1    2 246 "DRY MOUTH" AND "FLAMMER" SYNDROMES-NEGLECTED RISKS IN ADOLESCENTS AND NEW CONCEPTS BY PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE AND PERSONALISED APPROACH. BACKGROUND: "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME (CHRONIC HYPOSALIVATION) CAN BE CAUSED BY A NUMBER OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS EXPOSURE, ABNORMAL BODY WEIGHT (BOTH TOO HIGH AND TOO LOW ONES), EATING DISORDERS (SUCH AS ANOREXIA NERVOSA), METABOLIC SYNDROME(S), SJOGREN'S AND SICCA SYNDROMES, DRUGS AND HEAD/NECK RADIOTHERAPY APPLICATION. IN TURN, THE CHRONIC HYPOSALIVATION AS A SUBOPTIMAL HEALTH CONDITION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES QUALITY OF LIFE, MAY INDICATE A SYSTEMIC DEHYDRATION, PROVOKES AND CONTRIBUTES TO A NUMBER OF PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS A STRONGLY COMPROMISED PROTECTION OF THE ORAL CAVITY, CHRONIC INFECTIONS AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES, PERIODONTITIS, VOICE AND DIGESTIVE DISORDERS. CONSEQUENTLY, "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME MIGHT BE EXTREMELY USEFUL AS AN INDICATOR FOR AN IN-DEPTH DIAGNOSTICS OF BOTH-CO-EXISTING AND SNOWBALLING HEALTH-THREATING CONDITIONS. HOWEVER, PREDICTIVE DIAGNOSTICS, TARGETED PREVENTION AND PERSONALISATION OF TREATMENTS ARE EVIDENTLY UNDERDEVELOPED FOR INDIVIDUALS AT HIGH RISK SUFFERING FROM THE "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME. WORKING HYPOTHESIS AND METHODOLOGY: IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE HAVE HYPOTHESISED THAT INDIVIDUALS DEMONSTRATING "FLAMMER SYNDROME" (FS) PHENOTYPE MAY SUFFER FROM THE "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME MORE FREQUENTLY, DUE TO DISTURBED MICROCIRCULATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS (OBSESSIONAL PERSONALITY/PERFECTIONISM), AND DIMINISHED FEELING OF THIRST WITH CONSEQUENTLY INSUFFICIENT DAILY LIQUID INTAKE POTENTIALLY RESULTING IN THE SYSTEMIC DEHYDRATION WITH INDIVIDUALLY PRONOUNCED LEVEL OF SEVERITY. IF CONFIRMED, FS PHENOTYPING LINKED TO THE CHRONIC HYPOSALIVATION MIGHT BE PREDICTIVE FOR INDIVIDUALS AT RISK IDENTIFIED BY INNOVATIVE SCREENING PROGRAMMES. TO VERIFY THE WORKING HYPOTHESIS, HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS (NEGATIVE CONTROL GROUP) VERSUS INDIVIDUALS WITH EVIDENT HYPOSALIVATION AS WELL AS PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH PERIODONTITIS (POSITIVE CONTROL GROUP) OBSERVED AND TREATED AT THE DENTAL CLINIC WERE INVESTIGATED. THE DEGREE TO WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL IS AFFECTED BY HYPOSALIVATION WAS DETERMINED BY THE BOTHER XEROSTOMIA INDEX UTILISING A QUESTIONNAIRE OF 10 ISSUE-SPECIFIC ITEMS AND MONITORING OF A TYPICALLY MATT ROOF OF THE MOUTH IN DENTAL PRACTICE. AN EXTENT TO WHICH INDIVIDUALS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY ARE THE CARRIERS OF THE FS PHENOTYPE WAS ESTIMATED BY THE SPECIALISED 15-ITEM QUESTIONNAIRE. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: FOR BOTH-THE TARGET GROUP (HYPOSALIVATION) AND POSITIVE CONTROL GROUP (PERIODONTITIS)-FS PHENOTYPE WAS DEMONSTRATED TO BE MORE SPECIFIC COMPARED TO THE DISEASE-FREE (NEGATIVE CONTROL) GROUP. MOREOVER, SELF-REPORTS PROVIDED BY INTERVIEWED ADOLESCENTS OF THE TARGET GROUP FREQUENTLY RECORDED REMARKABLE DISCOMFORT RELATED TO "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME, ACUTE AND CHRONIC OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICAL INFECTIONS AND EVEN DELAYED WOUND HEALING. FURTHER, INTERVIEWED ADOLESCENTS DO WORRY ABOUT THE SYMPTOMS WHICH MIGHT BE INDICATIVE FOR POTENTIAL DISEASES; THEY ARE ALSO AMAZED THAT TOO LITTLE ATTENTION IS CURRENTLY PAID TO THE ISSUE BY CAREGIVERS. IN CONCLUSION, FS QUESTIONNAIRE LINKED TO THE "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED FOR APPLICATION IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE. CONSEQUENTLY, TARGETED PREVENTIVE MEASURES CAN BE TRIGGERED EARLY IN LIFE. FOR EXAMPLE, TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE DEMONSTRATES POSITIVE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS IN INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM XEROSTOMIA. FOR IN-DEPTH DIAGNOSTICS, EPI/GENETIC REGULATIONS INVOLVED INTO PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF HYPOSALIVATION IN FS-AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED AT MOLECULAR LEVEL. IDENTIFIED BIOMARKER PANELS MIGHT BE OF GREAT CLINICAL UTILITY FOR PREDICTIVE DIAGNOSTICS AND PATIENT STRATIFICATION THAT, FURTHER, WOULD SUFFICIENTLY IMPROVE PERSONALISED CARE TO THE PATIENT.	2018	

2 3899  38 LATE NEUROLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION: RISK FACTORS AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPROACHES. ZIKA VIRUS (ZIKV) INFECTION WAS HISTORICALLY CONSIDERED A DISEASE WITH MILD SYMPTOMS AND NO MAJOR CONSEQUENCES TO HUMAN HEALTH. HOWEVER, SEVERAL LONG-TERM, LATE ONSET, AND CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS, BOTH IN CONGENITALLY-EXPOSED BABIES AND IN ADULT PATIENTS, HAVE BEEN REPORTED AFTER ZIKV INFECTION, ESPECIALLY AFTER THE 2015 EPIDEMICS IN THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. THE DEVELOPMENT OR SEVERITY OF THESE CONDITIONS CANNOT BE FULLY PREDICTED, BUT IT IS POSSIBLE THAT GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DETERMINE ZIKV INFECTION OUTCOMES. THIS REINFORCES THE IMPORTANCE THAT INDIVIDUALS EXPOSED TO ZIKV ARE SUBMITTED TO LONG-TERM CLINICAL SURVEILLANCE AND HIGHLIGHTS THE URGENT NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO REDUCE OR ELIMINATE THE NEUROLOGICAL BURDEN OF INFECTION. HERE, WE REVIEW THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZIKV-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS