1   12 163 2017 CLINICAL TRIALS UPDATE IN NEW TREATMENTS OF BETA-THALASSEMIA. THE UNDERLYING BASIS OF BETA-THALASSEMIA PATHOLOGY IS THE DIMINISHED BETA-GLOBIN SYNTHESIS LEADING TO ALPHA-GLOBIN ACCUMULATION AND PREMATURE APOPTOTIC DESTRUCTION OF ERYTHROBLASTS, CAUSING OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS, BONE MARROW HYPERPLASIA, SPLENOMEGALY, AND INCREASED INTESTINAL IRON ABSORPTION WITH PROGRESSIVE IRON OVERLOAD. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS DISEASE LED TO THE RECOGNITION OF NEW TARGETS WITH POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC UTILITY. AGENTS SUCH AS JAK2 INHIBITORS AND TGF-BETA LIGAND TRAPS THAT REDUCE THE INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS PROCESS ARE ALREADY BEING TESTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH PROMISING RESULTS. OTHER AGENTS THAT AIM TO REDUCE OXIDATIVE STRESS (ACTIVATORS OF FOXO3, HRI-EIF2AP, PRX2, HSP70, AND PK ANTI-OXIDANT SYSTEMS AND INHIBITORS OF HO-1) AND TO DECREASE IRON OVERLOAD (HEPCIDIN AGONISTS, ERYTHROFERRONE INHIBITORS AND EXOGENOUS TRANSFERRIN) ARE ALSO UNDER EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION. SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS HAS ALSO BEEN MADE IN THE AREA OF ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION WITH SEVERAL ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS EXAMINING NEW CONDITION REGIMENS AS WELL AS DIFFERENT DONOR SELECTION AND STEM CELL SOURCE OPTIONS. GENE THERAPY HAS REACHED A CRITICAL POINT AND PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN LAUNCHED TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS AND ESPECIALLY LONG TERM SAFETY. EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION AND GENOMIC EDITING OF THE GAMMA- OR BETA-GLOBIN GENE ARE NOVEL AND PROMISING EXPERIMENTAL GENE THERAPY APPROACHES FOR BETA-THALASSEMIA GIVING HOPE FOR CURE FOR THIS CHRONIC DISEASE. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES THE KEY POINTS OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING BETA-THALASSEMIA IN RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW THERAPIES AND AN UPDATE IS GIVEN BOTH AT THE PRE-CLINICAL AND CLINICAL LEVEL. AM. J. HEMATOL. 91:1135-1145, 2016. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 4753  84 NOVEL THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN BETA-THALASSEMIA. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BETA-THALASSEMIA IS REDUCED BETA-GLOBIN CHAIN PRODUCTION. THE INEVITABLE IMBALANCE IN THE ALPHA/BETA-GLOBIN RATIO AND ALPHA-GLOBIN ACCUMULATION LEAD TO OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE ERYTHROID LINEAGE, APOPTOSIS, AND INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS. THE RESULT IS COMPENSATORY HEMATOPOIETIC EXPANSION AND IMPAIRED HEPCIDIN PRODUCTION THAT CAUSES INCREASED INTESTINAL IRON ABSORPTION AND PROGRESSIVE IRON OVERLOAD. CHRONIC HEMOLYSIS AND RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSIONS ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO IRON TISSUE DEPOSITION. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LED TO THE DETECTION OF NEW CURATIVE OR "DISEASE-MODIFYING" THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. SUBSTANTIAL EVOLVEMENT HAS BEEN MADE IN ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION WITH CURRENT CLINICAL TRIALS INVESTIGATING NEW CONDITION REGIMENS AS WELL AS DIFFERENT DONORS AND STEM CELL SOURCE OPTIONS. GENE THERAPY HAS ALSO MOVED FORWARD, AND PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIALS WITH THE USE OF BETA-GLOBIN INSERTION TECHNIQUES HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED LEADING TO APPROVAL FOR USE IN TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT PATIENTS. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION OF THE GAMMA- OR BETA-GLOBIN GENE HAVE ENTERED THE CLINICAL TRIAL SETTING. AGENTS SUCH AS TGF-BETA LIGAND TRAPS AND PYRUVATE KINASE ACTIVATORS, WHICH REDUCE THE INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS, HAVE BEEN TESTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH FAVORABLE RESULTS. ONE TGF-BETA LIGAND TRAP, LUSPATERCEPT, HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR USE IN ADULTS WITH TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT BETA-THALASSEMIA. THE INDUCTION OF HBF WITH THE PHOSPHODIESTERASE 9 INHIBITOR IMR-687, WHICH INCREASE CYCLIC GUANOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE, IS CURRENTLY BEING TESTED. ANOTHER THERAPEUTIC APPROACH IS TO TARGET THE DYSREGULATION OF IRON HOMEOSTASIS, USING, FOR EXAMPLE, HEPCIDIN AGONISTS (INHIBITORS OF TMPRSS6 AND MINIHEPCIDINS) OR FERROPORTIN INHIBITORS (VIT-2763). THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN UPDATE ON THE NOVEL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS THAT ARE PRESENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT AT THE CLINICAL LEVEL IN BETA-THALASSEMIA.