE PERSISTENCE OF SYMPTOMS, ESPECIALLY OF THE NEUROLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS. TO ADDRESS THIS, WE PERFORMED A WHOLE GENOME EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED CAUSE OF GWI, VIZ., EXPOSURE TO ORGANOPHOSPHATE NEUROTOXICANTS COMBINED WITH HIGH CIRCULATING GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN TWO INBRED MOUSE STRAINS, C57BL/6J AND DBA/2J. THE ANIMALS RECEIVED CORTICOSTERONE IN THEIR DRINKING WATER FOR 7 DAYS FOLLOWED BY INJECTION OF DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE, A NERVE AGENT SURROGATE. SIX WEEKS AFTER DFP INJECTION, THE ANIMALS WERE EUTHANIZED AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX HARVESTED FOR GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING. WE OBSERVED 67 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES, NOTABLY AMONG THEM, TTLL7, AKR1C14, SLC44A4, AND RUSC2, ALL RELATED TO DIFFERENT SYMPTOMS OF GWI. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT PROOF OF PRINCIPLE OF GENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE CHRONIC EFFECTS OF GWI-RELATED EXPOSURES AND MAY REVEAL WHY THE DISEASE HAS PERSISTED IN MANY OF THE NOW AGING GULF WAR VETERANS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4 2123  55 EPIGENETIC IMPACTS OF STRESS PRIMING OF THE NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO SARIN SURROGATE IN MICE: A MODEL OF GULF WAR ILLNESS. BACKGROUND: GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS AN ARCHETYPAL, MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED, CHRONIC CONDITION CHARACTERISED BY PERSISTENT SICKNESS BEHAVIOUR AND NEUROIMMUNE AND NEUROINFLAMMATORY COMPONENTS. AN ESTIMATED 25-32% OF THE OVER 900,000 VETERANS OF THE 1991 GULF WAR FULFIL THE REQUIREMENTS OF A GWI DIAGNOSIS. IT HAS BEEN HYPOTHESISED THAT THE HIGH PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS OF COMBAT MAY HAVE INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO IRREVERSIBLE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (ACHE) INHIBITORS LEADING TO A PRIMING OF THE NEUROIMMUNE SYSTEM. A NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE LINKED HIGH LEVELS OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS AND TOXICANT EXPOSURES TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. RECENT RESEARCH IN A MOUSE MODEL OF GWI HAS SHOWN THAT PRE-EXPOSURE WITH THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) CAUSES AN INCREASE IN EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC CHEMOKINES AND CYTOKINES IN RESPONSE TO DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (DFP), A SARIN SURROGATE AND IRREVERSIBLE ACHE INHIBITOR. METHODS: C57BL/6J MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CORT FOR 4 DAYS, AND EXPOSED TO DFP ON DAY 5, BEFORE SACRIFICE 6 H LATER. THE TRANSCRIPTOME WAS EXAMINED USING RNA-SEQ, AND THE EPIGENOME WAS EXAMINED USING REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND H3K27AC CHIP-SEQ. RESULTS: WE SHOW TRANSCRIPTIONAL, HISTONE MODIFICATION (H3K27AC) AND DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN GENES RELATED TO THE IMMUNE AND NEURONAL SYSTEM, POTENTIALLY RELEVANT TO NEUROINFLAMMATORY AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS OF GWI. FURTHER EVIDENCE SUGGESTS ALTERED PROPORTIONS OF MYELINATING OLIGODENDROCYTES IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX, PERHAPS CONNECTED TO WHITE MATTER DEFICITS SEEN IN GWI SUFFERERS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS MAY REFLECT THE EARLY CHANGES WHICH OCCURRED IN GWI VETERANS, AND WE OBSERVE ALTERATIONS IN SEVERAL PATHWAYS ALTERED IN GWI SUFFERERS. THESE CLOSE LINKS TO CHANGES SEEN IN VETERANS WITH GWI INDICATES THAT THIS MODEL REFLECTS THE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES RELATED TO GWI AND MAY PROVIDE A MODEL FOR BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING FUTURE TREATMENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5 5451  48 REPROGRAMMING CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO NEURONS TO STUDY GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI), WHICH AFFLICTS AT LEAST 25% OF VETERANS WHO SERVED IN THE 1990-1991 WAR IN THE PERSIAN GULF, IS THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY DEPLOYMENT EXPOSURES TO VARIOUS NEUROTOXICANTS, INCLUDING PESTICIDES, ANTI-NERVE GAS PILLS, AND LOW-LEVEL NERVE AGENTS INCLUDING SARIN/CYCLOSARIN. GWI IS A MULTISYMPTOM DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY FATIGUE, JOINT PAIN, COGNITIVE PROBLEMS, AND GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLAINTS. THE MOST PROMINENT SYMPTOMS OF GWI (MEMORY PROBLEMS, POOR ATTENTION/CONCENTRATION, CHRONIC HEADACHES, MOOD ALTERATIONS, AND IMPAIRED SLEEP) SUGGEST THAT THE DISEASE PRIMARILY AFFECTS THE CNS. DEVELOPMENT OF URGENTLY NEEDED TREATMENTS DEPENDS ON