1   852 176 CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) AND CARRIES A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESIS OF CCA IN PSC IS LARGELY UNKNOWN, INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN CARCINOGENESIS CONCOMITANT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE UNDERLYING FACTORS. THE MAJORITY OF CCA CASES DEVELOP FROM A DOMINANT STRICTURE (DS), WHICH IS DEFINED AS A STRICTURE WITH A DIAMETER < 1.5 MM IN THE COMMON BILE DUCT OR < 1.0 MM IN THE HEPATIC DUCT. IN PSC PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ABRUPT AGGRAVATION OF JAUNDICE, PAIN, FATIGUE, PRURITUS, WEIGHT LOSS, OR WORSENING LIVER BIOCHEMISTRIES, CCA SHOULD BE SUSPECTED AND EVALUATED UTILIZING A VARIETY OF DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES. HOWEVER, EARLY RECOGNITION OF CCA IN PSC REMAINS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. IMPORTANTLY, 30-50% OF CCA IN PSC PATIENTS ARE OBSERVED WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR FOLLOWING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PSC FOLLOWED BY AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE RANGING FROM 0.5 TO 1.5 PER 100 PERSONS, WHICH IS NEARLY 10 TO 1000 TIMES HIGHER THAN THAT IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. CUMULATIVE 5-YEAR, 10-YEAR, AND LIFETIME INCIDENCES ARE 7%, 8-11%, AND 9-20%, RESPECTIVELY. WHEN PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS DIAGNOSED, MOST TUMORS ARE UNRESECTABLE, AND NO EFFECTIVE MEDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. GIVEN THE POOR THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME, THE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF PSC PATIENTS WHO ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA ARE OF IMPORTANCE. SUCH PATIENTS INCLUDE OLDER MALES WITH LARGE-DUCT PSC AND POSSIBLY CONCURRENT ULCERATIVE COLITIS. THUS, MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO PATIENTS WITH THESE CLINICAL FEATURES, IN PARTICULAR WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR AFTER PSC DIAGNOSIS. IN CONTRAST, CCA IS LESS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PEDIATRIC OR FEMALE PSC PATIENTS OR IN THOSE WITH SMALL-DUCT PSC OR CONCURRENT CROHN'S DISEASE. RECENTLY, NEW BIOMARKERS SUCH AS ANTIBODIES TO GLYCOPROTEIN 2 HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA IN PSC. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE LITERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS, INCIDENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND RISK FACTORS, WITH A FOCUS ON VARIOUS DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  1207  41 COVID-19 AND CROSSTALK WITH THE HALLMARKS OF AGING. WITHIN THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES, THE EMERGENCE OF NEW VIRAL DISEASES WITH SEVERE HEALTH COMPLICATIONS AND MORTALITY IS EVIDENCE OF AN AGE-DEPENDENT, COMPROMISED BODILY RESPONSE TO ABRUPT STRESS WITH CONCOMITANTLY REDUCED IMMUNITY. THE NEW SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2, SARS-COV-2, CAUSES CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19). IT HAS INCREASED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PERSONS WITH UNDERLYING CHRONIC DISEASES AND THOSE WITH A COMPROMISED IMMUNE SYSTEM REGARDLESS OF AGE AND IN OLDER ADULTS WHO ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE THESE CONDITIONS. WHILE SARS-COV-2 IS HIGHLY VIRULENT, THERE IS VARIABILITY IN THE SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE AND ITS COMPLICATIONS IN HUMANS. SEVERE PNEUMONIA, ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, LUNG FIBROSIS, CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY, STROKE, HOSPITALIZATION, AND MORTALITY HAVE BEEN REPORTED THAT RESULT FROM PATHOGEN-HOST INTERACTIONS. HALLMARKS OF AGING, INTERACTING WITH ONE ANOTHER, HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO INFLUENCE HEALTH SPAN IN OLDER ADULTS, POSSIBLY VIA MECHANISMS REGULATING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. HERE, WE REVIEW THE POTENTIAL ROLES OF THE HALLMARKS OF AGING, COUPLED WITH HOST-CORONAVIRUS INTERACTIONS. OF THESE HALLMARKS, WE FOCUSED ON THOSE THAT DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY INTERACT WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS, INCLUDING IMMUNOSENESCENCE, INFLAMMATION AND INFLAMMASOMES, ADAPTIVE IMMUNOSENESCENCE, GENOMIC INSTABILITY, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, TELOMERE ATTRITION, AND IMPAIRED AUTOPHAGY. THESE HALLMARKS LIKELY CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SARS-COV-2 