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3 4686  68 NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT THALASSEMIA. BETA-THALASSEMIAS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY REDUCED PRODUCTION OF BETA-GLOBIN CHAIN, RESULTING IN ALPHA/BETA-CHAIN UNBALANCE AND PRECIPITATION OF ALPHA-GLOBIN-HEME COMPLEXES AND DETERMINING INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS. INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS, CHRONIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, AND COMPENSATORY HEMATOPOIETIC EXPANSION ARE THE DISEASE HALLMARKS, AND THEY ARE RELATED TO THE SEVERITY OF THE CHAIN UNBALANCE. SEVERAL CLINICAL FORMS OF BETA-THALASSEMIA, INCLUDING THE COINHERITANCE OF BETA-THALASSEMIA WITH HEMOGLOBIN E RESULTING IN HEMOGLOBIN E/BETA-THALASSEMIA, HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. CLINICALLY, BETA-THALASSEMIAS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT THALASSEMIA (TDT) AND NON-TRANSFUSION-DEPENDENT THALASSEMIA (NTDT) ACCORDING TO THE SEVERITY OF THE PHENOTYPE, WHICH IS CAUSED BY A WIDE SPECTRUM OF MUTATIONS IN A HOMOZYGOUS OR COMPOUND HETEROZYGOUS STATE. CURRENT TREATMENT OF TDT CONSISTS OF REGULAR TRANSFUSIONS THAT LEAD TO IRON OVERLOAD, REQUIRING IRON CHELATION TO PREVENT IRON-RELATED ORGAN TOXICITY. NTDT PATIENTS DO NOT REQUIRE TRANSFUSIONS OR ONLY OCCASIONALLY REQUIRE THEM; HOWEVER, THEY DEVELOP IRON OVERLOAD AS WELL BECAUSE OF INCREASED INTESTINAL IRON ABSORPTION CAUSED BY CHRONIC ANEMIA. HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL ALLOGENIC TRANSPLANT IS THE ONLY APPROVED CURE FOR BETA-THALASSEMIA; HOWEVER, IT IS STILL LIMITED BY CLINICAL CONDITIONS AND THE AVAILABILITY OF MATCHED DONORS AS WELL AS BY POTENTIAL GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD). GENE THERAPY COULD AVOID THE GVHD RISK, ALTHOUGH HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS MUST BE GENETICALLY MODIFIED EX VIVO. EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION AND GENOMIC EDITING ARE NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES. AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THAT CONTROLS THE DISEASE PROCESS PROMPTED US TO EXPLORE ALTERNATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES THAT ADDRESS THE UNDERLYING CHAIN UNBALANCE, INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS, AND IRON DYSREGULATION. MOLECULES, SUCH AS JAK2 INHIBITORS AND THE ACTIVIN-RECEPTOR LIGAND TRAP THAT TARGET INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS, ARE ALREADY IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH PROMISING RESULTS. OTHER AGENTS AIMED TO GENERATE IRON-RESTRICTED ERYTHROPOIESIS ARE ALSO UNDER EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4  601  30 BETA-GLUCAN "TRAINED IMMUNITY" IMMUNOMODULATORY PROPERTIES POTENTIATE TISSUE WOUND MANAGEMENT AND ACCELERATE FITNESS RECOVER. INTRODUCTION: IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT MODERATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN IMPROVE THE IMMUNE STATUS, RATHER EXCESS OR HIGH-INTENSITY PHYSICAL EXERCISE CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. IN ADDITION, MUSCLE INJURIES RESULTING FROM INCREASED FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF EXERCISES COMPROMISE INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVITY AND MAY DECREASE TISSUE REGENERATION. THUS, BETA-GLUCANS, A NATURAL COMPOUND, MAY REPRESENT AN IMPORTANT SUBSTANCE WITH STRONG IMMUNOMODULATORY PROPERTIES ACTING AS AN IMMUNOSTIMULANT THERAPY KNOWN AS "TRAINED IMMUNITY". THIS IMMUNE STIMULATING THERAPEUTIC IS AN IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY PHENOMENON LINKED TO THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM, TRIGGERING CELLULAR CHANGES AT EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND FUNCTIONAL LEVELS, TO REGULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND RECOVER ITS HOMEOSTASIS WITH CLINICAL BENEFITS. CONCLUSION: THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW WORKS WITH THE CURRENT EVIDENCE REGARDING BETA-GLUCANS AS A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE THERAPY FOR WOUND HEALING AND ITS SAFETY AND EFFICACY IN THE TREATMENT OF MUSCLE INJURIES AND PHYSICAL RECOVERY INCLUDING OTHER CHRONIC CONDITIONS AND DISEASES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 3996  48 LOOKING FORWARD: NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN CHRONIC AND ADVANCED PHASES OF MYELOFIBROSIS. MYELOFIBROSIS (MF) IS COMPLEX AT THE PATHOBIOLOGIC LEVEL AND HETEROGENEOUS AT THE CLINICAL LEVEL. THE ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MF PROVIDE IMPORTANT INSIGHT INTO THE MECHANISMS DRIVING THIS CHRONIC MYELOID MALIGNANCY, REFINE RISK STRATIFICATION, OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS, AND