EXPERIMENTAL MODELS APPROPRIATE FOR TESTING MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND FOR SCREENING THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS. RODENT MODELS HAVE BEEN USEFUL THUS FAR, BUT ARE LIMITED BY THEIR INABILITY TO ASSESS THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND TO THE DISEASE, AND BECAUSE DISEASE-VULNERABLE PROTEINS AND PATHWAYS MAY BE DIFFERENT IN HUMANS RELATIVE TO RODENTS. AS OF YET, NO POSTMORTEM TISSUE FROM THE VETERANS HAS BECOME AVAILABLE FOR RESEARCH. WE ARE MOVING FORWARD WITH A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE STUDY OF GWI, WHICH UTILIZES CONTEMPORARY STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY TO CONVERT SOMATIC CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO PLURIPOTENT CELL LINES THAT CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED INTO VARIOUS CELL TYPES, INCLUDING NEURONS, GLIA, MUSCLE, OR OTHER RELEVANT CELL TYPES. SUCH CELL LINES ARE IMMORTAL AND WILL BE A RESOURCE FOR GWI RESEARCHERS TO PURSUE MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND THERAPEUTICS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6  336  44 ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION STATUS ASSOCIATED WITH GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) AFFECTS ABOUT 25% OF PERSIAN GULF VETERANS WITH A CLUSTER OF CHRONIC SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND NEUROLOGICAL ISSUES. RECENT STUDIES IMPLICATE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH GWI. SINCE DNA METHYLATION CAN REGULATE SUCH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, AND DISRUPTION OF DNA METHYLATION PATTERN IS IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS IMMUNE AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES, WE AIMED TO STUDY THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM GWI PATIENTS. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE SIMILAR IN GWI PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. HOWEVER, THE GENOME-WIDE MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY DETECTED 10,767 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES ACROSS GENE REGULATORY ELEMENTS AND WITHIN CODING REGIONS. APPROXIMATELY 88% OF THEM WERE HYPERMETHYLATED IN GWI PATIENTS. THE SEPARATE ANALYSIS FOUND 776 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENE PROMOTERS (DMP), WHICH WERE PREDOMINANTLY HYPERMETHYLATED. PYROSEQUENCING VALIDATION CONFIRMED MICROARRAY RESULTS. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MAJORITY OF THE DMPS BELONGED TO GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR METABOLISM AND IMMUNE SYSTEM. THIS IS THE FIRST PILOT HUMAN STUDY CHARACTERIZING GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH GWI. IT SUGGESTS A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION OF EPIGENETIC DYSFUNCTION IN GWI. MOREOVER, IT SUPPORTS THE DYSREGULATION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION IN GWI. LASTLY, IT SUGGESTS STUDIES WITH THE LARGER COHORT TO VALIDATE OUR FINDINGS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7  107  51 A REVIEW OF PRE-CLINICAL MODELS FOR GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC MULTISYMPTOMATIC DISORDER THAT AFFLICTS OVER 1/3RD OF THE 1991 GW VETERANS. IT SPANS MULTIPLE BODILY SYSTEMS AND PRESENTS ITSELF AS A SYNDROME EXHIBITING DIVERSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, MOOD, AND MEMORY AND CONCENTRATION DEFICITS, MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS IN GW VETERANS. THE ETIOLOGY OF GWI IS COMPLEX AND MANY FACTORS, INCLUDING CHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS PRESENT IN THE GW ARENA, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT. IT HAS BEEN OVER 30 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE GW BUT, GWI HAS BEEN PERSISTENT IN SUFFERING VETERANS WHO ARE ALSO DEALING WITH PAUCITY OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE MULTIFACTORIAL ASPECT OF GWI ALONG WITH GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND LACK OF AVAILABLE DATA SURROUNDING WAR-TIME EXPOSURES HAVE PROVED TO BE CHALLENGING IN DEVELOPING PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF GWI. DESPITE THIS, OVER A DOZEN GWI ANIMAL MODELS EXIST IN THE LITERATURE. IN THIS ARTICLE, FOLLOWING A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF GW HISTORY, GWI DEFINITIONS, AND PROBABLE CAUSES FOR ITS PATHOGENESIS, WE WILL EXPAND UPON VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED IN GWI LABORATORY RESEARCH. THESE ANIMAL MODELS WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR ATTEMPTS AT MIMICKING GW-RELATED EXPOSURES WITH REGARDS TO THE VARIATIONS IN CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS, DOSES, AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURES. WE WILL DISCUSS THEIR ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS IN MODELING GWI FOLLOWED BY A DISCUSSION OF BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS IN THESE MODELS. THE MECHANISTIC DATA OBTAINED FROM THESE PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE OFFERED MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIPID DISTURBANCES, CALCIUM HOMEOSTATIC ALTERATIONS, CHANGES IN GUT MICROBIOTA, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AMONGST OTHERS FOR EXPLAINING GWI DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PERSISTENCE. FINALLY, THESE FINDINGS HAVE ALSO INFORMED US ON NOVEL DRUGGABLE TARGETS IN GWI. WHILE, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE A SINGLE PRE-CLINICAL MODEL THAT COULD EXPRESS ALL THE GWI SIGNS AND EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY REFLECTIVE OF THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN GWI, ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN CRITICAL FOR IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF GWI AND EVALUATING TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR GWI.	2021	
                                         
8 2815  41 FIBROMYALGIA: GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS INSIGHTS MAY PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS. FIBROMYALGIA IS A DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC WIDESPREAD PAIN WITH ADDITIONAL SYMPTOMS, SUCH AS JOINT STIFFNESS, FATIGUE, SLEEP DISTURBANCE, COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION, AND DEPRESSION. CURRENTLY, FIBROMYALGIA DIAGNOSIS IS BASED EXCLUSIVELY ON A COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL ASSESSMENT, ACCORDING TO 2016 ACR CRITERIA, BUT VALIDATED BIOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROMYALGIA HAVE NOT YET BEEN IDENTIFIED. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES INVESTIGATED GENES POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN FIBROMYALGIA PATHOGENESIS HIGHLIGHTING THAT GENETIC FACTORS ARE POSSIBLY RESPONSIBLE FOR UP TO 50% OF THE DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. POTENTIAL CANDIDATE GENES FOUND ASSOCIATED TO FIBROMYALGIA ARE SLC64A4, TRPV2, MYT1L, AND NRXN3. FURTHERMORE, A GENE-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS TRIGGERING MECHANISM, THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS: IN PARTICULAR, FIBROMYALGIA APPEARS TO BE CHARACTERIZED BY A HYPOMETHYLATED DNA PATTERN, IN GENES IMPLICATED IN STRESS RESPONSE, DNA REPAIR, AUTONOMIC SYSTEM RESPONSE, AND SUBCORTICAL NEURONAL ABNORMALITIES. DIFFERENCES IN THE GENOME-WIDE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF MICRORNAS WERE FOUND AMONG MULTIPLE TISSUES, INDICATING THE INVOLVEMENT OF DISTINCT PROCESSES IN FIBROMYALGIA PATHOGENESIS. FURTHER STUDIES SHOULD BE DEDICATED TO STRENGTH THESE PRELIMINARY FINDINGS, IN LARGER MULTICENTER COHORTS, TO IDENTIFY RELIABLE DIRECTIONS FOR BIOMARKER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9 6137  31 THE EPIGENETICS OF PSYCHOSIS: A STRUCTURED REVIEW WITH REPRESENTATIVE LOCI. THE EVIDENCE FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT IN CHRONIC PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS IS STRONG AND RESEARCH ON THE EPIGENETIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THESE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS HAS COMMENCED IN EARNEST. IN REVIEWING THIS RESEARCH, THE FOCUS IS ON THREE GENES AS MODELS FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION, MCHR1, AKT1 AND TDO2, EACH OF WHICH HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR GENETIC ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, AND WHICH INTERACT WITH THESE MODEL GENES, ARE EXPLORED IN DEPTH. THE LOCATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MOTIFS RELATIVE TO KEY METHYLATION SITES IS EVALUATED FOR PREDICTED GENE EXPRESSION RESULTS, AND FOR OTHER SITES, EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED FOR METHYLATION DIRECTING ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM KEY STUDIES SHOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION: FOR MCHR1, IN PSYCHOSIS CASES VERSUS CONTROLS; FOR AKT1, AS A PRE-EXISTING METHYLATION PATTERN INFLUENCING BRAIN ACTIVATION FOLLOWING ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF A PSYCHOSIS-ELICITING ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULUS; AND FOR TDO2, IN A PATTERN ASSOCIATED WITH A DEVELOPMENTAL FACTOR OF RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS, IN ALL CASES THE PREDICTED EXPRESSION IMPACT BEING HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON LOCATION. METHYLATION INDUCED BY SMOKING, A CONFOUNDING VARIABLE, EXHIBITS AN INTRIGUING PATTERN FOR ALL THREE GENES. FINALLY, HOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION MESHES WITH DARWINIAN PRINCIPLES IS EXAMINED, IN