1   88 157 A PHASE I BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MG98, AN OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE ANTISENSE TO DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1, IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK MYELODYSPLASIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: EPIGENETIC SILENCING VIA ABERRANT PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF NORMAL GENES HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS A LEUKEMOGENIC MECHANISM IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIAS (AML). WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT MG98, AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ANTISENSE TO DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), COULD REVERSE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPES BY DOWN-REGULATING DNMT1 AND INDUCING REEXPRESSION OF HYPERMETHYLATED GENES. THIS PHASE I STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE A BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE DOSE AND DESCRIBE THE SAFETY OF MG98 IN MDS/AML. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: TWENTY-THREE PATIENTS WITH MDS (N = 11) AND AML (N = 12) WERE ENROLLED. BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE DOSE WAS DEFINED AS THE DOSE AT WHICH > OR =50% OF PATIENTS EXPERIENCED >50% REDUCTION IN DNMT1 EXPRESSION WITH ACCEPTABLE TOXICITY. ESCALATING DOSES OF MG98 WERE ADMINISTERED ACCORDING TO TWO SCHEDULES (2-HOUR I.V. BOLUS FOLLOWED BY 5-DAY CONTINUOUS I.V. INFUSION EVERY 14 DAYS, OR 14-DAY CONTINUOUS I.V. INFUSION EVERY 21 DAYS). RESULTS: DNMT1 DOWN-REGULATION WAS OBSERVED IN 8 PATIENTS. HOWEVER, BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE DOSE WAS NOT REACHED. REEXPRESSION OF TARGET GENES (P15, WIT1, AND ER) WAS OBSERVED IN 12 PATIENTS BUT DID NOT CORRELATE WITH DNMT1 DOWN-REGULATION. ESCALATION WAS STOPPED DUE TO DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITIES (BONE PAIN, NAUSEA, AND FEVER). NO OBJECTIVE CLINICAL RESPONSE WAS OBSERVED. DISEASE STABILIZATION OCCURRED IN 6 (26%) PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: NO PHARMACODYNAMIC OR CLINICAL ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED AT MG98 DOSES AND SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED. DESPITE THIS, PURSUING DNMT1 DOWN-REGULATION REMAINS A SOUND APPROACH FOR TARGETING ABERRANT EPIGENETICS IN AML/MDS. FUTURE STUDIES WITH DIFFERENT FORMULATION AND/OR DOSES AND SCHEDULES WILL BE REQUIRED TO ENSURE EFFICIENT MG98 INTRACELLULAR UPTAKE AND FULLY EVALUATE ITS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 4221  42 METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE RECEPTOR TYPE O IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: PREVIOUS STUDIES IN OUR LABORATORY HAVE SHOWN THE PROGRESSIVE METHYLATION AND SUPPRESSION OF THE GENE ENCODING PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, PTPRO, IN THE LIVERS OF RATS FED A METHYL-DEFICIENT DIET THAT INDUCES HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE OBSERVED THE METHYLATION OF PTPRO IN PRIMARY HUMAN LUNG TUMORS AND ALSO SHOWED ITS POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THE TRUNCATED FORM OF PTPRO (PTPROT), SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN NAIVE B LYMPHOCYTES, WAS ALSO METHYLATED AND SUPPRESSED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), A DISEASE GENERALLY AFFECTING B LYMPHOCYTES. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS: INITIAL SCREENING SHOWED THAT 60% OF THE 52 CLL SAMPLES ANALYZED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR ASSAY WERE METHYLATED COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, WHICH WERE NOT METHYLATED. THE EXPRESSION OF PTPROT, AS MEASURED BY SEMIQUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH METHYLATION IN THE FEW SAMPLES TESTED. ANALYSIS OF ADDITIONAL SAMPLES (N = 50) BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE PTPRO CPG ISLAND WAS METHYLATED IN 82% OF PATIENTS WITH CLL COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. FURTHERMORE, OVERALL EXPRESSION OF PTPRO WAS REDUCED IN CLL RELATIVE TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES. THE PTPRO GENE WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED BY METHYLATION IN THE CLL CELL LINE WAC3CD5, WHERE IT COULD BE REACTIVATED UPON TREATMENT WITH THE DNA HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZAC. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF PTPROT IN A NONEXPRESSING CELL LINE INCREASED GROWTH INHIBITION WITH FLUDARABINE TREATMENT, A THERAPY COMMONLY USED FOR CLL. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY REVEALS THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PTPRO METHYLATION AND SILENCING IN CLL TUMORIGENESIS AND ALSO PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR TARGET IN THE EPIGENETIC THERAPY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3 2462  38 EPIGENETIC THERAPY OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES CONNECTS TO CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION INDEPENDENTLY OF ENDOGENOUS RETROELEMENT DEREPRESSION. BACKGROUND: MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) ARE CHARACTERISED BY ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC REPRESSION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF BONE MARROW HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS). DRUGS THAT REVERSE EPIGENETIC REPRESSION, SUCH AS 5-AZACYTIDINE (5-AZA), INDUCE HAEMATOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT IN HALF OF TREATED PATIENTS. ALTHOUGH THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THERAPY SUCCESS ARE NOT YET CLEAR, INDUCTION OF ENDOGENOUS RETROELEMENTS (ERES) HAS BEEN HYPOTHESISED. METHODS: USING RNA SEQUENCING (RNA-SEQ), WE COMPARED THE