AMONG OLDER ADULTS AND MAY PLAY ROLES AS AN ADDITIVE RISK OF ACCELERATED BIOLOGICAL AGING EVEN AFTER RECOVERY. WE ALSO BRIEFLY DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ANTIAGING DRUG CANDIDATES THAT REQUIRE PARAMOUNT ATTENTION IN COVID-19 RESEARCH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3  3580  36 IMPACT OF PERINATAL ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD ALLERGIC DISEASES. ALLERGIC DISEASES SUCH AS ASTHMA, ALLERGIC RHINITIS, ATOPIC DERMATITIS, AND FOOD ALLERGY, ARE MOST COMMON CHRONIC, NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN CHILDHOOD. IN THE PAST FEW DECADES, THE PREVALENCE HAS INCREASED ABRUPTLY WORLDWIDE. THERE ARE 2 POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS FOR THE RISING PREVALENCE OF ALLERGIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, THAT AN INCREASED DISEASE-AWARENESS OF PHYSICIAN, PATIENT, OR CAREGIVERS, AND AN ABRUPT EXPOSURE TO UNKNOWN HAZARDS. UNFORTUNATELY, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. DESPITE THE CONTINUING EFFORTS WORLDWIDE, THE ETIOLOGIES AND RISING PREVALENCE REMAIN UNCLEAR. THUS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY AND CONTROL RISK FACTORS IN THE SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUAL FOR THE BEST PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT. GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OR ENVIRONMENTS MAY BE A POTENTIAL BACKGROUND FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASE, HOWEVER THEY ALONE CANNOT EXPLAIN THE RISING PREVALENCE WORLDWIDE. THERE IS GROWING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGE DEPENDS ON THE GENE, ENVIRONMENT, AND THEIR INTERACTIONS, MAY INDUCE A LONG-LASTING ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AND THE CONSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASES. IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL PERIOD (I.E., DURING PREGNANCY AND EARLY LIFE) ARE CONSIDERED AS A POTENTIAL CAUSE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD ALLERGIC DISEASES. HOWEVER, THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP IS STILL UNCLEAR. THIS REVIEW AIMED TO HIGHLIGHT THE IMPACT OF ETS EXPOSURE DURING THE PERINATAL PERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD ALLERGIC DISEASES AND TO PROPOSE A FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  2936  52 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS-ASSOCIATED CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) IS A CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY, CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE BILIARY TREE WITH SUBSEQUENT FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER. PATIENTS WITH PSC ARE AT INCREASED RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA), A HIGHLY MALIGNANT EPITHELIAL TUMOR ARISING FROM THE INTRAHEPATIC AND EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS. CURRENTLY, ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IS THE ONLY CURATIVE TREATMENT. THE LACK OF EFFICIENT DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR EARLY DETECTION AND THE LIMITED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS FOR CCA ARE MAJOR PROBLEMS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL. THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS COMPLEX AND POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IT SEEMS THAT PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE CARCINOGENIC PROCESS. THE MAPPING OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY ELUCIDATE MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT MAY BE APPLIED AS BIOMARKERS TO FACILITATE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF MALIGNANT DEGENERATION TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOME. IN THE LAST DECADE, THE INTRODUCTION OF SEVERAL NOVEL MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE FOR GENOME-WIDE SCREENING HAS ADVANCED OUR KNOWLEDGE ON MANY OF THE GENETIC ABNORMALITIES THAT ARE PREVALENT IN CCA AND PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, WHICH HAVE IMPORTANT POTENTIAL FOR CLINICAL APPLICATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  6638  28 UNRAVELING THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF GLOMERULAR CELLS IN KIDNEY DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN AND ITS PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE ARE RISING QUICKLY. IT IS A NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE PRIMARILY CAUSED BY DIABETES AND/OR HYPERTENSION AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. DESPITE DECADES OF RESEARCH EFFORTS, THE PATHOGENESIS OF CKD REMAINS A PUZZLE WITH MISSING PIECES. UNDERSTANDING THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT GOVERN THE LOSS OF KIDNEY FUNCTION IS CRUCIAL. ABRUPT REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN KIDNEY CELLS IS APPARENT IN CKD AND SHOWN TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DISEASE ONSET AND PROGRESSION. GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION EXTENDS BEYOND DNA SEQUENCE AND INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INCLUDING CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES, DRIVEN BY THE ACTIVITY OF SPECIFIC ENZYMES. RECENT ADVANCES DEMONSTRATE THE ESSENTIAL PARTICIPATION OF EPIGENETICS IN KIDNEY (PATHO)PHYSIOLOGY, AS ITS ACTIONS REGULATE BOTH THE INTEGRITY OF CELLS BUT ALSO TRIGGERS DELETERIOUS SIGNALING PATHWAYS. HERE, WE REVIEW THE KNOWN EPIGENETIC PROCESSES REGULATING THE COMPLEX FILTRATION UNIT OF THE KIDNEY, THE GLOMERULI. THE REVIEW WILL ELABORATE ON NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO HOW EPIGENETICS CONTRIBUTES TO CELL INJURY IN THE CKD SETTING MAJORLY FOCUSING ON KIDNEY GLOMERULAR CELLS: THE GLOMERULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, THE MESANGIAL CELLS, AND THE SPECIALIZED AND TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED PODOCYTE CELLS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6  1034  35 CKD IN ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS ONE COMPONENT OF A SPECTRUM OF CHRONIC DISEASE IN ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS. CKD IS MARKED BY ALBUMINURIA, WHICH PREDICTS RENAL FAILURE AND NONRENAL NATURAL DEATH. RATES VARY GREATLY BY COMMUNITY AND REGION AND ARE MUCH HIGHER IN REMOTE AREAS. THIS REFLECTS THE HETEROGENEOUS CHARACTERISTICS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE. CKD IS MULTIDETERMINANT, AND EARLY-LIFE INFLUENCES (NOTABLY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT), INFECTIONS (INCLUDING POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS), METABOLIC/HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS, AND EPIGENETIC/GENETIC FACTORS PROBABLY CONTRIBUTE. CKD IS ASSOCIATED INTIMATELY WITH CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. ALBUMINURIA PROGRESSES OVER TIME, WITH A HIGH INCIDENCE OF NEW ONSET OF PATHOLOGIC LEVELS OF ALBUMINURIA IN ALL AGE GROUPS. ALL THE USUAL MORPHOLOGIC FINDINGS ARE FOUND IN RENAL BIOPSY SPECIMENS. HOWEVER, GLOMERULAR ENLARGEMENT IS NOTABLE IN INDIVIDUALS FROM REMOTE REGIONS, BUT NOT THOSE LIVING CLOSER TO POPULATION CENTERS. GLOMERULOMEGALY PROBABLY REPRESENTS COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY CAUSED BY LOW NEPHRON NUMBER, WHICH PROBABLY UNDERLIES THE ACCENTUATED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RENAL DISEASE. IN THE LAST DECADE, HEALTH CARE SERVICES HAVE BEEN TRANSFORMED TO ACCOMMODATE SYSTEMATIC CHRONIC DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT. AFTER A RELENTLESS INCREASE FOR 3 DECADES, RATES OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE STARTING RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY, AS WELL AS CHRONIC DISEASE DEATHS, APPEAR TO BE STABILIZING IN SOME REGIONS. OFFICIAL ENDORSEMENT OF THESE SYSTEM CHANGES, PLUS ONGOING REDUCTIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND INFECTIONS, HOLD PROMISE FOR CONTINUED BETTER OUTCOMES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  6188  28 THE IMPACT OF INSOMNIA ON FRAILTY AND THE HALLMARKS OF AGING. THROUGHOUT THE COURSE OF LIFE, THERE ARE AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN SLEEP. DESPITE THESE NORMAL CHANGES, THERE IS A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF OLDER ADULTS THAT REPORT SLEEP DISSATISFACTION WITH A HIGH PERVASIVENESS OF CHRONIC INSOMNIA, THE MOST COMMON SLEEP DISORDER WORLDWIDE, WITH ITS PREVALENCE BEING EXPECTED TO CONTINUOUSLY INCREASE DUE TO THE GROWING RATES OF AGING AND OBESITY. THIS CAN HAVE DIFFERENT ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES, ESPECIALLY BY PROMOTING BOTH PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DECLINE, WHICH ULTIMATELY MAY AGGRAVATE FRAILTY IN OLDER ADULTS. MOREOVER, AGE-RELATED FRAILTY AND SLEEP DYSFUNCTION MAY HAVE A COMMON MECHANISM RELATED TO THE HALLMARKS OF CELLULAR AGING. CELLULAR AGING WAS CATEGORIZED INTO NINE HALLMARKS, SUCH AS DNA DAMAGE, TELOMERE ATTRITION AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. IN THE CONTEXT OF GERIATRIC AND CHRONIC INSOMNIA RESEARCH, THIS REVIEW AIMS AT DISCUSSING THE CURRENT EVIDENCE FROM BOTH ANIMAL MODELS AND HUMAN COHORTS ADDRESSING THE LINK BETWEEN CHRONIC INSOMNIA, THE HALLMARKS OF AGING AND THEIR IMPACT ON FRAILTY. MOREOVER, THE MOST RECENT RESEARCH ABOUT THE PUTATIVE EFFECT OF INSOMNIA THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ON HALLMARKS OF AGING WILL BE ALSO HIGHLIGHTED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8   529  23 ASTHMA IN URBAN CHILDREN: EPIDEMIOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH DOMAIN. ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CHRONIC CONDITION OF CHILDHOOD IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, WITH 6.5 MILLION CHILDREN AFFECTED IN THE USA. A DISPARATE BURDEN OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IS SEEN AMONG SOCIOECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED YOUTH, OFTEN CONCENTRATED IN URBAN AREAS WITH HIGH POVERTY RATES. HOST FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE A CHILD TO ASTHMA INCLUDE ATOPY, MALE GENDER, PARENTAL HISTORY OF ASTHMA, AND ALSO RACE, ETHNICITY, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS IMPROVED HYGIENE, AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION, AND EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES TO MICROBES AND AEROALLERGENS, ALSO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA. WITH GREATER THAN 90% OF TIME SPENT INDOORS, HOME EXPOSURES (SUCH AS COCKROACH, RODENT, AND INDOOR AIR POLLUTION) ARE HIGHLY RELEVANT FOR URBAN ASTHMA. MORBIDITY REDUCTION MAY REQUIRE FOCUSED PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION IN HIGH PRIORITY RISK GROUPS AND THE ADDITION OF IMMUNE MODULATORY AGENTS IN CHILDREN WITH POORLY CONTROLLED DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9   929  23 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: ACCELERATOR OF BIOLOGICAL AGING. BIOLOGICAL AGING IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION LEVEL. THIS CHRONIC PHENOMENON HAS BEEN NAMED "INFLAMM-AGING" AND IS A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THE OLDER PERSONS. THE MOST COMMON THEORIES OF INFLAMM-AGING INCLUDE REDOX STRESS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, GLYCATION, DEREGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, HORMONAL CHANGES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND DYSFUNCTION TELOMERE ATTRITION. INFLAMM-AGING PLAYS A ROLE IN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS TYPE II DIABETES, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, FRAILTY, SARCOPENIA, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND CANCER. THIS REVIEW WILL COVER THE IDENTIFICATION OF PATHWAYS THAT CONTROL AGE-RELATED INFLAMMATION ACROSS MULTIPLE SYSTEMS AND ITS POTENTIAL CAUSAL ROLE IN CONTRIBUTING TO ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10  4062  38 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11   264  34 ADVANCING ASTHMA CARE: THE GLASS IS ONLY HALF FULL! OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A CONCERTED EFFORT IN THE UNITED STATES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING ASTHMA. ATTENTION WAS INITIALLY DIRECTED TOWARD ASTHMA IN RESPONSE TO THE RECOGNITION THAT ASTHMA MORTALITY WAS INCREASING AND THAT THE BURDEN OF DISEASE WAS SIGNIFICANT. THESE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ASTHMA MORTALITY LED TO MANY NEW INITIATIVES TO DEVELOP CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES, IMPLEMENT THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, CONDUCT RESEARCH TO FILL THE GAPS IN THE GUIDELINES, AND CONTINUOUSLY REVISE THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES AS MORE INFORMATION BECAME AVAILABLE. AN ASSESSMENT OF OUR PROGRESS SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN RELATION TO REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND HOSPITALIZATIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, WE ARE NOW AT A CROSSROADS IN ASTHMA CARE. ALTHOUGH WE HAVE RECOGNIZED SOME REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW TOOLS TO MONITOR DISEASE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING BIOMARKERS AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS, ALONG WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS TO MONITOR ASTHMA CONTROL HOLD SOME PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING GAPS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THESE ADVANCES SHOULD PROMPT THE EVOLUTION OF NEW STRATEGIES AND NEW TREATMENTS TO FURTHER REDUCE DISEASE BURDEN. IT NOW BECOMES IMPERATIVE TO CONTINUE A FOCUS ON WAYS TO FURTHER REDUCE THE BURDEN OF ASTHMA AND PREVENT ITS ONSET.