PARTICULAR AS IT RELATES TO THE "FLEXIBLE STEM" THEORY OF EVOLUTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10 6853  38 [NEUROBIOLOGY OF EARLY LIFE TRAUMATIC STRESS AND TRAUMA: PROLONGED NEUROENDOCRINE DYSREGULATION AS A NEURODEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTOR]. EARLY LIFE STRESSORS DISPLAY A HIGH UNIVERSAL PREVALENCE AND CONSTITUTE A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WITH TWO THIRDS OF YOUTH BEING EXPOSED TO POTENTIALLY TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES BY THE AGE OF 17. TRAUMATIC STRESS EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT MAY HAVE ESSENTIAL AND LONG-LASTING EFFECTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS AND REPRESENTS A DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTOR MEDIATING RISK FOR DISEASE. EARLY-LIFE STRESS (ELS) AND CHILDHOOD TRAUMA (CT) CAN BOTH HAVE AN IMPACT ON SENSITIVE NEURONAL BRAIN NETWORKS INVOLVED IN STRESS REACTIONS, AND COULD EXERT A PROGRAMMING EFFECT ON GLUCOCORTICOID SIGNALING LEADING TO CHRONIC HYPER- OR HYPO-ACTIVATION OF THE STRESS SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, ALTERATIONS IN EMOTIONAL AND AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DISRUPTION, FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, AS WELL AS IMMUNE AND METABOLIC DYSREGULATION HAVE BEEN LATELY IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS FOR A CHRONICALLY IMPAIRED HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE AFTER ELS/CT. FURTHERMORE, HUMAN GENETIC BACKGROUND AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THROUGH STRESS-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION COULD INTERACT WITH THESE ALTERATIONS AND EXPLAIN INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN VULNERABILITY OR RESILIENCE TO STRESS. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW PRESENTS RELEVANT EVIDENCE FROM MAINLY HUMAN RESEARCH ON THE MOST ACKNOWLEDGED NEUROBIOLOGICAL ALLOSTATIC PATHWAYS EXERTING ENDURING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ELS/CT EVEN DECADES LATER. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD PROSPECTIVELY INVESTIGATE POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS, THEIR TEMPORAL SEQUENCE AND COMBINED EFFECTS AT THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL, WHILE CONSIDERING THE POTENTIALLY DELAYED TIME-FRAME FOR THE EXPRESSION OF THEIR EFFECTS. FINALLY, SCREENING STRATEGIES FOR ELS/CT AND TRAUMA NEED TO BE IMPROVED. INFORMATION ABOUT ELS/CT HISTORY AND THE NUMBER OF ADVERSE EXPERIENCES COULD HELP TO BETTER IDENTIFY THE INDIVIDUAL RISK FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, PREDICT INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT RESPONSE AND DESIGN PREVENTION STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ELS/CT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11 6720  37 VITAMIN D METABOLISM GENES ARE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. CONTEXT: RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VITAMIN D MAY INTERACT WITH THE EPIGENOME AND PLAY A ROLE IN THE PAIN EXPERIENCE. IN ORDER FOR PROPER FUNCTIONING TO OCCUR, THERE MUST BE AN ADEQUATE LEVEL OF VITAMIN D PRESENT, MADE POSSIBLE BY ENZYMATIC REACTIONS THAT ALLOW VITAMIN D TO BE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF GENES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. PROCEDURES: COMMUNITY-DWELLING INDIVIDUALS RECRUITED AS PART OF A LARGER STUDY FOCUSED ON KNEE PAIN PROVIDED DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL AND PAIN-RELATED INFORMATION, AS WELL AS AN INTRAVENOUS BLOOD SAMPLE TO DETERMINE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AT CPG SITES. MAIN FINDINGS: THERE WERE DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION BETWEEN THOSE WITH AND WITHOUT PAIN IN GENES THAT CODE FOR ENZYMES RELATED TO VITAMIN D METABOLISM: CYP24A1 (24-HYDROXYLASE) AND CYP27B1 (1-?-HYDROXYLASE). THERE WAS ALSO HYPERMETHYLATION ON THE GENE THAT CODES FOR THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR). PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXPRESSION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM AND CELLULAR FUNCTION. THESE RESULTS LAY GROUNDWORK IN UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CHRONIC PAIN.