TRANSCRIPTION OF ERES IN BONE MARROW HSCS FROM A NEW COHORT OF MDS AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CMML) PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER 5-AZA TREATMENT WITH HSCS FROM HEALTHY DONORS AND AML PATIENTS. WE FURTHER EXAMINED ERE TRANSCRIPTION USING THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE ANNOTATION OF ERE-OVERLAPPING TRANSCRIPTS EXPRESSED IN HSCS, GENERATED HERE BY DE NOVO TRANSCRIPT ASSEMBLY AND SUPPORTED BY FULL-LENGTH RNA-SEQ. RESULTS: CONSISTENT WITH PRIOR REPORTS, WE FOUND THAT TREATMENT WITH 5-AZA INCREASED THE REPRESENTATION OF ERE-DERIVED RNA-SEQ READS IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME. HOWEVER, SUCH INCREASES WERE COMPARABLE BETWEEN TREATMENT RESPONSES AND FAILURES. THE EXTENDED VIEW OF HSC TRANSCRIPTIONAL DIVERSITY OFFERED BY DE NOVO TRANSCRIPT ASSEMBLY ARGUED AGAINST 5-AZA-RESPONSIVE ERES AS DETERMINANTS OF THE OUTCOME OF THERAPY. INSTEAD, IT UNCOVERED PRE-TREATMENT EXPRESSION AND ALTERNATIVE SPLICING OF DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED GENE TRANSCRIPTS AS PREDICTORS OF THE RESPONSE OF MDS AND CMML PATIENTS TO 5-AZA TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES THE DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SIGNATURES OF PROTEIN-CODING AND NON-CODING GENES, RATHER THAN ERES, AS CORRELATES OF A FAVOURABLE RESPONSE OF MDS AND CMML PATIENTS TO 5-AZA TREATMENT AND OFFERS NOVEL CANDIDATES FOR FURTHER EVALUATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4 2465  38 EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH HYDRALAZINE AND MAGNESIUM VALPROATE REVERSES IMATINIB RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. THE EPIGENETIC DRUGS HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE WERE ADMINISTERED IN A COMPASSIONATE MANNER TO 8 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REFRACTORY TO IMATINIB. TWO PATIENTS HAD A COMPLETE HEMATOLOGIC RESPONSE (25%),1 MAJOR CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE, 1 COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE (25% ANY CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE), AND 3 (37.5%)STABLE DISEASE. NO GRADE 3 OR 4 TOXICITY WAS OBSERVED. THESE RESULTS SHOW THE ABILITY OF EPIGENETIC THERAPY TO REVERT IMATINIB RESISTANCE. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS PARTICIPATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB, HENCE, THE DNA METHYLATION, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE, RESPECTIVELY, HAS THE POTENTIAL TO OVERCOME IT. PATIENT AND METHODS: A SERIES OF 8 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REFRACTORY TO IMATINIB MESYLATE WITH NO ACCESS TO SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS WERE TREATED WITH HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE IN A COMPASSIONATE MANNER. CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF THESE DRUGS ADDED TO IMATINIB MESYLATE WERE EVALUATED. RESULTS: TWO PATIENTS WERE IN THE BLAST PHASE, 5 WERE IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE, AND 1 WAS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE. ALL THE PATIENTS CONTINUED WITH THE SAME DOSE OF IMATINIB THAT THEY HAD BEEN RECEIVING AT THE TIME OF DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE, WITH A MEDIAN DOSE OF 600 MG DAILY (RANGE, 400-800 MG). THE MEDIAN TIME FROM DIAGNOSIS OF CML TO THE START OF HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE WAS 53.6 MONTHS (RANGE, 19-84 MONTHS). TWO (25%) PATIENTS HAD A COMPLETE HEMATOLOGIC RESPONSE, ONE (12.5%) HAD AN MAJOR CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE, AND ONE (12.5%) HAD A COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE. THREE (37.5%) PATIENTS HAD STABLE DISEASE, AND ONLY ONE (12.5%) PATIENT FAILED TO RESPOND. AT A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP TIME OF 18 MONTHS (RANGE, 3-18 MONTHS), THE MEDIAN SURVIVAL HAD NOT BEEN REACHED, AND THE PROJECTED OVERALL SURVIVAL WAS 63%. ALL THE PATIENTS HAD MILD NEUROLOGIC TOXICITY, INCLUDING DISTAL TREMOR AND SOMNOLENCE. NO GRADE 3 OR 4 TOXICITY WAS OBSERVED. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EPIGENETIC DRUGS HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE REVERT THE RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB IN PATIENTS WITH CML.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 5275  36 PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THE BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-6 GENE IN ASSOCIATION WITH ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA. BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS (BMP), BELONGING TO THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SUPERFAMILY, ARE MULTIFUNCTIONAL REGULATORS OF CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION AND APOPTOSIS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF MALIGNANT CELLS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED BMP-6 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF LEUKEMIAS. THE BMP-6 METHYLATION WAS FOUND PREFERENTIALLY IN ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA (ATL) (49 OF 60, 82%) COMPARED WITH OTHER TYPES OF LEUKEMIAS STUDIED INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (3 OF 67, 5%), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (6 OF 38, 16%) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (1 OF 21, 5%). AMONG SUBTYPES OF ATL, THE BMP-6 GENE WAS MORE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN AGGRESSIVE ATL FORMS OF ACUTE (96%) AND LYMPHOMA (94%) TYPES THAN LESS MALIGNANT CHRONIC ATL (44%) AND SMOLDERING ATL (20%). WE ALSO ANALYZED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM HEALTHY DONORS AND NONMALIGNANT LYMPH NODES WITH REACTIVE LYMPHADENOPATHY, NONE OF WHICH SHOWED DETECTABLE BMP-6 METHYLATION IN THIS