AND THE ROLE OF FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE DISEASE OUTCOME. MOREOVER, WE DISCUSS EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF DRUGS THAT HAVE SHOWN PROMISING RESULTS IN VITRO OR IN VITRO AGAINST VIRAL REPLICATION AND AND/OR ZIKV-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3 6911  35 [TWO GERMAN BIRTH COHORTS: GINIPLUS AND LISAPLUS]. NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES IN CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN PERINATAL LIFE AND ARE POTENTIALLY INFLUENCED BY TRANS-GENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THEREFORE, PROSPECTIVE BIRTH COHORTS CAN SUBSTANTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ETIOLOGY OF DISEASES INCLUDING MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS. THE TWO POPULATION-BASED GERMAN BIRTH COHORTS GINIPLUS AND LISAPLUS AIM TO DESCRIBE THE NATURAL COURSE OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES IN CHILDHOOD AND ITS DETERMINANTS, AND TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL GENETIC EFFECT MODIFICATIONS. IN THE MID-1990S, 5,991 (GINIPLUS) AND 3,097 (LISAPLUS) HEALTHY, TERM NEWBORNS WERE RECRUITED FOR LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP IN FOUR REGIONS OF GERMANY. THE FOLLOW-UP RATE FOR THE FIRST 10 YEARS WAS ABOUT 55%. WE ANALYZED THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF OVERWEIGHT, INFECTIONS AND ALLERGIC DISEASES, MENTAL AND ORAL HEALTH, METABOLIC AND INFLAMMATORY PARAMETERS AND THE ROLE OF POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS INCLUDING GENETICS. THE RESULTS OF THESE TWO BIRTH COHORTS SUBSTANTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE NATURAL COURSE OF THESE HEALTH PARAMETERS. THESE DATA WERE INCLUDED IN MANY INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS AND CONSORTIA FOR PURPOSES OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PREVALENCE AND CONSISTENCY OF FINDINGS, AND TO INCREASE THE POWER OF THE ANALYSES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4 5213  33 PRESYMPTOMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. THE PREVALENCE OF COMMON CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (CNCDS) FAR OVERSHADOWS THE PREVALENCE OF BOTH MONOGENIC AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES COMBINED. ALL CNCDS, ALSO CALLED COMPLEX GENETIC DISEASES, HAVE A HERITABLE GENETIC COMPONENT THAT CAN BE USED FOR PRE-SYMPTOMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT. COMMON SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) THAT TAG RISK HAPLOTYPES ACROSS THE GENOME CURRENTLY ACCOUNT FOR A NON-TRIVIAL PORTION OF THE GERM-LINE GENETIC RISK AND WE WILL LIKELY CONTINUE TO IDENTIFY THE REMAINING MISSING HERITABILITY IN THE FORM OF RARE VARIANTS, COPY NUMBER VARIANTS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. HERE, WE DESCRIBE A NOVEL MEASURE FOR CALCULATING THE LIFETIME RISK OF A DISEASE, CALLED THE GENETIC COMPOSITE INDEX (GCI), AND DEMONSTRATE ITS PREDICTIVE VALUE AS A CLINICAL CLASSIFIER. THE GCI ONLY CONSIDERS SUMMARY STATISTICS OF THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIATION AND HENCE DOES NOT REQUIRE THE RESULTS OF LARGE-SCALE STUDIES SIMULTANEOUSLY ASSESSING MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS. COMBINING GCI SCORES WITH ENVIRONMENTAL RISK INFORMATION PROVIDES AN ADDITIONAL TOOL FOR CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING. THE GCI CAN BE POPULATED WITH HERITABLE RISK INFORMATION OF ANY TYPE, AND THUS REPRESENTS A FRAMEWORK FOR CNCD PRE-SYMPTOMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT THAT CAN BE POPULATED AS ADDITIONAL RISK INFORMATION IS IDENTIFIED THROUGH NEXT-GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5 6137  26 THE EPIGENETICS OF PSYCHOSIS: A STRUCTURED REVIEW WITH REPRESENTATIVE LOCI. THE EVIDENCE FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT IN CHRONIC PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS IS STRONG AND RESEARCH ON THE EPIGENETIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THESE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS HAS COMMENCED IN EARNEST. IN REVIEWING THIS RESEARCH, THE FOCUS IS ON THREE GENES AS MODELS FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION, MCHR1, AKT1 AND TDO2, EACH OF WHICH HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR GENETIC ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, AND WHICH INTERACT WITH THESE MODEL GENES, ARE EXPLORED IN DEPTH. THE LOCATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MOTIFS RELATIVE TO KEY METHYLATION SITES IS EVALUATED FOR PREDICTED GENE EXPRESSION RESULTS, AND FOR OTHER SITES, EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED FOR METHYLATION DIRECTING ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM KEY STUDIES SHOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION: FOR MCHR1, IN PSYCHOSIS CASES VERSUS CONTROLS; FOR AKT1, AS A PRE-EXISTING METHYLATION PATTERN INFLUENCING BRAIN ACTIVATION FOLLOWING ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF A PSYCHOSIS-ELICITING ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULUS; AND FOR TDO2, IN A PATTERN ASSOCIATED WITH A DEVELOPMENTAL FACTOR OF RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS, IN ALL CASES THE PREDICTED EXPRESSION IMPACT BEING HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON LOCATION. METHYLATION INDUCED BY SMOKING, A CONFOUNDING VARIABLE, EXHIBITS AN INTRIGUING PATTERN FOR ALL THREE GENES. FINALLY, HOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION MESHES WITH DARWINIAN PRINCIPLES IS EXAMINED, IN PARTICULAR AS IT RELATES TO THE "FLEXIBLE STEM" THEORY OF EVOLUTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6 2568  30 EPIGENETICS OF ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASES. ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE (ARLD) IS A PRIMARY CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN THE UNITED STATES. DESPITE ADVANCES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ARLD, IT REMAINS A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY, EMPHASISING THE NEED TO ADOPT NOVEL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ARLD AND ITS COMPLICATIONS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE INCREASINGLY BEING RECOGNISED AS CONTRIBUTING TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF MULTIPLE DISEASE STATES. HARNESSING THE POWER OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE STUDY OF EPIGENETICS (E.G., NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING, DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS, HISTONE MODIFICATION PROFILING AND COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES LIKE MACHINE LEARNING) HAS RESULTED IN A SEISMIC SHIFT IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ARLD. KNOWLEDGE OF THESE TECHNIQUES AND ADVANCES IS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE FOR THE PRACTICING HEPATOLOGIST AND RESEARCHERS ALIKE. ACCORDINGLY, IN THIS REVIEW ARTICLE WE WILL SUMMARISE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ALCOHOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF ARLD, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, DNA HYPER/HYPO METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, CHANGES IN NON-CODING RNA, 3D CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURE AND ENHANCER-PROMOTER INTERACTIONS. ADDITIONALLY, WE WILL DISCUSS THE STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNIQUES USED IN THE STUDY OF ARLD (E.G. SINGLE-CELL SEQUENCING). WE WILL ALSO HIGHLIGHT THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHEMOKINES AND THEIR PROINFLAMMATORY ROLE IN THE CONTEXT OF ARLD. LASTLY, WE WILL EXAMINE THE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF EPIGENETICS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ARLD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7 5595  32 ROLES OF GENETIC PREDISPOSITION IN THE SEX BIAS OF PULMONARY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AS A FUNCTION OF ESTROGENS : SEX MATTERS IN THE PREVALENCE OF LUNG DISEASES. IN ADDITION TO STUDIES FOCUSED ON ESTROGEN MEDIATION OF SEX-DIFFERENT REGULATION OF SYSTEMIC CIRCULATIONS, THERE IS NOW INCREASING CLINICAL RELEVANCE AND RESEARCH INTERESTS IN THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION, IN TERMS OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF LUNG DISEASES SUCH AS INHERENT-, ALLERGIC- AND INFLAMMATORY-BASED EVENTS. THUS, FEMALE PREDISPOSITION TO PULMONARY ARTERY HYPERTENSION (PAH) IS AN INEVITABLE TOPIC. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION, AND HOW HERITABLE FACTORS, IN VIVO- AND/OR IN VITRO-ALTERED ESTROGEN CIRCUMSTANCES AND CHANGES IN THE LIVE ENVIRONMENT WORK IN CONCERT TO DISCERN THE SEX BIAS, THIS CHAPTER REVIEWS PULMONARY EVENTS CHARACTERIZED BY SEX-DIFFERENT FEATURES, CONCOMITANT WITH EXPLORATION OF HOW ALTERATIONS OF GENETIC EXPRESSION AND ESTROGEN METABOLISMS TRIGGER THE FEMALE-PREDOMINANT PATHOLOGICAL SIGNALING. WE ADDRESS THE FOLLOWING: PAH (SECT.7.2) IS CHARACTERIZED AS AN ESTROGENIC PROMOTION OF ITS INCIDENCE (SECT. 7.2.2), AS A FUNCTION OF SPECIFIC GERMLINE MUTATIONS, AND AS AN ESTROGEN-ELICITED PROTECTION OF ITS PROGNOSIS (SECT.7.2.1). MORE DETAIL IS PROVIDED TO INTRODUCE A LESS RECOGNIZED GENE OF EPHX2 THAT ENCODES SOLUBLE EPOXIDE HYDROLASE (SEH) TO DEGRADE EPOXYEICOSATRIENIC ACIDS (EETS). AS A SUSCEPTIBLE TARGET OF ESTROGEN, EPHX2/SEH EXPRESSION IS DOWNREGULATED BY AN ESTROGEN-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. INCREASES IN PULMONARY EETS THEN EVOKE A POTENTIATION OF PAH GENERATION, BUT MITIGATION OF ITS PROGRESSION, A PHENOMENON SIMILAR TO THE ESTROGEN-PARADOX REGULATION OF PAH. ADDITIONALLY, THE FEMALE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (SECT. 7.3) AND ASTHMA (SECT.7.4), BUT LESS PREFERENCE TO COVID-19 (SECT. 7.5), AND ROLES OF ESTROGEN IN THEIR PATHOGENESES ARE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8 4198  34 METABOLIC PROFILING DISTINGUISHES THREE SUBTYPES OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. THE CAUSE OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IS INCOMPLETELY DEFINED, AND NO TRULY EFFECTIVE THERAPY EXISTS. HOWEVER, MULTIPLE STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE, HORMONAL DEFICIENCIES, AND HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA. OPTIMIZING METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN A COMPREHENSIVE WAY HAS YIELDED COGNITIVE IMPROVEMENT, BOTH IN SYMPTOMATIC AND ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS. THEREFORE, EXPANDING THE STANDARD LABORATORY EVALUATION IN PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA MAY BE REVEALING. HERE I REPORT THAT METABOLIC PROFILING REVEALS THREE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE SUBTYPES. THE FIRST IS INFLAMMATORY, IN WHICH MARKERS SUCH AS HS-CRP AND GLOBULIN:ALBUMIN RATIO ARE INCREASED. THE SECOND TYPE IS NON-INFLAMMATORY, IN WHICH THESE MARKERS ARE NOT INCREASED, BUT OTHER METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES ARE PRESENT. THE THIRD TYPE IS A VERY DISTINCTIVE CLINICAL ENTITY THAT AFFECTS RELATIVELY YOUNG INDIVIDUALS, EXTENDS BEYOND THE TYPICAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE INITIAL DISTRIBUTION TO AFFECT THE CORTEX WIDELY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY EARLY NON-AMNESTIC FEATURES SUCH AS DYSCALCULIA AND APHASIA, IS OFTEN MISDIAGNOSED OR LABELED ATYPICAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, TYPICALLY AFFECTS APOE4-NEGATIVE INDIVIDUALS, AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH STRIKING ZINC DEFICIENCY. GIVEN THE INVOLVEMENT OF ZINC IN MULTIPLE ALZHEIMER'S-RELATED METABOLIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, ADAM10 PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY, AND HORMONAL SIGNALING, THIS SYNDROME OF ALZHEIMER'S-PLUS WITH LOW ZINC (APLZ) WARRANTS FURTHER METABOLIC, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9 5464  35 RESILIENCE IN LONG-TERM VIRAL INFECTION: GENETIC DETERMINANTS AND INTERACTIONS. VIRUS-INDUCED NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE RESULTING FROM INFECTION BY THEILER'S MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS (TMEV) ARE USED FOR STUDYING HUMAN CONDITIONS RANGING FROM EPILEPTIC SEIZURES TO DEMYELINATING DISEASE. MOUSE STRAINS ARE TYPICALLY CONSIDERED SUSCEPTIBLE OR RESISTANT TO TMEV INFECTION BASED ON VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND EXTREME PHENOTYPES, SUCH AS DEMYELINATION. WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A BROADER SPECTRUM OF PHENOTYPIC OUTCOMES BY INFECTING STRAINS OF THE GENETICALLY DIVERSE COLLABORATIVE CROSS (CC) MOUSE RESOURCE. WE EVALUATED THE CHRONIC-INFECTION GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF HIPPOCAMPI AND THORACIC SPINAL CORDS FOR 19 CC STRAINS IN RELATION TO PHENOTYPIC SEVERITY AND TMEV PERSISTENCE. STRAINS WERE CLUSTERED BASED ON SIMILAR PHENOTYPIC PROFILES AND TMEV LEVELS AT 90 DAYS POST-INFECTION, AND WE CATEGORIZED DISTINCT TMEV RESPONSE PROFILES. THE THREE MOST COMMON PROFILES INCLUDED "RESISTANT" AND "SUSCEPTIBLE," AS BEFORE, AS WELL AS A "RESILIENT" TMEV RESPONSE GROUP WHICH EXPERIENCED BOTH TMEV PERSISTENCE AND MILD NEUROLOGICAL PHENOTYPES EVEN AT 90 DAYS POST-INFECTION. EACH PROFILE HAD A DISTINCT GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE, ALLOWING THE IDENTIFICATION OF PATHWAYS AND NETWORKS SPECIFIC TO EACH TMEV RESPONSE GROUP. CC FOUNDER HAPLOTYPES FOR GENES INVOLVED IN THESE PATHWAYS/NETWORKS REVEALED CANDIDATE RESPONSE-SPECIFIC ALLELES. THESE ALLELES DEMONSTRATED PLEIOTROPY AND EPIGENETIC (MIRNA) REGULATION IN LONG-TERM TMEV INFECTION, WITH PARTICULAR RELEVANCE FOR RESILIENT MOUSE STRAINS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10 2603  34 EPIGENETICS, ENVIRONMENT AND EPIDEMIOLOGY: AN INTERVIEW WITH KARL KELSEY. IN THIS INTERVIEW, PROFESSOR KARL KELSEY SPEAKS WITH STORM JOHNSON, COMMISSIONING EDITOR FOR EPIGENOMICS, ON HIS WORK TO DATE IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENOMICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY. DR KARL KELSEY, MD, MOH IS A PROFESSOR OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE AT BROWN UNIVERSITY. HE IS THE FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY AND HEAD OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SECTION AT THE DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. DR KELSEY IS INTERESTED IN THE APPLICATION OF LABORATORY-BASED BIOMARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE, WITH EXPERIENCE IN CHRONIC DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND TUMOR BIOLOGY. THE GOALS OF HIS WORK INCLUDE A MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPOSURE-RELATED CANCERS. IN ADDITION, HIS LABORATORY IS INTERESTED IN TUMOR BIOLOGY, INVESTIGATING SOMATIC ALTERATIONS IN TUMOR TISSUE FROM THE PATIENTS WHO HAVE DEVELOPED EXPOSURE-RELATED CANCERS. THIS WORK INVOLVES THE USE OF AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH TO CHARACTERIZE EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATION OF GENES IN THE CAUSAL PATHWAY FOR MALIGNANCY. ACTIVE WORK INCLUDES SEVERAL STUDIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CANCER. DR KELSEY'S LABORATORY MAINLY INVESTIGATES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SMOKING-RELATED LUNG CANCER AND STUDIES MULTI-RACIAL AND ETHNIC POPULATIONS. IN ADDITION, THE LABORATORY IS ALSO INVOLVED WITH THE STUDY OF INHERITED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BRAIN TUMORS AND PANCREATIC CANCER. MAJOR CASE CONTROL STUDIES THAT ARE ONGOING IN THE LABORATORY INCLUDE STUDIES DESIGNED TO UNDERSTAND INHERITED AND ACQUIRED SUSCEPTIBILITY IN HEAD AND NECK CANCERS. THE LABORATORY IS ALSO INVOLVED IN A CASE CONTROL STUDY OF ASBESTOS-ASSOCIATED MESOTHELIOMA, ARSENIC EXPOSURE, CIGARETTE SMOKING AND BLADDER CANCER. CONSIDERABLE WORK IS BEING DEVOTED TO UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF BOTH ASBESTOS AND ARSENIC INCLUDING THEIR ABILITY TO AFFECT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE SILENCING IN CARCINOGENESIS. RECENT LABORATORY STUDIES INCLUDES AN INTEREST IN USING NEWLY DEVELOPED DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS TO PROBE IMMUNE PROFILES FROM ARCHIVED BLOOD. DR KELSEY RECEIVED HIS MD FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AND MASTERS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH FROM HARVARD UNIVERSITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11 4834  36 ON THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE MEDICINE OF HILDEGARD OF BINGEN AND MODERN MEDICINE: THE ROLE OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR AS AN EXAMPLE OF BIODYNAMIC INTERFACE FOR STUDYING THE CHRONIC DISEASE'S COMPLEXITY. INTRODUCTION: HILDEGARD OF BINGEN (1098-1179) INTERPRETED THE ORIGINS OF CHRONIC DISEASE HIGHLIGHTING AND ANTICIPATING, ALTHOUGH ONLY IN A LIMITED FASHION, THE IMPORTANCE THAT COMPLEX INTERACTIONS AMONG NUMEROUS GENETIC, INTERNAL MILIEU AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE IN DETERMINING THE DISEASE PHENOTYPE. TODAY, WE RECOGNIZE THOSE FACTORS, CAPABLE OF