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12 2999  38 GENETIC VARIATION, STRESS, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE IN ADULTS WITH FOOD ALLERGY OR CELIAC DISEASE. BACKGROUND: PERSISTENTLY HIGH CHRONIC STRESS CAN LEAD TO MALADAPTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSES AND POOR MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUALS AT INCREASED RISK. CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITION DIAGNOSIS AND GENETICS ARE 2 CHARACTERISTICS THAT CAN INFLUENCE STRESS, STRESS RESPONSE, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. PURPOSE: FOOD ALLERGY (FA) AND CELIAC DISEASE (CD) REQUIRE CONSTANT VIGILANCE IN DAILY LIFE AND CAN LEAD TO INCREASED STRESS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS WAS TO EXAMINE THE ASSOCIATION OF VARIANTS IN SELECTED STRESS-RELATED GENES WITH STRESS EXPOSURES, STRESS, CLINICAL MEASURES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE, AND MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT FA OR CD. METHODS: WE COMPARED STRESS EXPOSURES, SYMPTOMS OF PTSD, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS, BMI, AND WAIST-HIP RATIO BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS. WE ANALYZED THE ASSOCIATION OF SNPS IN GENES WITH KNOWN OR HYPOTHESIZED ASSOCIATIONS WITH STRESS-RELATED MEASURES IN 124 CASES AND 124 MATCHED CONTROLS: CRHBP (RS7718461, RS10474485), CRHR1 (RS242940) AND OXTR (RS2268490). FOR THIS EXPLORATORY STUDY, P-VALUES </= 0.10 WERE CONSIDERED SUGGESTIVE. RESULTS: FOR CASES AND CONTROLS, RS7718461 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS SYMPTOMS, RS2268490 WITH SYMPTOMS OF STRESS AND PTSD, AND RS242940 WITH SYMPTOMS OF STRESS, PTSD, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION. FURTHER ANALYSES FOUND THAT STRESS-RELATED OUTCOMES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH FA OR CD MAY BE INFLUENCED BY SNP GENOTYPE. CONCLUSIONS: GIVEN THESE SUGGESTIVE FINDINGS, LARGER PROSPECTIVE STUDIES SHOULD EXAMINE SIMILAR RELATIONSHIPS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH OTHER CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS, INCORPORATING FACTORS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 6127  40 THE EPIGENETIC OVERLAP BETWEEN OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. (1) BACKGROUND: OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS ARE CONSIDERED AS THE MOST PREVALENT MORBIDITIES IN MANY COUNTRIES. WE SUPPOSE THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY INDUCE HIGHER RATES OF OBESITY IN SUBJECTS WHO SUFFER FROM MOOD DISORDERS. IN THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE FOCUSED ON THE POTENTIAL ROLES OF DNA METHYLATION ON MOOD DISORDERS AND OBESITY DEVELOPMENT. (2) METHODS: THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRISMA STATEMENT AND REGISTERED IN PROSPERO. A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN MEDLINE, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE CENTRAL DATABASE, EMBASE, AND CINHAL. WE ALSO CONDUCTED A GREY LITERATURE SEARCH, SUCH AS GOOGLE SCHOLAR. (3) RESULTS: AFTER DEDUPLICATION, WE IDENTIFIED 198 POTENTIALLY RELATED CITATIONS. FINALLY, TEN UNIQUE STUDIES MET OUR INCLUSION CRITERIA. WE HAVE FOUND THREE OVERLAP GENES THAT SHOW SIGNIFICANT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, BOTH IN OBESITY AND DEPRESSION. PATHWAY ANALYSIS INTERACTION FOR TAPBP, BDNF, AND SORBS2 CONFIRMED THE RELATION OF THESE GENES IN BOTH OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS. (4) CONCLUSIONS: WHILE MECHANISMS LINKING BOTH OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS TO EPIGENETIC RESPONSE ARE STILL UNKNOWN, WE HAVE ALREADY KNOWN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION INDUCES A NOVEL EPIGENETIC PROGRAM. AS THE RESULTS OF GENE ENRICHMENT, PATHWAYS ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TAPBP, BDNF, AND SORBS2 LINKED TOGETHER BY INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS. HYPERMETHYLATION IN THESE GENES MIGHT PLAY A CRUCIAL RULE IN THE CO-OCCURRENCE OF OBESITY AND MOOD DISORDERS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14 6895  26 [SYSTEMIC CONTROL OF THE MOLECULAR, CELL, AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF LONG-LASTING CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS]. BASED ON M.E. LOBASHEV'S VIEWS OF THE SYSTEMIC CONTROL OF GENETIC AND CYTOGENEITC PROCESSES AND A SUBSTANTIAL EFFECT OF EXCITABILITY ON PLASTIC CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS), THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED EMOTIONAL AND PAIN STRESS (PEPS) ON THE MOLECULAR, CELL, AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF INJURY MEMORY WAS STUDIED IN RAT STRAINS BRED FOR A CERTAIN EXCITABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. PEPS WAS FOR THE FIRST TIME FOUND TO CAUSE LONG-LASTING (2 MONTHS) MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS OF THE CA3 REGION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND TO MODIFY THE GENOME ACTIVITY OF ITS PYRAMIDAL NEURONS. THE TWO PHENOMENA WERE POTENTIATED BY A GENETICALLY DETERMINED LOW FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE CNS. THE POST-STRESS REGULATION OF THE GENOME FUNCTION IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS WAS MEDIATED BY CHANGES IN HETEROCHROMATIN CONFORMATION, ACTIVATION