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  2955  31 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCING CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) HAS BECOME A SERIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM BECAUSE OF ITS ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY, PREMATURE MORTALITY, AND ATTENDANT HEALTHCARE COSTS. THE RISING NUMBER OF PERSONS WITH CKD IS LINKED WITH THE AGING POPULATION STRUCTURE AND AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND OBESITY. THERE IS AN INHERITED RISK ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPING CKD, AS EVIDENCED BY FAMILIAL CLUSTERING AND DIFFERING PREVALENCE RATES ACROSS ETHNIC GROUPS. PREVIOUS STUDIES TO DETERMINE THE INHERITED RISK FACTORS FOR CKD RARELY IDENTIFIED GENETIC VARIANTS THAT WERE ROBUSTLY REPLICATED. HOWEVER, IMPROVEMENTS IN GENOTYPING TECHNOLOGIES AND ANALYTIC METHODS ARE NOW HELPING TO IDENTIFY PROMISING GENETIC LOCI AIDED BY INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION AND MULTICONSORTIA EFFORTS. MORE RECENTLY, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO PLAY A ROLE IN BOTH THE INHERITED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CKD AND, IMPORTANTLY, TO EXPLAIN HOW THE ENVIRONMENT DYNAMICALLY INTERACTS WITH THE GENOME TO ALTER AN INDIVIDUAL'S DISEASE RISK. GENOME-WIDE, EPIGENOME-WIDE, AND WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOME STUDIES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED, AND OPTIMAL APPROACHES FOR INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS ARE BEING DEVELOPED. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES RECENT RESEARCH AND THE CURRENT STATUS OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC RISK FACTORS INFLUENCING CKD USING POPULATION-BASED INFORMATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  4080  17 MATERNAL LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS: TARGETING PRECONCEPTION HEALTH. ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE OBESE, PREDISPOSING BOTH MOTHER AND BABY TO UNFAVOURABLE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AND INITIATING AN INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS. HERE WE SUMMARISE RECENT RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL METABOLIC HEALTH ON OFFSPRING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUTURE CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. CURRENT PRIMARY LIFESTYLE APPROACHES (I.E., DIET AND EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS) TO HALT THE SUCCESSION OF INHERITED AND EPIGENETIC METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE MET WITH LIMITED SUCCESS DUE TO LATE IMPLEMENTATION, POOR ADHERENCE, AND/OR GENERIC GUIDELINES. IN OUR OPINION, SUCH INTERVENTIONS MUST COMMENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION TO IMPROVE BOTH MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES, WITH NEW APPROACHES URGENTLY NEEDED TO INCREASE ADHERENCE TO PRIMARY LIFESTYLE CHANGES AMONG REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  5363  19 RECENT ADVANCES IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASES: FROM KIDNEY INJURY TO KIDNEY FIBROSIS. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF DKD INCLUDES GLOMERULAR HYPERFILTRATION, PROGRESSIVE ALBUMINURIA, DECLINING ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, AND, ULTIMATELY, KIDNEY FAILURE. IT IS KNOWN THAT DKD IS ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC CHANGES CAUSED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA, RESULTING IN GLOMERULAR HYPERTROPHY, GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS, AND TUBULOINTERSTITIAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. HYPERGLYCEMIA IS ALSO KNOWN TO CAUSE PROGRAMMED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. HOWEVER, THE DETAILED MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF DKD REMAIN ELUSIVE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS RECENT ADVANCES REGARDING THE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN DKD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15   933  46 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THE DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) HAVE EVOLVED OVER TIME, BUT CURRENT INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES DEFINE THIS CONDITION AS DECREASED KIDNEY FUNCTION SHOWN BY GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) OF LESS THAN 60 ML/MIN