SERVE TO MEASURE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE. ALTHOUGH JAK2 INHIBITION HAS BEEN THE FOCUS OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL EFFORTS OVER THE LAST DECADE, CURRENT EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES HAVE BROADENED TO INCLUDE INHIBITORS OF KEY ALTERNATIVE SIGNALING PATHWAYS, EPIGENETIC MODULATORS, ANTI-FIBROTICS, AND IMMUNOTHERAPIES. BASED ON COMPELLING PRECLINICAL RATIONALE, A NUMBER OF JAK2 INHIBITOR BASED COMBINATION THERAPIES ARE NOW ACTIVELY BEING EVALUATED IN THE CLINIC WITH THE GOAL OF DISEASE COURSE MODIFICATION. THE ROLE AND TIMING OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (HSCT) FOR MF HAS BEEN CHALLENGED WITH THE AVAILABILITY OF COMMERCIAL RUXOLITINIB AND THE PLETHORA OF EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT OPTIONS THAT EXIST. INTEGRATION OF PRECONDITIONING JAK2 INHIBITION, REDUCED INTENSITY CONDITIONING REGIMENS, AND ALTERNATIVE DONOR SOURCES ARE ALL BEING EXPLORED IN AN ATTEMPT TO OPTIMIZE THIS POTENTIALLY CURATIVE MODALITY. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE MODERN MF RISK STRATIFICATION, CURRENT CLINICAL RESEARCH APPROACHES TO CHRONIC AND ADVANCE PHASE MF FOCUSING ON NOVEL AGENTS ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, AND UPDATE THE READER ON NEW DIRECTIONS IN HSCT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6 5913  31 TARGETED THERAPY IN LEUKEMIA. RESEARCH CONDUCTED OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES HAS YIELDED A DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR LESIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS AND COMMITTED PROGENITORS INTO THE VARIOUS FORMS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA. ALTHOUGH OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF LEUKEMIA REMAINS INCOMPLETE, THE INFORMATION GAINED TO DATE HAS HAD A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE WAY THESE MALIGNANCIES ARE BOTH DIAGNOSED AND MONITORED DURING THERAPY. MORE RECENTLY, TARGETED THERAPIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AGAINST SOME OF THE IDENTIFIED GENETIC LESIONS. THESE THERAPIES HAVE LED TO SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS IN PATIENT OUTCOMES WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY DECREASING THERAPY-RELATED TOXICITY. WITH THE ADVENT OF GENOME-WIDE METHODS TO DEFINE THE TOTAL COMPLEMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LESIONS INVOLVED IN LEUKEMOGENESIS, NEW TARGETED THERAPIES CAN BE ANTICIPATED. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS SOME OF THE TARGETED THERAPIES THAT ARE PRESENTLY BEING USED TO TREAT HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES AND DESCRIBES SOME OF THE RECENT ADVANCES THAT SHOULD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE TARGET THERAPIES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7 5523  37 RISKS AND MECHANISMS OF ONCOLOGICAL DISEASE FOLLOWING STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION. UNIQUE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF STEM CELLS MAKE THEM A PRECIOUS SOURCE OF CELL MATERIAL FOR TREATMENT OF A NUMBER OF PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. AMONG ISSUES INHIBITING TRANSITION OF STEM CELL TECHNOLOGIES TO THE CLINICS, THE RISK OF ONCOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF STEM CELL-BASED THERAPIES IS THE MOST CRITICAL. A MASSIVE AMOUNT OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA DEMONSTRATES THAT BOTH HEMATOLOGICAL (INCLUDING ACUTE AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA) AND NON-HEMATOLOGICAL (INCLUDING TERATOMA AND NON-TERATOMA TUMORS) MALIGNANCIES COULD ARISE FROM DONOR STEM CELLS OF DIFFERENT TYPES. A WIDE SPECTRUM OF MECHANISMS COULD UNDERLIE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ONCOLOGICAL DISEASE IN RECIPIENTS, INCLUDING: I) BLAST TRANSFORMATION OF PROLIFERATING DONOR STEM CELLS UNDER PERSISTENT ACTION OF CERTAIN FACTORS IN THE RECIPIENT, THUS CAUSING DE NOVO MALIGNANCIES; II) CONTAMINATION OF DONOR CELL MATERIAL WITH MALIGNANT CELLS; III) TRANSMISSION OF PARTICULAR VIRAL SUBTYPES WITH DONOR STEM CELLS, COMBINED WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESSION THERAPY EFFECTS; IV) UNCONTROLLABLE PROLIFERATION OF RESIDUAL UNDIFFERENTIATED STEM CELLS OF VARIOUS PLASTICITY; AND V) KARYOTYPIC INSTABILITY IN STEM CELLS FOLLOWING PROLONGED CULTURING/EXPANSION IN VITRO. POTENTIAL PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES ARE DIVERSE AND INCLUDE I) HIGH-THROUGHPUT CELL SORTING-BASED STRATEGIES; II) INTRODUCTION OF SUICIDE GENES INTO THE DONOR STEM CELL GENOME; III) APPLICATION OF APOPTOSIS-INDUCING EPIGENETIC FACTORS; AND SOME OTHER OPTIONS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8 2728  35 EXPLORING EPIGENETIC AND MICRORNA APPROACHES FOR GAMMA-GLOBIN GENE