MEDIATING THE TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES BETWEEN HUMAN BODY AND ENVIRONMENT AND VICE VERSA, AS BIODYNAMIC INTERFACES. AIM: WE ANALYZED, IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE, HILDEGARD OF BINGEN'S MEDICAL APPROACH AND HER ORIGINAL HUMORAL THEORY IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE INSIGHTS INCLUDED IN HER MEDICINE THAT COULD BE REFERRED TO IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE. IN PARTICULAR, THE ABBESS'S HUMORAL THEORY SUGGESTS THE IDENTIFICATION OF BIODYNAMIC INTERFACES WITH SEX HORMONES AND THEIR RECEPTORS. FINDINGS: WE FOUND THAT THE HILDEGARDIAN HOLISTIC VISION OF THE ORGANISM-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIP CAN ACTUALLY REPRESENT A VISIONARY APPROACH TO MODERN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND THAT SEX HORMONES, IN PARTICULAR ESTROGENS, COULD REPRESENT AN EXAMPLE OF A BIODYNAMIC INTERFACE. ESTROGEN RECEPTORS ARE FOUND IN REGIONS OF THE BRAIN INVOLVED IN EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE REGULATION, CONTROLLING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF BRAIN FUNCTION. ESTROGEN RECEPTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS AND IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF RESPONSES TO PHYSIOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, AND HORMONAL STIMULI. FURTHERMORE, ESTROGEN AFFECTS GENE METHYLATION ON ITS OWN AND RELATED RECEPTOR PROMOTERS IN DISCRETE REGIONS OF THE DEVELOPING BRAIN. THIS SCENARIO WAS STRIKINGLY PERCEIVED BY THE ABBESS IN THE XIITH CENTURY, AND DEPICTED AS A COMPLEX INTERPLAY AMONG DIFFERENT HUMORS AND FLEGMATA THAT SHE RECOGNIZED TO BE SEX SPECIFIC AND ENVIRONMENTALLY REGULATED. VIEWPOINT: CONSIDERING THE FUNCTION PLAYED BY HORMONES, ANALYZED THROUGH THE LAST SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE, AND SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ON BIODYNAMIC INTERFACES, WE COULD SUGGEST HILDEGARDIAN INSIGHTS AND THEORIES AS THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO DESCRIBE THE MODERN HOLISTIC, SEX-BASED MEDICINE. CONCLUSION: HILDEGARD ANTICIPATED A CONCEPT OF PATHOGENESIS THAT SEES A CENTRAL ROLE FOR ENDOCRINOLOGY IN SEX-SPECIFIC DISEASE. FURTHERMORE, ESTROGENS AND ESTROGEN RECEPTORS COULD REPRESENT A GOOD EXAMPLE OF MOLECULAR INTERFACES CAPABLE OF MODULATING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ORGANISM INTERNAL MILIEU AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12 3537  40 IMMUNE DYSREGULATION IN KABUKI SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT OF EVANS SYNDROME AND HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA. KABUKI SYNDROME (KS) IS A RARE MULTISYSTEMIC DISEASE DUE TO MUTATIONS IN THE KMT2D OR KDM6A GENES, WHICH ACT AS EPIGENETIC MODULATORS OF DIFFERENT PROCESSES, INCLUDING IMMUNE RESPONSE. THE SYNDROME IS CHARACTERIZED BY ANOMALIES IN MULTIPLE ORGAN SYSTEMS, AND IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AUTOIMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS, AND AN UNDERLYING IMMUNOLOGICAL PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND IMMUNE DYSREGULATION. UP TO 17% OF KS PATIENTS PRESENT WITH IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA CHARACTERIZED BY A SEVERE, CHRONIC OR RELAPSING COURSE, AND OFTEN ASSOCIATED TO OTHER HEMATOLOGICAL AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES INCLUDING AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, EVENTUALLY RESULTING IN EVANS SYNDROME (ES). A 23-YEAR-OLD WOMAN, CLINICALLY DIAGNOSED WITH KS AND PRESENTING FROM THE AGE OF 3 YEARS WITH ES WAS REFERRED TO THE RARE DISEASES CENTRE OF OUR PEDIATRIC DEPARTMENT FOR CORTICOSTEROID-INDUCED HYPERGLYCEMIA. SEVERAL ES RELAPSES AND RECURRENT RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN THE PREVIOUS YEARS WERE REPORTED. SEVERE HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA, SPLENOMEGALY AND SIGNS OF CHRONIC LUNG INFLAMMATION WERE DIAGNOSED ONLY AT THE TIME OF OUR OBSERVATION. SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT WITH AMOXICILLIN-CLAVULANATE PROPHYLAXIS AND RECOMBINANT HUMAN HYALURONIDASE-FACILITATED SUBCUTANEOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN REPLACEMENT WERE IMMEDIATELY STARTED. IN KS PATIENTS, THE FAILURE OF B-CELL DEVELOPMENT AND THE LACK OF AUTOREACTIVE IMMUNE CELLS SUPPRESSION CAN LEAD TO IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AUTOIMMUNITY THAT MAY BE UNDIAGNOSED FOR A LONG TIME. OUR PATIENT'S CASE IS PARADIGMATIC SINCE SHE PRESENTED WITH PREVENTABLE MORBIDITY AND SEVERE LUNG DISEASE YEARS AFTER DISEASE ONSET. THIS CASE EMPHASIZES THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSPECTING IMMUNE DYSREGULATION IN KS. PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF KS ARE DISCUSSED. MOREOVER, THE NEED TO PERFORM IMMUNOLOGIC EVALUATIONS IS HIGHLIGHTED BOTH AT THE TIME OF KS DIAGNOSIS AND DURING DISEASE FOLLOW-UP, IN ORDER TO ALLOW PROPER TREATMENT WHILE INTERCEPTING AVOIDABLE MORBIDITY IN THESE PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 6398  37 THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D AND VDR IN CARCINOGENESIS: THROUGH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BASIC SCIENCES. IN THE LAST TWO DECADES VITAMIN D (VD) RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED NEW EXTRASKELETAL ACTIONS OF THIS PRE-HORMONE, SUGGESTING A PROTECTIVE ROLE OF THIS SECOSTEROID IN THE ONSET, PROGRESSION AND PROGNOSIS OF SEVERAL CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES MELLITUS OR CANCER. REGARDING CARCINOGENESIS, BOTH PRECLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AVAILABLE SHOW ONCOPROTECTIVE ACTIONS OF VD AND ITS RECEPTOR, THE VDR. HOWEVER, IN LATE