OF METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN (MECP2) SYNTHESIS, AND SUBSEQUENT CHANGES IN ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4. GENETICALLY DETERMINED HIGH EXCITABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM PROVED TO BE A RISK FACTOR THAT AFFECTS THE SPECIFICS AND TIME COURSE OF THE OBSERVED MOLECULAR, CELL, AND GENETIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF NEURONS. THE RESULTS PROVIDE FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF INJURY MEMORY, WHICH FORMS A PATHOGENETIC BASIS FOR POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND OTHER HUMAN PSYCHOGENIC CONDITIONS CHARACTERIZED BY A PROLONGED DURATION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 1363  34 DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES ON MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS. BACKGROUND: MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED (OR 'FUNCTIONAL') SYMPTOMS (MUS) ARE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS THAT PROMPT THE SUFFERER TO SEEK HEALTHCARE BUT REMAIN UNEXPLAINED AFTER AN APPROPRIATE MEDICAL EVALUATION. EXAMPLES OF MUS ALSO OCCUR IN VETERINARY MEDICINE. FOR EXAMPLE, DOMESTIC CATS SUFFER A SYNDROME COMPARABLE TO INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS, A CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME OF HUMANS. METHOD: REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN SOME CASES OF MUS. MATERNAL PERCEPTION OF A THREATENING ENVIRONMENT MAY BE TRANSMITTED TO THE FETUS WHEN HORMONES CROSS THE PLACENTA AND AFFECT FETAL PHYSIOLOGY, EFFECTIVELY 'PROGRAMMING' THE FETAL STRESS RESPONSE SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORS TOWARD ENHANCED VIGILANCE. AFTER BIRTH, INTENSE STRESS RESPONSES IN THE INDIVIDUAL MAY RESULT IN SIMILAR VULNERABILITY, WHICH MAY BE UNMASKED BY SUBSEQUENT STRESSORS. RESULTS: EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION (EMGEX) APPEARS TO PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN CREATION OF THIS 'SURVIVAL PHENOTYPE'. THE RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY THE PRESENCE OF EMGEX PROVIDES NEW TOOLS TO INVESTIGATE THESE QUESTIONS, AND DRUGS AND OTHER INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY REVERSE EMGEX ARE ALSO UNDER ACTIVE INVESTIGATION. CONCLUSION: VIEWING MUS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF UNDERLYING DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES INVOLVING EMGEX THAT AFFECT FUNCTION OF A VARIETY OF ORGANS BASED ON FAMILIAL (GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL) PREDISPOSITIONS RATHER THAN FROM THE TRADITIONAL VIEWPOINT OF ISOLATED ORGAN-ORIGINATING DISEASES HAS AT LEAST TWO IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS: IT PROVIDES A PARSIMONIOUS EXPLANATION FOR FINDINGS HERETOFORE DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE, AND IT OPENS WHOLE NEW AREAS OF INVESTIGATION INTO CAUSES AND TREATMENTS FOR THIS CLASS OF DISORDERS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 3076  30 GENOME-WIDE EPIGENOMIC ANALYSES IN PATIENTS WITH NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC CHRONIC PAIN SUBTYPES REVEALS ALTERATIONS IN METHYLATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEURO-MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. NOCICEPTIVE PAIN INVOLVES THE ACTIVATION OF NOCICEPTORS WITHOUT DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, WHEREAS NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS RELATED TO AN ALTERATION IN THE CENTRAL OR PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CHRONIC PAIN ITSELF AND THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN MAY BE EPIGENETICALLY CONTROLLED. IN THIS CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY, A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING THE BLOOD DNA REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) TECHNIQUE. THREE PROSPECTIVE COHORTS INCLUDING 20 HEALTHY CONTROLS (CTL), 18 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NOCICEPTIVE PAIN (NOCI), AND 19 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NEURO) WERE COMPARED AT BOTH THE SINGLE CPG AND DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR) LEVELS. GENES WITH DMRS WERE SEEN IN THE NOCI AND NEURO GROUPS BELONGED TO THE NEURO-MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND DIFFERED BETWEEN NOCI AND NEURO PATIENTS. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCES ACCOMPANYING NOCICEPTIVE PAIN ARE VERY DIFFERENT FROM THOSE ACCOMPANYING NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THE FORMER, AMONG OTHERS, THE EPIGENETIC DISTURBANCE OBSERVED WOULD AFFECT THE FUNCTION OF THE OPIOID ANALGESIC SYSTEM, WHEREAS IN THE LATTER IT WOULD AFFECT THAT OF THE GABAERGIC REWARD SYSTEM. THIS STUDY PRESENTS BIOLOGICAL FINDINGS THAT HELP TO CHARACTERIZE NOCI- AND NEURO-AFFECTED PATHWAYS AND OPENS THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING EPIGENETIC DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS. PERSPECTIVE: OUR RESULTS HELP TO EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS MODIFICATIONS UNDERLYING THE DIFFERENT CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NOCICEPTIVE AND NEUROPATHIC PAINS. FURTHERMORE, THE NEW TARGETS IDENTIFIED IN OUR STUDY MIGHT HELP TO DISCOVER MORE SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NOCICEPTIVE OR NEUROPATHIC PAINS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17 4198  30 METABOLIC PROFILING DISTINGUISHES THREE SUBTYPES OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. THE CAUSE OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IS INCOMPLETELY DEFINED, AND NO TRULY EFFECTIVE THERAPY EXISTS. HOWEVER, MULTIPLE STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE, HORMONAL DEFICIENCIES, AND HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA. OPTIMIZING METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN A COMPREHENSIVE WAY HAS YIELDED COGNITIVE IMPROVEMENT, BOTH IN SYMPTOMATIC AND ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS. THEREFORE, EXPANDING THE STANDARD LABORATORY EVALUATION IN PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA MAY BE REVEALING. HERE I REPORT THAT METABOLIC PROFILING REVEALS THREE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE SUBTYPES. THE FIRST IS INFLAMMATORY, IN WHICH MARKERS SUCH AS HS-CRP AND GLOBULIN:ALBUMIN RATIO ARE INCREASED. THE SECOND TYPE IS NON-INFLAMMATORY, IN WHICH THESE MARKERS ARE NOT INCREASED, BUT OTHER METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES ARE PRESENT. THE THIRD TYPE IS A VERY DISTINCTIVE CLINICAL ENTITY THAT AFFECTS RELATIVELY YOUNG INDIVIDUALS, EXTENDS BEYOND THE TYPICAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE INITIAL DISTRIBUTION TO AFFECT THE CORTEX WIDELY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY EARLY NON-AMNESTIC FEATURES SUCH AS DYSCALCULIA AND APHASIA, IS OFTEN MISDIAGNOSED OR LABELED ATYPICAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, TYPICALLY AFFECTS APOE4-NEGATIVE INDIVIDUALS, AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH STRIKING ZINC DEFICIENCY. GIVEN THE INVOLVEMENT OF ZINC IN MULTIPLE ALZHEIMER'S-RELATED METABOLIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, ADAM10 PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY, AND HORMONAL SIGNALING, THIS SYNDROME OF ALZHEIMER'S-PLUS WITH LOW ZINC (APLZ) WARRANTS FURTHER METABOLIC, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 5737  42 SMOKING AND HEALTH: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TELOMERE LENGTH AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON HUMAN DISEASE, QUALITY OF LIFE AND LIFE SPAN IN A LARGE POPULATION-BASED COHORT UNDER THE EFFECT OF SMOKING DURATION. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) ARE OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE AS THEY CAUSE DAMAGE TO LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND DNA EITHER ENDOGENOUSLY BY CELLULAR MECHANISM, OR THROUGH EXOGENOUS EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INJURY FACTORS, INCLUDING OXIDATION INSULT FACTORS, SUCH AS TOBACCO SMOKE. CURRENTLY 46.3 MILLION ADULTS (25.7 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION) ARE SMOKERS. THIS INCLUDES 24 MILLION MEN (28.1 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL) AND MORE THAN 22 MILLION WOMEN (23.5 PERCENT). THE PREVALENCE IS HIGHEST AMONG PERSONS 25-44 YEARS OF AGE. CIGARETTE SMOKERS HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING SEVERAL CHRONIC DISORDERS. THESE INCLUDE FATTY BUILDUPS IN ARTERIES, SEVERAL TYPES OF CANCER AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (LUNG PROBLEMS). AS PERIPHERAL LEUKOCYTES HAVE BEEN THE MAIN TARGET OF HUMAN TELOMERE RESEARCH, MOST OF WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT HUMAN TELOMERE DYNAMICS IN VIVO IS BASED ON THESE CELLS. LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IS A COMPLEX TRAIT THAT IS SHAPED BY GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE CONSIDER THAT SMOKING MODIFIES LEUKOCYTE TL IN HUMANS AND CONTRIBUTES TO ITS VARIABILITY AMONG INDIVIDUALS, ALTHOUGH THE SMOKING EFFECT ON TL AND ITS RELATION WITH OTHER METABOLIC INDICES MAY ACCELERATE BIOLOGICAL AGING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMOKING-INDUCED CHRONIC DISEASES IN A LARGE HUMAN POPULATION-BASED COHORTS WITH SMOKING BEHAVIOR. RECENT STUDIES CONFIRMED THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH SHORTER TELOMERES PRESENT A HIGHER PREVALENCE OF ARTERIAL LESIONS AND HIGHER RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MORTALITY. THIS STUDY ORIGINALLY SUGGESTS THAT EFFICIENT THERAPEUTIC PROTECTION OF TL AND STRUCTURE IN RESPONSE TO STRESSES THAT ARE KNOWN TO REDUCE TL, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE DAMAGE OR INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH TOBACCO SMOKING, WOULD LEAD TO BETTER TELOMERE MAINTENANCE. RECENTLY, WE HAVE DISCOVERED THE POTENTIAL USE OF TELOMERE-RESTORATIVE IMIDAZOLE-CONTAINING DIPEPTIDE (NON-HYDROLIZED CARNOSINE, CARCININE) BASED THERAPY FOR BETTER SURVIVAL OF SMOKERS. WE CONCLUDE THAT A BETTER THERAPEUTIC OR NUTRITIONAL MAINTENANCE OF TL MAY CONFER HEALTHY AGING IN SMOKERS AND EXCEPTIONAL LONGEVITY IN REGULARLY ROS-EXPOSED HUMAN SURVIVORS.	2011	