REGULATION. THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT INDUCING FETAL HEMOGLOBIN AND REDUCING THE CONCENTRATION OF SICKLE HEMOGLOBIN IS AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO AMELIORATING ACUTE AND CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE, EXEMPLIFIED BY THE LONG-TERM USE OF HYDROXYUREA. HOWEVER, THERE REMAINS AN UNMET NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL SAFE AND EFFECTIVE DRUGS FOR SINGLE AGENT OR COMBINATION THERAPY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH BETA-HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES. REGULATION OF THE GAMMA-GLOBIN TO BETA-GLOBIN SWITCH IS ACHIEVED BY CHROMATIN REMODELING AT THE HBB LOCUS ON CHROMOSOME 11 AND INTERACTIONS OF MAJOR DNA BINDING PROTEINS, SUCH AS KLF1 AND BCL11A IN THE PROXIMAL PROMOTERS OF THE GLOBIN GENES. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ALSO SUPPORTS A ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION/METHYLATION, AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN GAMMA-GLOBIN GENE SILENCING DURING DEVELOPMENT. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN GAMMA-GLOBIN GENE REGULATION AND DISCUSS DATA GENERATED IN TISSUE CULTURE, PRE-CLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS, AND CLINICAL TRIALS TO SUPPORT DRUG DEVELOPMENT TO DATE. THE QUESTION REMAINS WHETHER MODULATION OF EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS WILL PRODUCE SUFFICIENT EFFICACY AND SPECIFICITY FOR FETAL HEMOGLOBIN INDUCTION AND TO WHAT EXTENT TARGETING THESE PATHWAYS FORM THE BASIS OF PROSPECTS FOR CLINICAL THERAPY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 1882  40 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 6449  44 THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF TELOMERASE. TELOMERE LENGTH AND CELL FUNCTION CAN BE PRESERVED BY THE HUMAN REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE TELOMERASE (HTERT), WHICH SYNTHESIZES THE NEW TELOMERIC DNA FROM A RNA TEMPLATE, BUT IS NORMALLY RESTRICTED TO CELLS NEEDING A HIGH PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY, SUCH AS STEM CELLS. CONSEQUENTLY, TELOMERASE-BASED THERAPIES TO ELONGATE SHORT TELOMERES ARE DEVELOPED, SOME OF WHICH HAVE SUCCESSFULLY REACHED THE STAGE I IN CLINICAL TRIALS. TELOMERASE IS ALSO PERMISSIVE FOR TUMORIGENESIS AND 90% OF ALL MALIGNANT TUMORS USE TELOMERASE TO OBTAIN IMMORTALITY. THUS, REVERSAL OF TELOMERASE UPREGULATION IN TUMOR CELLS IS A POTENTIAL STRATEGY TO TREAT CANCER. NATURAL AND SMALL-MOLECULE TELOMERASE INHIBITORS, IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES, OLIGONUCLEOTIDE INHIBITORS, AND TELOMERASE-DIRECTED GENE THERAPY ARE USEFUL TREATMENT STRATEGIES. TELOMERASE IS MORE WIDELY EXPRESSED THAN ANY OTHER TUMOR MARKER. THE LOW EXPRESSION IN NORMAL TISSUES, TOGETHER WITH THE LONGER TELOMERES IN NORMAL STEM CELLS VERSUS CANCER CELLS, PROVIDES SOME DEGREE OF SPECIFICITY WITH LOW RISK OF TOXICITY. HOWEVER, LONG TERM TELOMERASE INHIBITION MAY ELICIT NEGATIVE EFFECTS IN HIGHLY-PROLIFERATIVE CELLS WHICH NEED TELOMERASE FOR SURVIVAL, AND IT MAY INTERFERE WITH TELOMERE-INDEPENDENT PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. MOREOVER, ONLY A FEW HTERT MOLECULES ARE REQUIRED TO OVERCOME SENESCENCE IN CANCER CELLS, AND TELOMERASE INHIBITION REQUIRES PROLIFERATING CELLS OVER A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF POPULATION DOUBLINGS TO INDUCE TUMOR SUPPRESSIVE SENESCENCE. THESE LIMITATIONS MAY EXPLAIN THE MODERATE SUCCESS RATES IN MANY CLINICAL STUDIES. DESPITE EXTENSIVE STUDIES, ONLY ONE VACCINE AND ONE TELOMERASE ANTAGONIST ARE ROUTINELY USED IN CLINICAL WORK. FOR COMPLETE ERADICATION OF ALL SUBPOPULATIONS OF CANCER CELLS A SIMULTANEOUS TARGETING OF SEVERAL MECHANISMS WILL LIKELY BE NEEDED. POSSIBLE TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SPECIFIC INHIBITORS, METHODS TO INCREASE THE EFFICACY OF VACCINATION METHODS, AND PERSONALIZED APPROACHES. TELOMERASE ACTIVATION AND CELL REJUVENATION IS SUCCESSFULLY USED IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY. HOWEVER, THERE ARE ALSO A NUMBER OF PITFALLS IN THE TREATMENT WITH TELOMERASE ACTIVATING PROCEDURES FOR THE WHOLE ORGANISM AND FOR LONGER PERIODS OF TIME. EXTENDED CELL LIFESPAN MAY ACCUMULATE RARE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. THEREFORE, NOVEL VECTOR SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR A 'MILD' INTEGRATION OF TELOMERASE INTO THE HOST GENOME AND LOSS OF THE VECTOR IN RAPIDLY-PROLIFERATING CELLS. IT IS CURRENTLY UNCLEAR IF THIS TECHNIQUE CAN ALSO BE USED IN HUMAN BEINGS TO TREAT CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2016	
                                                                                        