NEOPLASTIC STAGES THE VD SYSTEM (VDS) SEEMS TO BE LESS FUNCTIONAL, WHICH APPEARS TO BE DUE TO AN EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE SYSTEM. IN PRECLINICAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, VD PRESENTS ONCOPROTECTIVE ACTIONS THROUGH MODULATION OF INFLAMMATION, CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL DIFFERENTIATION, ANGIOGENESIS, INVASIVE AND METASTATIC POTENTIAL, APOPTOSIS, MIRNA EXPRESSION REGULATION AND MODULATION OF THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALLING PATHWAY. MOREOVER, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE POINTS TOWARDS AN ONCOPROTECTIVE ROLE OF VITAMIN D AND VDR IN COLORECTAL CANCER. THIS ASSOCIATION IS MORE CONTROVERSIAL WITH BREAST, OVARIAN AND PROSTATE CANCERS, ALTHOUGH WITH A FEW ADVERSE EFFECTS. NONETHELESS, WE SHOULD CONSIDER OTHER FACTORS TO DETERMINE THE BENEFIT OF INCREASED SERUM CONCENTRATION OF VD. MUCH OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IS STILL INCONCLUSIVE, AND WE WILL HAVE TO WAIT FOR NEW, BETTER-DESIGNED ONGOING RCTS AND THEIR RESULTS TO DISCERN THE REAL EFFECT OF VITAMIN D IN CANCER RISK REDUCTION AND THERAPY. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS LITERATURE REVIEW IS TO OFFER AN UP-TO-DATE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF THE VD AND VDR, IN THE ONSET, PROGRESSION AND PROGNOSIS OF ALL TYPES OF CANCER. WE FURTHER DISCUSS THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE AND SUGGEST NEW HYPOTHESES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF VD RESEARCH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 6642  37 UNRAVELING THE PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE OVERLAP: FOCUSING ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. ASTHMA AND COPD OVERLAP (ACO) IS CHARACTERIZED BY PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH PERSISTENT AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND FEATURES OF BOTH ASTHMA AND COPD. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF EXACERBATIONS, A FASTER LUNG FUNCTION DECLINE, AND A HIGHER HEALTHCARE COST. SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION IN COPD AND ASTHMA IS DRIVEN BY TYPE 1 T HELPER (TH1) AND TH2 IMMUNE RESPONSES, RESPECTIVELY, BOTH OF WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO AIRWAY REMODELING IN ACO. ACO-RELATED BIOMARKERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR CATEGORIES: NEUTROPHIL-MEDIATED INFLAMMATION, TH2 CELL RESPONSES, ARACHIDONIC ACID-EICOSANOIDS PATHWAY, AND METABOLITES. GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS ARE KEY CONTRIBUTORS TO THE COMPLEXITY OF ACO AND ARE REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND NON-CODING RNAS. THUS, THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE LINK BETWEEN EPIGENETICS AND ACO, AND OUTLINES THE FOLLOWING: (I) INHERITING EPIGENOTYPES WITHOUT CHANGE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI, OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO INHALED PARTICLES PLUS INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC ALLERGENS; (II) EPIGENETIC MARKERS DISTINGUISHING ACO FROM COPD AND ASTHMA; (III) POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC DRUGS THAT CAN REVERSE OXIDATIVE STRESS, GLUCOCORTICOID INSENSITIVITY, AND CELL INJURY. IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS HOLDS GREAT VALUE TO GIVE DEEPER INSIGHT INTO THE MECHANISMS, AND CLARIFY THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IN ACO.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15 5845  40 STUDY PROTOCOL FOR THE EPIGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ANGOR PECTORIS ACCORDING TO THE AFFECTED CORONARY COMPARTMENT: GLOBAL AND COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVASIVE CORONARY PHYSIOLOGY AND MICRORNAS. BACKGROUND: MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ARE NONCODING RNAS INVOLVED IN POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENETIC REGULATION WITH A PROPOSED ROLE IN INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION. MIRNAS ARE CONSIDERED PROMISING BIOMARKERS IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. INVASIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION ALLOWS A PRECISE ASSESSMENT OF EACH AFFECTED CORONARY COMPARTMENT. ALTHOUGH SOME STUDIES HAVE ASSOCIATED THE EXPRESSION OF CIRCULATING MIRNAS WITH INVASIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL INDEXES, THEIR GLOBAL RELATIONSHIP WITH CORONARY COMPARTMENTS HAS NOT BEEN ASSESSED. HERE, WE WILL EVALUATE CIRCULATING MIRNAS PROFILES ACCORDING TO THE CORONARY PATTERN OF THE VASCULAR COMPARTMENT AFFECTATION. STUDY AND DESIGN: THIS IS AN INVESTIGATOR-INITIATED, MULTICENTRE, DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO BE CONDUCTED AT THREE CENTRES IN SPAIN (NCT05374694). THE STUDY WILL INCLUDE ONE HUNDRED CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS OLDER THAN 18 YEARS WITH CHEST PAIN OF PRESUMED CORONARY CAUSE UNDERGOING INVASIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION, INCLUDING FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE (FFR) AND INDEX OF MICROVASCULAR RESISTANCE (IMR). PATIENTS WILL BE INITIALLY CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR GROUPS, ACCORDING TO FFR AND IMR: MACROVASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR AFFECTATION (FFR</=0.80 / IMR>/=25), ISOLATED MACROVASCULAR AFFECTATION (FFR</=0.80 / IMR<25), ISOLATED MICROVASCULAR AFFECTATION (FFR>0.80 / IMR >/=25) AND NORMAL CORONARY INDEXES (FFR>0.80 / IMR<25). PATIENTS WITH ISOLATED MICROVASCULAR AFFECTATION OR NORMAL INDEXES WILL ALSO UNDERGO THE ACETYLCHOLINE TEST AND MAY BE RECLASSIFIED AS A FIFTH GROUP IN THE PRESENCE OF SPASM. A PANEL OF MIRNAS PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH MOLECULAR MECHANISMS LINKED TO CHRONIC CORONARY SYNDROME WILL BE ANALYSED USING RT-QPCR. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY WILL IDENTIFY MIRNA PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH PATTERNS OF CORONARY AFFECTATION AND WILL CONTRIBUTE TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISTIC PATHWAYS OF CORONARY PATHOLOGY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16 4019  37 LOW-DOSE OR LOW-DOSE-RATE IONIZING RADIATION-INDUCED BIOEFFECTS IN ANIMAL MODELS. ANIMAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT ACUTE OR CHRONIC LOW-DOSE IONIZING RADIATION (LDIR) (</=100 MSV) OR LOW-DOSE-RATE IONIZING RADIATION (LDRIR) (<6 MSV/H) EXPOSURES MAY BE HARMFUL. IT INDUCES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A RANGE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES THAT INCLUDES ALTERED IMMUNE SYSTEM, ABNORMAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT WITH RESULTANT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, CATARACTOGENESIS, ABNORMAL EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, CIRCULATORY DISEASES, WEIGHT GAIN, PREMATURE MENOPAUSE IN FEMALE ANIMALS, TUMORIGENESIS AND SHORTENED LIFESPAN. PATERNAL OR PRENATAL LDIR/LDRIR EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED FERTILITY AND NUMBER OF LIVE FETUSES, AND TRANSGENERATIONAL GENOMIC ABERRATIONS. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN SOME EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, LDIR/LDRIR EXPOSURE HAS ALSO BEEN REPORTED TO BRING ABOUT BENEFICIAL EFFECTS SUCH AS REDUCTION IN TUMORIGENESIS, PROLONGED LIFESPAN AND ENHANCED FERTILITY. THE DIFFERENCES IN REPORTED EFFECTS OF LDIR/LDRIR EXPOSURE ARE DEPENDENT ON ANIMAL GENETIC BACKGROUND (SUSCEPTIBILITY), AGE (PRENATAL OR POSTNATAL DAYS), SEX, NATURE OF RADIATION EXPOSURE (I.E. ACUTE, FRACTIONATED OR CHRONIC RADIATION EXPOSURE), TYPE OF RADIATION, COMBINATION OF RADIATION WITH OTHER TOXIC AGENTS (SUCH AS SMOKING, PESTICIDES OR OTHER CHEMICAL TOXINS) OR ANIMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS. IN THIS REVIEW PAPER, WE AIMED TO UPDATE RADIATION RESEARCHERS AND RADIOLOGISTS ON THE CURRENT PROGRESS ACHIEVED IN UNDERSTANDING THE LDIR/LDRIR-INDUCED BIONEGATIVE AND BIOPOSITIVE EFFECTS REPORTED IN THE VARIOUS ANIMAL MODELS. THE ROLES PLAYED BY A VARIETY OF MOLECULES THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN LDIR/LDRIR-INDUCED HEALTH EFFECTS WILL BE ELABORATED. THE REVIEW WILL HELP IN FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS OF LDIR/LDRIR-INDUCED HEALTH EFFECTS BY PROVIDING CLUES FOR DESIGNING IMPROVED ANIMAL RESEARCH MODELS IN ORDER TO CLARIFY THE CURRENT CONTROVERSIAL/CONTRADICTORY FINDINGS FROM EXISTING STUDIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17 6141  39 THE ETIOLOGY OF PEYRONIE'S DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS AND GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS. INTRODUCTION: PEYRONIE'S DISEASE (PD) IS A CHRONIC FIBROSING CONDITION THAT CONTRIBUTES TO PENILE DEFORMITY, CURVATURE, AND PAIN. INITIAL FAMILIAL STUDIES DEMONSTRATED POTENTIAL GENETIC LINKS TO PD. SINCE THAT TIME, VERY FEW INVESTIGATIONS HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY ADVANCED THE SCIENCE IN THIS AREA. HENCE, THERE IS A LARGE OPPORTUNITY AND SIGNIFICANT NEED TO BETTER STUDY THE UNDERLYING GENOMICS AND PATHOGENESIS OF PD. AIM: TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT GENOMIC LITERATURE RELEVANT TO PD. METHODS: A REVIEW WAS PERFORMED OF ALL PUBMED-INDEXED LITERATURE FROM 1970-2018 RELATING TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF PD. KEY FINDINGS WERE CATEGORICALLY SUMMARIZED TO INCLUDE EPIDEMIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS, INHERITANCE PATTERNS, CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY, GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS, EPIGENETICS, DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION, AND PRECLINICAL MODELS OF PD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SUMMARY OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE ON THE GENETICS OF PD. RESULTS: PD IS A COMMON CONDITION AND HAS SEVERAL KNOWN RISK FACTORS AND COMORBID DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS. ALTHOUGH MEN WITH PD ARE BELIEVED TO BE GENETICALLY PREDISPOSED, THERE ARE LIKELY SEVERAL SUBTYPES OF THE CONDITION, EACH WITH VARIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND CONTRIBUTING FACTORS. AVAILABLE DATA SUGGEST THAT PD IS ASSOCIATED WITH UNDERLYING GENETIC INSTABILITY, INCLUDING DYSREGULATION OF GENES RELATING TO FIBROSIS AND CELLULAR DEGRADATION, THUS, RESULTING IN ABNORMAL PLAQUE DEVELOPMENT AND PENILE DEFORMITY. PRECLINICAL MODELS, INCLUDING CELL CULTURES AND RAT MODELS, DEMONSTRATE SEVERAL CONSISTENCIES WITH PD CLINICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS; HOWEVER, AN IDEAL MODEL WITH SPONTANEOUS DEVELOPMENT OF PD IS LACKING. CONCLUSION: BASED ON LIMITED DATA, PD LIKELY REPRESENTS A HETEROGENEOUS CONDITION, WITH BOTH HERITABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY-DRIVEN EPIGENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ITS DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. HOWEVER, THERE REMAINS A SIGNIFICANT GAP IN THE LITERATURE ON THE UNDERLYING CAUSE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE CONDITION, SUGGESTING A SUBSTANTIAL NEED FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION AND STUDY. SHARMA KL, ALOM M, TROST L. THE ETIOLOGY OF PEYRONIE'S DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS AND GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS. SEX MED REV 2020;8:314-323.