STUDY. THE BMP-6 METHYALTION WAS CORRELATED WITH DECREASED MRNA TRANSCRIPT AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION. EXPRESSION OF BMP-6 WAS RESTORED BY THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, SUGGESTING THAT METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING. SERIAL ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED AN INCREASING METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN THE BMP-6 PROMOTER AND THE RESULTANT SUPPRESSION OF BMP-6 EXPRESSION AS ATL PROGRESSED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT BMP-6 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS LIKELY TO BE A COMMON EPIGENETIC EVENT AT LATER STAGES OF ATL AND THAT THE METHYLATION PROFILES MAY BE USEFUL FOR THE STAGING OF ATL AS WELL AS FOR EVALUATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL RISK OF DEVELOPING THE DISEASE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 5273  30 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND BDNF AND DAT1 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH DRUG ADDICTION. BACKGROUND: DRUG ADDICTION IS A BRAIN DISORDER THAT HAS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY. ADDICTIONS ARE CHRONIC RELAPSING DISEASES OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE CAUSED BY DIRECT DRUG-INDUCED EFFECTS AND PERSEVERING NEUROADAPTATIONS AT THE EPIGENETIC, NEUROPEPTIDE AND NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS. BECAUSE THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE, THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION PROFILE OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT1) GENES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DRUG ADDICTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BDNF AND DAT1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WERE INVESTIGATED WITH A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TECHNIQUE IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 75 INDIVIDUALS WITH DRUG ADDICTION AND 65 HEALTHY CONTROLS. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF AND DAT1 WERE ASSESSED IN 12 MRNA SAMPLES FROM THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS AND COMPARED TO THE SAMPLES OF HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 12) WITH REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR. RESULTS: NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN THE METHYLATION OF BDNF AND DAT1 BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, BUT THE RELATIVE LEVELS OF EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND DAT1 MRNA DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE BDNF AND DAT1 GENES HAD NO SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION IN THE PROCESSES OF DRUG ADDICTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7 1144  33 CONCOMITANT HETEROCHROMATINISATION AND DOWN-REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNVEILS EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF RELB IN AN AGGRESSIVE SUBSET OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IN MALES. BACKGROUND: THE SENSITIVITY OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS TO CURRENT TREATMENTS, BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, RELIES ON THEIR ABILITY TO ACTIVATE APOPTOTIC DEATH. CLL CELLS RESISTANT TO DNA DAMAGE-INDUCED APOPTOSIS DISPLAY DEREGULATION OF A SPECIFIC SET OF GENES. METHODS: MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION (HUMAN GENECHIP, AFFYMETRIX), IMMUNOFLUORESCENT IN SITU LABELING COUPLED WITH VIDEO-MICROSCOPY RECORDING/ANALYSES, CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP), POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS (PCR), REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RT-QPCR) AND BISULFITE GENOME SEQUENCING WERE THE MAIN METHODS APPLIED. STATISTICAL ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED BY APPLYING GCRMA AND SAM ANALYSIS (MICROARRAY DATA) AND STUDENT'S T-TEST OR MANN & WHITNEY'S U-TEST. RESULTS: HEREIN WE SHOW THAT, REMARKABLY, IN A RESISTANT MALE CLL CELLS THE VAST MAJORITY OF GENES WERE DOWN-REGULATED COMPARED WITH SENSITIVE CELLS, WHEREAS THIS WAS NOT THE CASE IN CELLS DERIVED FROM FEMALES. THIS GENE DOWN-REGULATION WAS FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN OVERALL GAIN OF HETEROCHROMATIN AS EVIDENCED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENT LABELING OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1ALPHA (HP-1), TRIMETHYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (3METH3K9), AND 5-METHYLCYTIDINE (5METC). NOTABLY, 17 GENES WERE FOUND TO BE COMMONLY DEREGULATED IN RESISTANT MALE AND FEMALE CELL SAMPLES. AMONG THESE, RELB WAS IDENTIFIED AS A DISCRIMINATORY CANDIDATE GENE REPRESSED IN THE MALE AND UPREGULATED IN THE FEMALE RESISTANT CELLS. CONCLUSION: THE MOLECULAR DEFECTS IN THE SILENCING OF RELB INVOLVE AN INCREASE IN H3K9- BUT NOT CPG-ISLAND METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS. INCREASE IN ACETYL-H3 IN RESISTANT FEMALE BUT NOT MALE CLL SAMPLES AS WELL AS A DECREASE OF TOTAL CELLULAR LEVEL OF RELB AFTER AN INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) BY TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), FURTHER EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WHICH COULD DISCRIMINATE TWO CLL SUBSETS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHTED THE EPIGENETIC RELB SILENCING AS A NEW MARKER OF THE PROGRESSIVE DISEASE IN MALES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8 4694  29 NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IDENTIFIES MAJOR DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING PROGRESSION OF PH+ CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION ON THE EVOLUTION/PROGRESSION OF PH+ CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLOME OF CML PATIENTS IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP-CML), ACCELERATED PHASE (AP-CML) AND BLAST CRISIS (BC-CML) AS WELL AS IN CONTROLS BY REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING. ALTHOUGH ONLY ~600 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES WERE IDENTIFIED IN SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM CP-CML PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, ~6500 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES WERE FOUND IN SAMPLES FROM BC-CML PATIENTS. IN THE MAJORITY OF AFFECTED CPG SITES, METHYLATION WAS INCREASED. IN CP-CML PATIENTS WHO PROGRESSED TO AP-CML/BC-CML, WE IDENTIFIED UP TO 897 GENES THAT WERE METHYLATED AT THE TIME OF PROGRESSION BUT NOT AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS. USING RNA-SEQUENCING, WE OBSERVED DOWNREGULATED EXPRESSION OF MANY OF THESE GENES IN BC-CML COMPARED WITH CP-CML SAMPLES. SEVERAL OF THEM ARE WELL-KNOWN TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES OR REGULATORS OF CELL PROLIFERATION, AND GENE RE-EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED BY THE USE OF EPIGENETIC ACTIVE DRUGS. TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT CPG SITE METHYLATION CLEARLY INCREASES DURING CML PROGRESSION AND THAT IT MAY PROVIDE A USEFUL BASIS FOR REVEALING NEW TARGETS OF THERAPY IN ADVANCED CML.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 3125  25 GHSR DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF HIGH DIAGNOSTIC VALUE IN A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CANCERS. IDENTIFICATION OF A SINGLE MOLECULAR TRAIT THAT IS DETERMINANT OF COMMON MALIGNANCIES MAY SERVE AS A POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC SUPPLEMENT TO CANCER TYPE-SPECIFIC MARKERS. HERE, WE REPORT A DNA METHYLATION MARK THAT IS CHARACTERISTIC OF SEVEN STUDIED MALIGNANCIES, NAMELY CANCERS OF LUNG, BREAST, PROSTATE, PANCREAS, COLORECTUM, GLIOBLASTOMA AND B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) (N = 137). THIS MARK WAS DEFINED BY SUBSTANTIAL HYPERMETHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER AND FIRST EXON OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOUGE RECEPTOR (GHSR) THROUGH BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE DEGREE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION WAS CAPABLE OF ACCURATE DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN CANCER AND CONTROL SAMPLES. THE HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF CANCER DETECTION WAS ACHIEVED FOR CANCERS OF PANCREAS, LUNG, BREAST AND CLL YIELDING THE AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) VALUES OF 1.0000, 0.9952, 0.9800 AND 0.9400, RESPECTIVELY. NARROWING TO A SINGLE CPG SITE WITHIN THE GENE'S PROMOTER OR FOUR CONSECUTIVE CPG UNITS OF THE HIGHEST METHYLATION LEVELS WITHIN THE FIRST EXON IMPROVED THE DETECTION POWER. GHSR HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED ALREADY AT THE EARLY STAGE TUMORS. THE ACCURATE PERFORMANCE OF THIS MARKER WAS FURTHER REPLICATED IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF PANCREATIC CANCER AND CONTROL SAMPLES (N = 78). THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE CANDIDATURE OF GHSR METHYLATION AS A HIGHLY ACCURATE PAN-CANCER MARKER.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 2327  40 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGEN GENE, HAGE, IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CANCER TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTA) PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR CANCER-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY. ALTHOUGH CTA GENES ARE EXPRESSED IN SOME NORMAL TISSUES, SUCH AS THE TESTIS, THIS IMMUNOLOGICALLY PROTECTED SITE LACKS MHC I EXPRESSION AND AS SUCH, DOES NOT PRESENT SELF ANTIGENS TO T CELLS. TO DATE, CTA GENES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EXPRESSED IN A RANGE OF SOLID TUMORS VIA DEMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS, BUT RARELY IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) OR OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. DESIGN AND METHODS: IN THIS STUDY, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE CTA GENE PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) AND SEQUENCING IN FOUR PHILADELPHIA-POSITIVE CELL LINES (TCC-S, K562, KU812 AND KYO-1) AND IN CML SAMPLES TAKEN FROM PATIENTS IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP N=215) OR BLAST CRISIS (BC N=47). HAGE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: THE TCC-S CELL LINE SHOWED DEMETHYLATION OF HAGE THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH OVER-EXPRESSION OF THIS GENE. HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN BC (46%) THAN IN CP (22%) (P=0.01) AND WAS CORRELATED WITH HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HAGE TRANSCRIPTS (P<0.0001). OF NOTE, IN CP-CML, EXTENSIVE HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE TO INTERFERON (P=0.01) OR IMATINIB (P=0.01), MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB (P=0.003) AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (P=0.05). INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSION: THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE PROMOTER DIRECTLY CORRELATES WITH ITS EXPRESSION IN BOTH CML CELL LINES AND PATIENTS AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE AND POOR OUTCOME.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11 2262  29 EPIGENETIC PROFILING IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA REVEALS NOVEL METHYLATION TARGETS. CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THAT CONTRIBUTES TO TUMORIGENESIS BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL INACTIVATION OF GENES. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE OVERALL LEVELS OF CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). TO PROVIDE A BASELINE ESTIMATE OF GLOBAL ABERRANT METHYLATION AND IDENTIFY TARGET SEQUENCES FOR ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATION, WE PERFORMED RESTRICTION LANDMARK GENOMIC SCANNING ON 10 CLL SAMPLES. TWO METHYLATION-SENSITIVE LANDMARK ENZYMES WERE USED (NOTI AND ASCI), ALLOWING ASSESSMENT OF OVER 3000 CPG ISLANDS IN EACH SAMPLE. TUMOR-DERIVED RESTRICTION LANDMARK GENOMIC SCANNING PROFILES WERE COMPARED WITH PROFILES FROM CD19-SELECTED B CELLS FROM NORMAL VOLUNTEERS AND MATCHED NORMAL NEUTROPHILS FROM 4 CLL PATIENTS. WE FOUND 2.5-8.1% (MEAN 4.8%) OF THE CPG ISLANDS IN CLL SAMPLES WERE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, AND THE METHYLATION EVENTS HAD A NONRANDOM DISTRIBUTION (P < 0.0001). FURTHERMORE, WE IDENTIFIED 193 ABERRANTLY METHYLATED SEQUENCES, OF WHICH 93% HAVE CPG ISLAND CHARACTERISTICS AND 90% HAVE HOMOLOGY TO GENES OR EXPRESSED SEQUENCES. ONE SUCH GENE, THE G PROTEIN-COUPLED METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 7 (GRM7), POSSIBLY INHIBITS CYCLIC AMP SIGNALING IN THE INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS. BISULFITE SEQUENCING OF GRM7 CONFIRMED EXTENSIVE CPG ISLAND METHYLATION, AND TREATMENT WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (DECITABINE) RESULTED IN UP-REGULATED EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL GENES IN VITRO WITH CONCURRENT CELLULAR DEPLETION OF DNMT1 PROTEIN. OUR DUAL-ENZYME GLOBAL METHYLATION STUDY SHOWS THAT CLL IS CHARACTERIZED BY WIDESPREAD NONRANDOM CPG ISLAND METHYLATION SIMILAR TO OTHER TUMORS AND PROVIDES A PANEL OF NOVEL METHYLATION TARGETS THAT CAN BE USED IN LARGER STUDIES DESIGNED TO ASSESS IMPACT ON DISEASE PROGRESSION AND SURVIVAL.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12 2753  29 EXPRESSION OF BCL2L12 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: ASSOCIATION WITH CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR PROGNOSTIC MARKERS. DYSREGULATION OF APOPTOSIS IS A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), ALTHOUGH A UNIQUE MECHANISM UNDERLYING APOPTOSIS RESISTANCE OF CLL B LYMPHOCYTES HAS NOT BEEN IDENTIFIED YET. ABERRANT EXPRESSION AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF NUMEROUS GENES INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT PATHWAYS OF APOPTOSIS REGULATION HAS BEEN DESCRIBED IN CLL. HERE, WE REPORT THE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF BCL2L12 (BCL2-LIKE 12), A NOVEL APOPTOTIC GENE BELONGING TO BCL2 FAMILY, IN 58 SERBIAN CLL PATIENTS. QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QRT-PCR) ANALYSIS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT OVEREXPRESSION OF BCL2L12 MRNA IN CLL SAMPLES COMPARED TO NON-LEUKEMIC SAMPLES, IMPLYING ITS ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (ROC) ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT BCL2L12 EXPRESSION EFFICIENTLY DISCRIMINATES CLL CASES FROM HEALTHY CONTROLS. HOWEVER, RELATIVELY HOMOGENOUS BCL2L12 MRNA EXPRESSION AMONG PATIENTS DID NOT REFLECT THEIR CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS (WITH THE EXCEPTION OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE STATUS AND TIME FROM DIAGNOSIS TO TREATMENT) AND FAILED TO SHOW ASSOCIATION WITH THE MOST INFORMATIVE PROGNOSTIC MARKERS, NAMELY THE MUTATIONAL STATUS OF REARRANGED IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN VARIABLE REGION GENES, CD38 AND LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE GENE (LPL) EXPRESSION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13 2714  34 EXERCISE-CONDITIONED PLASMA ATTENUATES NUCLEAR CONCENTRATIONS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B IN HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS. DNA METHYLATION IS MODIFIABLE BY ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXERCISE. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) CATALYZE THIS PROCESS; HOWEVER, THERE IS A LACK OF LITERATURE CONCERNING THE SPECIFIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH EXERCISE-INDUCED MODIFICATIONS OCCUR. INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6) STIMULATION OF VARIOUS CELL LINES HAS BEEN SHOWN TO AUGMENT DNMT EXPRESSION AND NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION, WHICH SUGGESTS A POSSIBLE PATHWAY BY WHICH EXERCISE IS ABLE TO ELICIT CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC ENZYMES. THE PRESENT STUDY SOUGHT TO ELUCIDATE THE RESPONSE OF THE DE NOVO METHYLTRANSFERASES DNMT3A AND DNMT3B TO CIRCULATORY FACTORS FOUND IN PLASMA ISOLATED FROM WHOLE BLOOD BEFORE AND AFTER 120-MIN OF TREADMILL RUNNING AT AN INTENSITY OF 60% OF INDIVIDUAL VELOCITY AT V O2MAX (VV O2MAX) INTERSPERSED WITH 30-SEC SPRINTS AT 90% OF VV O2MAX EVERY 10-MIN. PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) ISOLATED FROM A RESTING PARTICIPANT WERE INCUBATED WITH PLASMA ISOLATED FROM EXERCISING PARTICIPANTS (N = 10) OR RECOMBINANT IL-6 (RIL-6), FOLLOWED BY NUCLEAR PROTEIN EXTRACTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF DNMT3A AND DNMT3B CONCENTRATIONS. NUCLEAR CONCENTRATIONS OF DNMT3B SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED FOLLOWING THE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL (P = 0.03), WITH NO CHANGE OBSERVED IN DNMT3A (P = 0.514).VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF RIL-6 CAUSED AN ELEVATION IN BOTH DNMT3A AND DNMT3B NUCLEAR CONCENTRATION COMPARED WITH THE BLANK CONTROL. THE CONFLICTING RESULTS BETWEEN EXERCISING AND RIL-6 CONDITIONS SUGGESTS THAT IL-6 DOES REGULATE DNMT NUCLEAR TRANSPORT, HOWEVER, OTHER PLASMA MEDIATORS MAY ALSO EXERT SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON THE NUCLEAR CONCENTRATIONS OF THESE ENZYMES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14 