11 6675  33 USING EPIGENETIC THERAPY TO OVERCOME CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE. IT HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR DECADES THAT AS CANCER PROGRESSES, TUMORS DEVELOP GENETIC ALTERATIONS, MAKING THEM HIGHLY PRONE TO DEVELOPING RESISTANCE TO THERAPIES. CLASSICALLY, IT HAS BEEN THOUGHT THAT THESE ACQUIRED GENETIC CHANGES ARE FIXED. THIS HAS LED TO THE PARADIGM OF MOVING FROM ONE CANCER THERAPY TO THE NEXT WHILE AVOIDING PAST THERAPIES. HOWEVER, EMERGING DATA ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING TUMOR PROGRESSION AND USE OF EPIGENETIC THERAPIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BE REVERSIBLE WITH EPIGENETIC THERAPY. IN FACT, PROMISING CLINICAL DATA EXIST THAT TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS CAN DIMINISH CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE IN A NUMBER OF TUMOR TYPES INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA, COLORECTAL, OVARIAN, LUNG AND BREAST CANCER. THE POTENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC-MODIFYING DRUGS TO ALLOW FOR TREATMENT OF RESISTANT DISEASE IS EXCITING AND CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE JUST BEGUN TO EVALUATE THIS AREA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12 6573  44 TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA IN THE ERA OF GENOMICS-ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERSISTING CHALLENGES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) REPRESENTS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM THAT IS MAINLY CHARACTERIZED BY RAPID PROLIFERATION, DYSREGULATED APOPTOSIS, AND IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION OF LEUKEMIC BLASTS. FOR SEVERAL DECADES, THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH IN AML WAS LARGELY BASED ON HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS WITH LITTLE IMPACT ON THE TREATMENT DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. THIS PERSPECTIVE HAS DRASTICALLY CHANGED WITHIN THE PAST YEARS DUE TO THE ADVENT OF NOVEL MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES, SUCH AS WHOLE GENOME NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), AND THE RESULTING KNOWLEDGE GAIN IN AML BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS. AFTER MORE THAN FOUR DECADES OF INTENSIVE CHEMOTHERAPY AS A "ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL" CONCEPT, SEVERAL TARGETED AGENTS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF AML, EITHER AS SINGLE AGENTS OR AS PART OF COMBINED TREATMENT REGIMENS. SEVERAL OTHER COMPOUNDS, DIRECTED AGAINST REGULATORS OF APOPTOTIC, EPIGENETIC, OR MICROENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAYS, AS WELL AS MODULATORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, ARE CURRENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT AND BEING INVESTIGATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS. THE CONSTANT PROGRESS IN AML RESEARCH HAS STARTED TO PRODUCE IMPROVED SURVIVAL RATES AND FUELED HOPES THAT A ONCE RAPIDLY FATAL DISEASE CAN BE TRANSFORMED INTO A CHRONIC CONDITION. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED AML THERAPIES AND DISCUSS PERSISTENT CHALLENGES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13 4979  22 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE. CURRENT TREATMENT AND UNDERSTANDING OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE REQUIRE AN APPRECIATION FOR THE COMPLEXITY OF ITS BASIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF VASO-OCCLUSION RESULT FROM A DYNAMIC COMBINATION OF ABNORMALITIES IN HEMOGLOBIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANE INTEGRITY, ERYTHROCYTE DENSITY, ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION, MICROVASCULAR TONE, INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, AND COAGULATION FACTORS. EXISTING AND EMERGING THERAPIES ADDRESS EACH OF THESE BIOLOGIC ALTERATIONS, INDIVIDUALLY AND COLLECTIVELY. EXAMPLES INCLUDE INDUCTION OF FETAL HEMOGLOBIN, MODULATION OF ERYTHROCYTE HYDRATION, AUGMENTATION OF NITRIC OXIDE, CHRONIC TRANSFUSION, STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION, AND GENE THERAPY. UNDERSTANDING THE PLEIOTROPIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCING DISEASE PHENOTYPE MAY LEAD TO MORE TARGETED APPLICATION OF THESE THERAPIES.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14 4660  49 NEW APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASIA. THE THERAPEUTIC DILEMMA THAT CONFRONTS THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) IS ILLUSTRATED BY THE ABSENCE OF A FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION-APPROVED AGENT WITH AN INDICATION FOR THIS DISEASE. CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY AND INADEQUATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE PATHOBIOLOGY HAVE LIMITED PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT RECIPROCAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MALIGNANT CLONE AND THE MICROENVIRONMENT SERVE TO CREATE A HOSTILE MILIEU THAT REINFORCES INEFFECTIVE BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION. INEFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS, THE HALLMARK OF MDS, ARISES FROM IMPAIRED PROGENITOR RESPONSIVENESS TO NORMAL TROPHIC SIGNALS AND EXCESS LOCAL GENERATION OF INHIBITORY CYTOKINES, WHICH PROMOTE ACCELERATED APOPTOTIC LOSS OF PROGENITORS AND THEIR PROGENY. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS MODEL DERIVES FROM CYTOKINE NEUTRALIZATION STUDIES AND THE DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLASMA TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA CONCENTRATION AND DNA OXIDATION AND GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION IN MALIGNANT CD34+ PROGENITORS. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT ANGIOGENIC MOLECULES GENERATED BY MALIGNANT MYELOMONOCYTIC PRECURSORS REPRESENT INTEGRAL DIFFUSABLE SIGNALS THAT REINFORCE LEUKEMIA PROGENITOR SELF-RENEWAL WHILE PROMOTING THE GENERATION OF PROAPOPTOTIC CYTOKINES AND MEDULLARY ANGIOGENIC RESPONSE. THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION IS COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC EVENTS INCLUDING METHYLATION SILENCING OF THE P15 PROTO-ONCOGENE OR ACTIVATING RAS POINT MUTATIONS. DELINEATION OF SUCH BIOLOGIC FEATURES THAT ARE CENTRAL TO THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF MDS PROVIDES A RELIABLE FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS IN CLINICAL TESTING INCLUDE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, THALIDOMIDE AND RELATED ANALOGUES, AND THE RECOMBINANT VEGF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY, BEVACIZUMAB. AGENTS WHOSE ACTIONS MAY RESTORE DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAMS, SUCH AS THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS OR HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, OFFER THE PROSPECT TO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS WHILE IMPACTING THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION. RAS FARNESYL TRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAVE SHOWN ENCOURAGING PRELIMINARY RESULTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ARE CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN ADVANCED MDS AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (ATO) INTERACTS WITH A SPECTRUM OF BIOLOGIC TARGETS THAT MAY BE UNIQUELY SUITED TO MDS. ATO IS A POTENT INDUCER OF APOPTOSIS IN THIOL-DEPLETED MALIGNANT PROGENITORS AND NEOVASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, WHILE PROMOTING DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH HISTONE ACETYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COREPRESSORS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT BIOLOGIC TARGETS IN MDS HAS RAISED EXPECTATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE-SPECIFIC THERAPIES FOR MDS IN THE YEARS THAT FOLLOW.	2002	

15 5162  32 PRECISION MEDICINE DRIVEN BY CANCER SYSTEMS BIOLOGY. MOLECULAR INSIGHTS FROM GENOME AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY ARE INFLUENCING HOW CANCER IS DIAGNOSED AND TREATED. WE CRITICALLY EVALUATE BIG DATA CHALLENGES IN PRECISION MEDICINE. THE MELANOMA RESEARCH COMMUNITY HAS IDENTIFIED DISTINCT SUBTYPES INVOLVING CHRONIC SUN-INDUCED DAMAGE AND THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE DRIVER PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, DESPITE LOW MUTATION BURDEN, NON-GENOMIC MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE MELANOMA DRIVERS ARE FOUND IN MEMBRANE RECEPTORS, METABOLISM, OR EPIGENETIC SIGNALING WITH THE ABILITY TO BYPASS CENTRAL MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE MOLECULES AND ACTIVATING A SIMILAR PROGRAM OF MITOGENIC EFFECTORS. MUTATION HOTSPOTS, STRUCTURAL MODELING, UV SIGNATURE, AND GENOMIC AS WELL AS NON-GENOMIC MECHANISMS OF DISEASE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION ARE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION TO IDENTIFY RESISTANCE MUTATIONS AND NOVEL DRUG TARGETS. A COMPREHENSIVE PRECISION MEDICINE PROFILE OF A MALIGNANT MELANOMA PATIENT ILLUSTRATES FUTURE RATIONAL DRUG TARGETING STRATEGIES. NETWORK ANALYSIS EMPHASIZES AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC MASTER REGULATORS IN ONCOGENESIS. CO-OCCURRENCE OF DRIVER MUTATIONS IN SIGNALING, METABOLIC, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HIGHLIGHTS HOW CUMULATIVE ALTERATIONS OF OUR GENOMES AND EPIGENOMES PROGRESSIVELY LEAD TO UNCONTROLLED CELL PROLIFERATION. PRECISION INSIGHTS HAVE THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY INDEPENDENT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS SUITABLE FOR DRUG TARGETING. SYNERGISTIC TREATMENT COMBINATIONS OF ORTHOGONAL MODALITIES INCLUDING IMMUNOTHERAPY, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS, EPIGENETIC