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 4209  44 METALLOTHIONEIN 2A GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN RELATION TO DISEASES AND TRACE ELEMENT LEVELS IN HUMANS. HUMAN METALLOTHIONEINS ARE A SUPERFAMILY OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS, WHOSE SYNTHESIS CAN BE INDUCED BY ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS (PRIMARILY ZN AND CU), TOXIC ELEMENTS AND CHEMICAL AGENTS, AND STRESS-PRODUCING CONDITIONS. OF THE FOUR KNOWN ISOFORMS IN THE HUMAN BODY MT2 IS THE MOST COMMON. THE EXPRESSION OF METALLOTHIONEINS IS ENCODED BY A MULTIGENE FAMILY OF LINKED GENES AND CAN BE INFLUENCED BY SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) IN THESE GENES. TO DATE, 24 SNPS IN THE MT2A GENE HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED WITH THE INCIDENCE OF ABOUT 1 % IN VARIOUS POPULATION GROUPS, AND THREE OF THEM WERE SHOWN TO AFFECT PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THESE THREE SNPS IN THE MT2A GENE AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN THE BODY OF HEALTHY AND DISEASED PERSONS. THE MOST INVESTIGATED SNP IS RS28366003 (MT2A -5 A/G). REPORTS ASSOCIATE IT WITH LONGEVITY, CANCER (BREAST, PROSTATE, LARYNGEAL, AND IN PARANASAL SINUSES), AND CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE. THE SECOND MOST INVESTIGATED SNP, RS10636 (MT2A +838G/C), IS ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. BOTH ARE ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL METAL/METALLOID CONCENTRATIONS IN THE ORGANISM. THE THIRD SNP, RS1610216 (MT2A -209A/G), HAS BEEN STUDIED FOR ASSOCIATION WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERGLYCAEMIA, AND ZN CONCENTRATIONS. METALLOTHIONEIN CONCENTRATIONS AND MT2A POLYMORPHISMS HAVE A POTENTIAL TO BE USED AS BIOMARKERS OF METAL EXPOSURE AND CLINICAL MARKERS OF A NUMBER OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS POTENTIAL NEEDS TO BE STUDIED AND VERIFIED IN A LARGE NUMBER OF WELL-DEFINED GROUPS OF PARTICIPANTS (SEVERAL HUNDREDS AND THOUSANDS) WITH A FOCUS ON PARTICULAR PHYSIOLOGICAL OR PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION AND TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS, SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND INDIVIDUAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MAKEUP.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19  254  41 ADVANCES IN ASTHMA 2015: ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. IN 2015, PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING ASTHMA RANGED FROM INSIGHTS TO ASTHMA INCEPTION, EXACERBATIONS, AND SEVERITY TO ADVANCEMENTS THAT WILL IMPROVE DISEASE MANAGEMENT THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN. 2015'S INSIGHTS TO ASTHMA INCEPTION INCLUDED HOW THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOME AFFECTS ASTHMA EXPRESSION WITH THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC GASTROINTESTINAL BACTERIAL TAXA IN EARLY INFANCY ASSOCIATED WITH LESS ASTHMA RISK, POSSIBLY BY PROMOTING REGULATORY IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT AT A CRITICAL EARLY AGE. THE RELEVANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING ASTHMA-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION WAS STRENGTHENED. PREDICTING AND PREVENTING EXACERBATIONS THROUGHOUT LIFE MIGHT HELP TO REDUCE PROGRESSIVE LUNG FUNCTION DECREASE AND DISEASE SEVERITY IN ADULTHOOD. ALTHOUGH ALLERGY HAS LONG BEEN LINKED TO ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS, A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH IGE IMPAIRS RHINOVIRUS IMMUNITY AND UNDERLIES ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS WAS DEMONSTRATED AND IMPROVED BY ANTI-IGE THERAPY (OMALIZUMAB). OTHER KEY MOLECULAR PATHWAYS UNDERLYING ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS, SUCH AS CADHERIN-RELATED FAMILY MEMBER 3 (CDHR3) AND OROSOMUCOID LIKE 3 (ORMDL3), WERE ELUCIDATED. NEW ANTI-IL-5 THERAPEUTICS, MEPOLIZUMAB AND RESLIZUMAB, WERE US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE EOSINOPHILIC ASTHMA. IN A CLINICAL TRIAL THE NOVEL THERAPEUTIC INHALED GATA3 MRNA-SPECIFIC DNAZYME ATTENUATED EARLY- AND LATE-PHASE ALLERGIC RESPONSES TO INHALED ALLERGEN. THESE CURRENT FINDINGS ARE SIGNIFICANT STEPS TOWARD ADDRESSING UNMET NEEDS IN ASTHMA PREVENTION, SEVERITY MODIFICATION, DISPARITIES, AND LIFESPAN OUTCOMES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20 6334  31 THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN IMMUNOSENESCENCE. A HEALTHY FUNCTIONING IMMUNE SYSTEM IS CRITICAL TO STAVE OFF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, BUT AS HUMANS AND OTHER ORGANISMS AGE, THEIR IMMUNE SYSTEMS DECLINE. AS A RESULT, DISEASES THAT WERE READILY THWARTED IN EARLY LIFE POSE NONTRIVIAL HARM AND CAN EVEN BE DEADLY IN LATE LIFE. IMMUNOSENESCENCE IS DEFINED AS THE GENERAL DETERIORATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WITH AGE, AND IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) AND SPECIFIC BLOOD CELL TYPES AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LEVELS OF NUMEROUS FACTORS, PARTICULARLY THOSE INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION. POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING IMMUNOSENESCENCE INCLUDE EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) AND DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION (DNAHM) THAT OCCUR WITH AGE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO DESCRIBE WHAT IS CURRENTLY KNOWN ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND THE AGE-RELATED CHANGES TO DNAM AND DNAHM, AND TO DISCUSS EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES BEST SUITED TO FILL GAPS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING.	2019