3532  40 IMATINIB INDEPENDENT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF NOV/CCN3 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: A MECHANISM UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION? BACKGROUND: THE NOV GENE PRODUCT, CCN3, HAS BEEN REPORTED IN A DIVERSE RANGE OF TUMORS TO SERVE AS A NEGATIVE GROWTH REGULATOR, WHILE ACTING AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF ITS SILENCING IN CML IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO QUERY IF THE GENE REGULATION OF CCN3 IS MEDIATED BY THE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE PATIENTS WITH CML. IN ADDITION, TO CLARIFY WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS AFFECTED BY BCR-ABL1 INHIBITION, WE ASSESSED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS FOLLOWING THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION USING IMATINIB THERAPY, AS THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR THIS TYPE OF LEUKEMIA. METHODS: TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE APPLIED BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE AS A HIGH-RESOLUTION METHOD TO STUDY THE REGULATORY SEGMENT OF THE CCN3 GENE. THE RESULTS WERE ANALYZED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CML PATIENTS AS WELL AS FOLLOWING IMATINIB THERAPY. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE CORRELATION OF CCN3 PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH BCR-ABL1 LEVELS. RESULTS: OUR FINDINGS REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURS FREQUENTLY IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF CML PATIENTS SHOWING A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF THE METHYLATED PERCENTAGE AT THE CPG SITES COMPARED TO NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, THIS HYPERMETHYLATION WAS INDICATED TO BE INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 TITERS IN BOTH GROUPS, WHICH MIGHT SUGGEST A MECHANISM BEYOND THE BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: DESPITE SUGGESTING THAT THE CCN3 HYPERMETHYLATION ACTS AS A MOLECULAR MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION IN CML PATIENTS, THIS SCENARIO REQUIRES FURTHER VALIDATION BY COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. IN THE CASE OF ACTING UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 SIGNALING, THE METHYLATION MARKER CAN PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION AND A NOVEL PLATFORM FOR TARGETED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS FOR EFFICIENT TREATMENT IN IMATINIB RESISTANT PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15 4388  42 MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C EXPRESSION CORRELATES WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION AND RESPONSE TO IMATINIB MESYLATE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A CLONAL MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM WHOSE PATHOGENESIS IS LINKED TO THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME PRESENCE THAT GENERATES THE BCR-ABL1 FUSION ONCOGENE. TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) SUCH AS IMATINIB MESYLATE (IM) DRAMATICALLY IMPROVED THE TREATMENT EFFICIENCY AND SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS BY TARGETING BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE. THE DISEASE SHOWS THREE DISTINCT CLINICAL-LABORATORY STAGES: CHRONIC PHASE, ACCELERATED PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS. ALTHOUGH PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE RESPOND WELL TO TREATMENT, PATIENTS IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE OR BLAST CRISIS USUALLY SHOW THERAPY RESISTANCE AND CML RELAPSE. IT IS CRUCIAL, THEREFORE, TO IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS TO PREDICT CML GENETIC EVOLUTION AND RESISTANCE TO TKI THERAPY, CONSIDERING NOT ONLY THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC ABERRATIONS BUT ALSO THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING THE DISEASE. ALTHOUGH DYSREGULATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODULATORS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLTRASNFERASES HAVE ALREADY BEEN DESCRIBED FOR SOME HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, TO DATE VERY LIMITED DATA IS AVAILABLE FOR CML, ESPECIALLY WHEN CONSIDERING THE LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C. METHODS: HERE WE INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF BOTH GENES IN CML PATIENTS IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE DISEASE, IN PATIENTS SHOWING DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO THERAPY WITH IM AND IN NON-NEOPLASTIC CONTROL SAMPLES. IMATINIB SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT CML CELL LINES WERE ALSO USED TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER TREATMENT WITH OTHER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS INTERFERED IN THEIR EXPRESSION. RESULTS: IN PATIENTS, BOTH METHYLTRANSFERASES WERE EITHER UPREGULATED OR WITH BASAL EXPRESSION LEVEL DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE COMPARED TO CONTROLS. INTERESTINGLY, MLL3/KMT2C AND SPECIALLY MLL2/KMT2D LEVELS DECREASED DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION CORRELATING WITH DISTINCT CLINICAL STAGES. FURTHERMORE, MLL2/KMT2D WAS DECREASED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT TO IM TREATMENT. A RESCUE IN THE EXPRESSION OF BOTH MLL GENES WAS OBSERVED IN KCL22S, A CML CELL LINE SENSITIVE TO IM, AFTER TREATMENT WITH DASATINIB OR NILOTINIB WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER RATE OF APOPTOSIS, AN ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF P21 (CDKN1A) AND A CONCOMITANT DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF CDK2, CDK4 AND CYCLIN B1 (CCNB1) IN COMPARISON TO UNTREATED KCL22S CONTROL OR IM RESISTANT KCL22R CELL LINE, WHICH SUGGESTS INVOLVEMENT OF P53 REGULATED PATHWAY. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS ESTABLISHED A NEW ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C GENES WITH CML AND SUGGEST THAT MLL2/KMT2D IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE EVOLUTION AND MAY BE A POTENTIAL MARKER TO PREDICT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPY RESISTANCE.	2018	