INHIBITORS, AND METABOLIC INHIBITORS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO OVERCOME IMMUNE EVASION, SIDE EFFECTS, AND DRUG RESISTANCE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 3651  26 INCREASING COMPLEXITY OF MOLECULAR LANDSCAPES IN HUMAN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS DURING DEVELOPMENT AND AGING. THE PAST FIVE DECADES HAVE SEEN SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN HEMATOPOIESIS. THIS HAS IN PART BEEN DUE TO THE UNPRECEDENTED DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, WHICH HAVE ALLOWED THE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RARE SUBSETS OF HUMAN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS AND THEIR LINEAGE TRAJECTORIES FROM EMBRYONIC THROUGH TO ADULT LIFE. ADDITIONALLY, SURROGATE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS, ALTHOUGH NOT FULLY RECAPITULATING HUMAN HEMATOPOIESIS, HAVE SPURRED ON THESE SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES. THESE APPROACHES HAVE HEIGHTENED OUR KNOWLEDGE OF HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND DISEASES AND HAVE LED TO THEIR IMPROVED DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPIES. HERE, WE REVIEW HUMAN HEMATOPOIESIS AT EACH END OF THE AGE SPECTRUM, DURING EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND ON AGING, PROVIDING EXEMPLARS OF RECENT PROGRESS IN DECIPHERING THE INCREASINGLY COMPLEX CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR HEMATOPOIETIC LANDSCAPES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. THIS REVIEW CONCLUDES BY HIGHLIGHTING LINKS BETWEEN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING AND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17 2700  40 EXCESS IRON: CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY GROWTH. WHAT EFFECTS MIGHT ARISE FROM EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES TO HIGH IRON? THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS THE SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF HIGH IRON ON THE BRAIN, STEM CELLS, AND THE PROCESS OF ERYTHROPOIESIS AND IDENTIFIES GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF WHAT MOLECULAR DAMAGE MAY BE INCURRED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS THAT IS IMPARTED BY HIGH IRON STATUS IN EARLY LIFE. SPECIFIC AREAS TO ENHANCE RESEARCH ON THIS TOPIC INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: LONGITUDINAL BEHAVIORAL STUDIES OF CHILDREN TO TEST ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN IRON EXPOSURES AND MOOD, EMOTION, COGNITION, AND MEMORY; ANIMAL STUDIES TO DETERMINE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT REPROGRAM BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLIC CHANGES IN EARLY LIFE THAT COULD BE FOLLOWED THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE; AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HUMAN EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF IRON EXPOSURES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS THAT COULD BE MONITORED FOR EARLY ORIGINS OF ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES. IN ADDITION, EFFORTS TO UNDERSTAND HOW IRON EXPOSURE INFLUENCES STEM CELL BIOLOGY COULD BE ENHANCED BY ESTABLISHING PLATFORMS TO COLLECT BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS, INCLUDING UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD AND AMNIOTIC FLUID, TO BE MADE AVAILABLE TO THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY. AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, THERE IS A NEED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND STRESS ERYTHROPOIESIS AND CHANGES IN IRON METABOLISM DURING PREGNANCY AND DEVELOPMENT, ESPECIALLY WITH RESPECT TO REGULATORY CONTROL UNDER HIGH IRON CONDITIONS THAT MIGHT PROMOTE INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS AND IRON-LOADING ANEMIA. THESE INVESTIGATIONS SHOULD FOCUS NOT ONLY ON FACTORS SUCH AS HEPCIDIN AND ERYTHROFERRONE BUT SHOULD ALSO INCLUDE NEWLY IDENTIFIED INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR-2 AND THE ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTOR. FINALLY, DESPITE OUR UNDERSTANDING THAT SEVERAL KEY MICRONUTRIENTS (E.G., VITAMIN A, COPPER, MANGANESE, AND ZINC) SUPPORT IRON'S FUNCTION IN ERYTHROPOIESIS, HOW THESE NUTRIENTS INTERACT REMAINS, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, UNKNOWN. IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSIDER MANY FACTORS WHEN FORMULATING RECOMMENDATIONS ON IRON SUPPLEMENTATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 3333  30 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS AND DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DESPITE RECENT CLINICAL TRIAL ADVANCES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN CLINICAL CARE, KIDNEY DISEASE DUE TO DIABETES