19 1584  29 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF SELECTED PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE. BY MEANS OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS ANALYSIS, WE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE MRNA EXPRESSION PROFILES OF VARIOUS GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE BRAINS OF SUBJECTS WITH LATE-ONSET ALZHEIMER DISEASE (LOAD). SOME OF THESE GENES, NAMELY INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6, SHOWED DISTINCT EXPRESSION PROFILES WITH PEAK EXPRESSION DURING THE FIRST STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND CONTROL-LIKE LEVELS AT LATER STAGES. IL-1BETA AND IL-6 GENES ARE MODULATED BY DNA METHYLATION IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; IT IS ALSO WELL KNOWN THAT LOAD MAY HAVE AN EPIGENETIC BASIS. INDEED, WE AND OTHERS HAVE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED GENE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN LOAD AND IN RELATED ANIMAL MODELS. BASED ON THESE DATA, WE STUDIED THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES, AT SINGLE CYTOSINE RESOLUTION, OF IL-1BETA AND IL-6 5'-FLANKING REGION BY BISULPHITE MODIFICATION IN THE CORTEX OF HEALTHY CONTROLS AND LOAD PATIENTS AT 2 DIFFERENT DISEASE STAGES: BRAAK I-II/A AND BRAAK V-VI/C. OUR ANALYSIS PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT NEUROINFLAMMATION IN LOAD IS ASSOCIATED WITH (AND POSSIBLY MEDIATED BY) EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20 3511  37 IDIOPATHIC ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCES (IEI): FROM MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY TO MOLECULAR MEDICINE. INHERITED OR ACQUIRED IMPAIRMENT OF XENOBIOTICS METABOLISM IS A POSTULATED MECHANISM UNDERLYING ENVIRONMENT-ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY, FIBROMYALGIA, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, DENTAL AMALGAM DISEASE, AND OTHERS, ALSO COLLECTIVELY NAMED IDIOPATHIC ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCES (IEI). IN VIEW OF THE POOR CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS, AND THE ABSENCE OF RECOGNISED GENETIC AND METABOLIC MARKERS OF THE DISEASES. THEY ARE OFTEN CONSIDERED "MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYNDROMES",. THESE DISABLING CONDITIONS SHARE THE FEATURES OF POLYSYMPTOMATIC MULTI-ORGAN SYNDROMES, CONSIDERED BY PART OF THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY TO BE ABERRANT RESPONSES TRIGGERED BY EXPOSURE TO LOW-DOSE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMICALS AND METALS, IN CONCENTRATIONS FAR BELOW AVERAGE REFERENCE LEVELS ADMITTED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS. A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO ALTERED BIOTRANSFORMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS, DRUGS, AND METALS, AND OF ENDOGENOUS LOW-MOLECULAR WEIGHT METABOLITES, CAUSED BY POLYMORPHISMS OF GENES CODING FOR XENOBIOTIC METABOLIZING ENZYMES, THEIR RECEPTORS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS APPEARS TO BE INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THESE ENVIRONMENT-ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGIES, ALONG WITH EPIGENETIC FACTORS. FREE RADICAL/ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS MAY ALSO BE HEAVILY IMPLICATED, INDIRECTLY BY AFFECTING THE REGULATION OF XENOBIOTIC METABOLIZING ENZYMES, AND DIRECTLY BY CAUSING INCREASED LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE PRODUCTS, IMPLICATED IN THE CHRONIC DAMAGE OF CELLS AND TISSUES, WHICH IS IN PART CORRELATED WITH CLINICAL SYMPTOMS. MORE SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY, TOXICO- AND PHARMACO-GENOMICS, ELUCIDATING THE MECHANISMS OF REGULATION, EXPRESSION, INDUCTION, AND ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT/DETOXIFYING ENZYMES, AND THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, PROMISE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THIS PATHOLOGICALLY INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO LOW-LEVEL CHEMICAL STIMULI, AND A SOLID BASIS FOR EFFECTIVE INDIVIDUALIZED ANTIOXIDANT- AND/OR CHELATOR-BASED TREATMENTS.	2010