16 3147  33 GLP OVEREXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND ITS INHIBITION INDUCES LEUKEMIC CELL DEATH. BACKGROUND HETERODIMERIC METHYLTRANSFERASES GLP (EHMT1/KMT1D) AND G9A (EHMT2/KMT1C) ARE TWO CLOSELY RELATED ENZYMES THAT PROMOTE THE MONOMETHYLATION AND DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9. DYSREGULATION OF THEIR ACTIVITY HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN SEVERAL TYPES OF HUMAN CANCER. PATIENTS AND METHODS HERE, IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER GLP/G9A EXERTS ANY IMPACT ON CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), GLP/G9A EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSESSED IN A COHORT OF 50 PATIENTS AND THE EFFECTS OF THEIR INHIBITION WERE VERIFIED FOR THE VIABILITY OF CLL CELLS. ALSO, QRT-PCR WAS USED TO INVESTIGATE THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVELS OF GLP/G9A IN CLL PATIENTS. IN ADDITION, PATIENT SAMPLES WERE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ZAP-70 PROTEIN EXPRESSION BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND ACCORDING TO KARYOTYPE INTEGRITY BY CYTOGENETICS ANALYSIS. FINALLY, A SELECTIVE SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR FOR GLP/G9A WAS USED TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER THESE METHYLTRANSFERASES INFLUENCED THE VIABILITY OF MEC-1 CLL CELL LINEAGE. RESULTS MRNA ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT CLL SAMPLES HAD HIGHER LEVELS OF GLP, BUT NOT G9A, WHEN COMPARED TO NON-LEUKEMIC CONTROLS. INTERESTINGLY, PATIENTS WITH UNFAVORABLE CYTOGENETICS SHOWED HIGHER EXPRESSION LEVELS OF GLP COMPARED TO PATIENTS WITH FAVORABLE KARYOTYPES. MORE IMPORTANTLY, GLP/G9A INHIBITION MARKEDLY INDUCED CELL DEATH IN CLL CELLS. CONCLUSION TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT GLP IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WORSE PROGNOSIS IN CLL, AND THAT THE INHIBITION OF GLP/G9A INFLUENCES CLL CELL VIABILITY. ALTOGETHER, THE PRESENT DATA DEMONSTRATE THAT THESE METHYLTRANSFERASES CAN BE POTENTIAL MARKERS FOR DISEASE PROGRESSION, AS WELL AS A PROMISING EPIGENETIC TARGET FOR CLL TREATMENT AND THE PREVENTION OF DISEASE EVOLUTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17 2464  46 EPIGENETIC THERAPY USING BELINOSTAT FOR PATIENTS WITH UNRESECTABLE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: A MULTICENTER PHASE I/II STUDY WITH BIOMARKER AND PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSIS OF TUMORS FROM PATIENTS IN THE MAYO PHASE II CONSORTIUM AND THE CANCER THERAPEUTICS RESEARCH GROUP. PURPOSE: EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). IN THIS STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH UNRESECTABLE HCC AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR BELINOSTAT WAS ASSESSED. THE OBJECTIVES WERE TO DETERMINE DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITY AND MAXIMUM-TOLERATED DOSE (MTD), TO ASSESS PHARMACOKINETICS IN PHASE I, AND TO ASSESS ACTIVITY OF AND EXPLORE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR RESPONSE IN PHASE II. PATIENTS AND METHODS: MAJOR ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA INCLUDED HISTOLOGICALLY CONFIRMED UNRESECTABLE HCC, EUROPEAN COOPERATIVE ONCOLOGY GROUP PERFORMANCE SCORE </= 2, AND ADEQUATE ORGAN FUNCTION. PHASE I CONSISTED OF 18 PATIENTS; BELINOSTAT WAS GIVEN INTRAVENOUSLY ONCE PER DAY ON DAYS 1 TO 5 EVERY 3 WEEKS; DOSE LEVELS WERE 600 MG/M(2) PER DAY (LEVEL 1), 900 MG/M(2) PER DAY (LEVEL 2), 1,200 MG/M(2) PER DAY (LEVEL 3), AND 1,400 MG/M(2) PER DAY (LEVEL 4). PHASE II CONSISTED OF 42 PATIENTS. THE PRIMARY END POINT WAS PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (PFS), AND THE MAIN SECONDARY END POINTS WERE RESPONSE ACCORDING TO RESPONSE EVALUATION CRITERIA IN SOLID TUMORS (RECIST) AND OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS). EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED ON PRETREATMENT TUMOR TISSUES TO DETERMINE WHETHER HR23B EXPRESSION IS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR RESPONSE. RESULTS: BELINOSTAT PHARMACOKINETICS WERE LINEAR FROM 600 TO 1,400 MG/M(2) WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION. THE MTD WAS NOT REACHED AT THE MAXIMUM DOSE ADMINISTERED. DOSE LEVEL 4 WAS USED IN PHASE II. THE MEDIAN NUMBER OF CYCLES WAS TWO (RANGE, ONE TO 12). THE PARTIAL RESPONSE (PR) AND STABLE DISEASE (SD) RATES WERE 2.4% AND 45.2%, RESPECTIVELY. THE MEDIAN PFS AND OS WERE 2.64 AND 6.60 MONTHS, RESPECTIVELY. EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT DISEASE STABILIZATION RATE (COMPLETE RESPONSE PLUS PR PLUS SD) IN TUMORS HAVING HIGH AND LOW HR23B HISTOSCORES WERE 58% AND 14%, RESPECTIVELY (P = .036). CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH BELINOSTAT DEMONSTRATES TUMOR STABILIZATION AND IS GENERALLY WELL-TOLERATED. HR23B EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE STABILIZATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 5102  29 POLYCOMB GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSE TO IMATINIB IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. AIM: IMATINIB IS A TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THAT HAS REVOLUTIONIZED THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). DESPITE ITS EFFICACY, ABOUT A THIRD OF PATIENTS DISCONTINUE THE TREATMENT DUE TO THERAPY FAILURE OR INTOLERANCE. THE RATIONAL IDENTIFICATION OF PATIENTS LESS LIKELY TO RESPOND TO IMATINIB WOULD BE OF PARAMOUNT CLINICAL RELEVANCE. WE HAVE SHOWN THAT TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORTER HOCT1 GENOTYPING PREDICTS IMATINIB ACTIVITY. IN PARALLEL, POLYCOMB GROUP GENES (PCGS) ARE EPIGENETIC REPRESSORS IMPLICATED IN CML PROGRESSION AND IN THERAPY RESISTANCE. PATIENTS & METHODS: WE MEASURED THE EXPRESSION OF EIGHT PCGS IN PAIRED PRE- AND POST-IMATINIB BONE MARROW SAMPLES FROM 30 CML PATIENTS. RESULTS: BMI1, PHC3, CBX6 AND CBX7 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED DURING IMATINIB TREATMENT. POST-TREATMENT LEVELS OF CBX6 AND CBX7 PREDICTED 3-MONTH RESPONSE RATE. MEASUREMENT OF POST-TREATMENT BMI1 LEVELS IMPROVED THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF HOCT1 GENOTYPING. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF PCGS MIGHT BE USEFUL FOR A MORE ACCURATE RISK STRATIFICATION OF CML PATIENTS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19 3468  46 HYPOXIA-INDUCED DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN PULMONARY FIBROBLASTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PRO-FIBROTIC PHENOTYPE. BACKGROUND: PULMONARY FIBROSIS IS A DEBILITATING AND LETHAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT PLAY WILL DIRECT THE APPLICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES. HYPOXIA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY FIBROSIS YET THE PRECISE MECHANISM BY WHICH IT CONTRIBUTES TO DISEASE PROGRESSION REMAINS TO BE FULLY ELUCIDATED. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAN ALTER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN TUMOUR-DERIVED CELL LINES. THIS EPIGENETIC ALTERATION CAN INDUCE CHANGES IN CELLULAR PHENOTYPE WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION BEING ASSOCIATED WITH GENE SILENCING. OF PARTICULAR RELEVANCE TO IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS THE OBSERVATION THAT THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MYOFIBROBLAST PHENOTYPE WHERE LOSS OF THY-1 OCCURS ALONGSIDE INCREASED ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION. THE INITIAL AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER HYPOXIA REGULATES DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLASTS (CCD19LU). AS IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT HYPOXIA SUPPRESSES THY-1 EXPRESSION DURING LUNG DEVELOPMENT WE ALSO STUDIED THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON THY-1 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. METHODS: CCD19LU WERE GROWN FOR UP TO 8 DAYS IN HYPOXIA AND ASSESSED FOR GLOBAL CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION USING FLOW CYTOMETRY. REAL-TIME PCR WAS USED TO QUANTIFY EXPRESSION OF THY-1, ALPHA-SMA, COLLAGEN I AND III. GENOMIC DNA WAS BISULPHITE TREATED AND METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR (MSPCR) WAS USED TO EXAMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE THY-1 PROMOTER. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN HYPOXIC FIBROBLASTS RELATIVE TO NORMOXIC CONTROLS AND WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MYOFIBROBLAST MARKERS. THY-1 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS SUPPRESSED IN HYPOXIC CELLS, WHICH WAS RESTORED WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. MSPCR REVEALED THAT THY-1 BECAME METHYLATED FOLLOWING FIBROBLAST EXPOSURE TO 1% O2. CONCLUSION: THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FIBROBLAST FUNCTION IN HYPOXIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20 2967  36 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE IN RELATION TO INFLAMMATION IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND FIBROMYALGIA. BACKGROUND: CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT) HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INFLUENCE CLINICAL PAIN, DESCENDING MODULATION, AND EXERCISE-INDUCED SYMPTOM WORSENING. COMT REGULATES NOCICEPTIVE PROCESSING AND INFLAMMATION, KEY PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND FIBROMYALGIA (CFS/FM). WE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING COMT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH CFS/FM. METHODS: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY WITH REPEATED-MEASURES DESIGN WAS USED TO REDUCE THE CHANCE OF FALSE POSITIVE AND INCREASE THE POWER OF OUR FINDINGS. FIFTY-FOUR PARTICIPANTS (28 PATIENTS WITH CFS/FM AND 26 CONTROLS) WERE ASSESSED TWICE WITHIN 4 DAYS. THE ASSESSMENT INCLUDED CLINICAL QUESTIONNAIRES, NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (PAIN THRESHOLDS, TEMPORAL SUMMATION, AND CONDITIONED PAIN MODULATION), AND BLOOD WITHDRAWAL IN ORDER TO ASSESS RS4818, RS4633, AND RS4680 COMT POLYMORPHISMS AND PERFORM HAPLOTYPE ESTIMATION, DNA METHYLATION IN THE COMT GENE (BOTH MB-COMT AND S-COMT PROMOTERS), AND CYTOKINE EXPRESSION (TNF-ALPHA, IFN-GAMMA, IL-6, AND TGF-BETA). RESULTS: COMT HAPLOTYPES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION IN THE S-COMT PROMOTER, TGF-BETA EXPRESSION, AND SYMPTOMS. HOWEVER, THIS WAS NOT SPECIFIC FOR ONE CONDITION. SIGNIFICANT BETWEEN-GROUP DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND FOR INCREASED DNA METHYLATION IN THE MB-COMT PROMOTER AND DECREASED IFN-GAMMA EXPRESSION IN PATIENTS. DISCUSSION: OUR RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH, PROVIDING INTERESTING INSIGHTS INTO GENETIC-EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS. MB-COMT DNA METHYLATION MIGHT BE AN INDEPENDENT FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CFS/FM. FURTHER RESEARCH ON DNA METHYLATION IN COMPLEX CONDITIONS SUCH AS CFS/FM IS WARRANTED. WE RECOMMEND FUTURE RESEARCH TO EMPLOY A REPEATED-MEASURE DESIGN TO CONTROL FOR BIOMARKERS VARIABILITY AND WITHIN-SUBJECT CHANGES.	2022