REMAINS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE WORLDWIDE. IN THE SEARCH FOR NEW TREATMENTS, RECENT ATTENTIONS HAVE TURNED TO DRUG REPURPOSING OPPORTUNITIES, INCLUDING STUDY OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR CLASS OF AGENTS. HDACS ARE A GROUP OF ENZYMES THAT REMOVE FUNCTIONAL ACETYL GROUPS FROM HISTONE AND NON-HISTONE PROTEINS AND THEY CAN AFFECT CELLULAR FUNCTION THROUGH BOTH EPIGENETIC AND NON-EPIGENETIC MEANS. OVER THE PAST DECADE, SEVERAL HDAC INHIBITORS HAVE BEEN ADOPTED INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, PRIMARILY FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY, WHEREAS OTHER EXISTING THERAPIES (FOR INSTANCE VALPROATE) HAVE BEEN FOUND TO HAVE HDAC INHIBITORY EFFECTS. HERE WE REVIEW THE CURRENT HDAC INHIBITORS IN THE CLINIC AND UNDER DEVELOPMENT; THE LITERATURE EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RENOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HDAC INHIBITORS IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE; AND THE ADVERSE EFFECT PROFILES THAT MAY PREVENT EXISTING THERAPIES FROM ENTERING THE CLINIC FOR THIS INDICATION. WHEREAS RECENT RESEARCH EFFORTS HAVE SHED LIGHT ON THE FUNDAMENTAL ACTIONS OF HDACS IN THE DIABETIC KIDNEY, WHETHER THESE EFFORTS WILL TRANSLATE INTO NOVEL THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WILL REQUIRE MORE SPECIFIC AND BETTER-TOLERATED THERAPIES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  750  24 CARDIAC INVOLVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. AUTHORS HAVE REVIEWED LITERATURE ABOUT THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIOLOGIC DISEASE OCCURRING SECONDARY TO HEMATOLOGIC PATHOLOGY ITSELF OR ITS THERAPY, WITH A FOCUS ON INFILTRATION OF MYOCARDIUM IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MULTIPLE MYELOMA, AND HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME. MOREOVER, THEY EVALUATED CHEMOTHERAPY-ASSOCIATED TOXICITY, PARTICULARLY FOR NEW DRUGS SUCH AS MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THERAPY, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, BORTEZOMIB, AND EPIGENETIC THERAPY. IN FACT, CARDIAC TOXICITY MAY RANGE FROM ASYMPTOMATIC SUBCLINICAL ABNORMALITIES, SUCH AS ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION DECLINE, TO LIFE-THREATENING EVENTS AND LEAD TO CHEMOTHERAPY DOSE REDUCTION AND DELAY AND, IN SOME CASES, FOR PATIENTS WITH SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS, DISCONTINUATION OF TREATMENT. FINALLY, THEY DISCUSSED ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY MARKERS OF CARDIAC INJURY AND ON CARDIAC STEM CELL THERAPY AS A PROMISING APPROACH TO FACILITATE MYOCARDIAL REGENERATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20 1880  44 EMERGING STRATEGIES TO DISRUPT THE CENTRAL TGF-BETA AXIS IN KIDNEY FIBROSIS. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AFFECTS MORE THAN 20 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF THIS DISORDER IS INCREASING. MANY AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS WILL PROGRESS TO END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE NECESSITATING DIALYSIS OR TRANSPLANTATION. CKD IS ALSO A MAJOR INDEPENDENT CONTRIBUTOR TO THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS IS A FINAL COMMON PATHWAY FOR MOST CAUSES OF PROGRESSIVE CKD. CURRENTLY, THERE ARE NO CLINICALLY AVAILABLE THERAPIES TARGETING FIBROSIS THAT CAN SLOW THE DECLINE IN KIDNEY FUNCTION. ALTHOUGH IT HAS LONG BEEN KNOWN THAT TGF-BETA SIGNALING IS A CRITICAL MEDIATOR OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS, TRANSLATING THIS KNOWLEDGE TO THE CLINIC HAS BEEN CHALLENGING. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT SOME RECENT INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS OF TGF-BETA SIGNALING THAT TARGET ACTIVATION OF THIS CYTOKINE AT THE SITE OF INJURY OR SELECTIVELY INHIBIT PRO-FIBROTIC GENE EXPRESSION. MOLECULES DIRECTED AT THESE TARGETS HOLD THE PROMISE OF ATTAINING THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY WHILE LIMITING TOXICITY SEEN WITH GLOBAL INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA. KIDNEY INJURY HAS PROFOUND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS LEADING TO ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MORE THAN A THOUSAND GENES. WE DISCUSS HOW DRUGS TARGETING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SOME OF WHICH ARE IN USE FOR CANCER THERAPY, HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO REPROGRAM GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS TO FAVOR ADAPTIVE REPAIR AND PREVENT FIBROSIS. THE LACK OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS IS A MAJOR LIMITATION IN DESIGNING CLINICAL TRIALS FOR TESTING CKD TREATMENTS. WE CONCLUDE BY REVIEWING RECENT ADVANCES IN FIBROSIS BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT.	2019