PER 1.73 M(2), OR MARKERS OF KIDNEY DAMAGE, OR BOTH, OF AT LEAST 3 MONTHS DURATION, REGARDLESS OF THE UNDERLYING CAUSE. DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF CKD IN ALL HIGH-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND ALSO IN MANY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES. INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, AND PROGRESSION OF CKD ALSO VARY WITHIN COUNTRIES BY ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, POSSIBLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE. MANY PEOPLE ARE ASYMPTOMATIC OR HAVE NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS SUCH AS LETHARGY, ITCH, OR LOSS OF APPETITE. DIAGNOSIS IS COMMONLY MADE AFTER CHANCE FINDINGS FROM SCREENING TESTS (URINARY DIPSTICK OR BLOOD TESTS), OR WHEN SYMPTOMS BECOME SEVERE. THE BEST AVAILABLE INDICATOR OF OVERALL KIDNEY FUNCTION IS GFR, WHICH IS MEASURED EITHER VIA EXOGENOUS MARKERS (EG, DTPA, IOHEXOL), OR ESTIMATED USING EQUATIONS. PRESENCE OF PROTEINURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF PROGRESSION OF CKD AND DEATH. KIDNEY BIOPSY SAMPLES CAN SHOW DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE OF CKD, THROUGH COMMON CHANGES SUCH AS GLOMERULAR SCLEROSIS, TUBULAR ATROPHY, AND INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS. COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE ANAEMIA DUE TO REDUCED PRODUCTION OF ERYTHROPOIETIN BY THE KIDNEY; REDUCED RED BLOOD CELL SURVIVAL AND IRON DEFICIENCY; AND MINERAL BONE DISEASE CAUSED BY DISTURBED VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM. PEOPLE WITH CKD ARE FIVE TO TEN TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DIE PREMATURELY THAN THEY ARE TO PROGRESS TO END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE. THIS INCREASED RISK OF DEATH RISES EXPONENTIALLY AS KIDNEY FUNCTION WORSENS AND IS LARGELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEATH FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ALTHOUGH CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY ARE ALSO INCREASED. HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IS SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER FOR PEOPLE WITH CKD THAN FOR THE GENERAL POPULATION, AND FALLS AS GFR DECLINES. INTERVENTIONS TARGETING SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS, OR AIMED AT SUPPORTING EDUCATIONAL OR LIFESTYLE CONSIDERATIONS, MAKE A POSITIVE DIFFERENCE TO PEOPLE LIVING WITH CKD. INEQUITY IN ACCESS TO SERVICES FOR THIS DISEASE DISPROPORTIONALLY AFFECTS DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS, AND HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION TO INCENTIVISE EARLY INTERVENTION OVER PROVISION OF CARE ONLY FOR ADVANCED CKD IS STILL EVOLVING IN MANY COUNTRIES.	2017	

16  6407  28 THE SEVERITY OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTION IS DICTATED BY HOST FACTORS? EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVES. THE EMERGENCE OF COVID-19, CAUSED BY SARS-COV-2 POSES A SIGNIFICANT THREAT TO HUMANS AS IT IS HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS WITH INCREASING MORTALITY. THERE EXISTS A HIGH DEGREE OF HETEROGENEITY IN THE MORTALITY RATES OF COVID-19 ACROSS THE GLOBE. THERE ARE MULTIPLE SPECULATIONS ON THE VARYING DEGREE OF MORTALITY. STILL, ALL THE CLINICAL REPORTS HAVE INDICATED THAT PREEXISTING CHRONIC DISEASES LIKE HYPERTENSION, DIABETES, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), KIDNEY DISORDERS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCREASED RISK FOR HIGH MORTALITY IN SARS-COV-2 INFECTED PATIENTS. IT IS WORTH NOTING THAT HOST FACTORS, MAINLY EPIGENETIC FACTORS COULD PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DECIDING THE OUTCOME OF COVID-19 DISEASES. OVER THE RECENT YEARS, IT IS EVIDENT THAT CHRONIC DISEASES ARE DEVELOPED DUE TO ALTERED EPIGENOME THAT INCLUDES A SELECTIVE LOSS/GAIN OF DNA AND HISTONE METHYLATION ON THE CHROMATIN OF THE CELLS. SINCE, THERE IS A HIGH POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN CHRONIC DISEASES AND ELEVATED MORTALITY DUE TO SARS-COV-2, IN THIS REVIEW; WE DISCUSS THE OVERALL PICTURE OF THE ABERRANT EPIGENOME MAP IN VARYING CHRONIC AILMENTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN COVID-19 DISEASE SEVERITY AND HIGH MORTALITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  3035  31 GENETICS/GENOMICS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE--TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE? THE PROGRESSION RATE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) TO ITS TERMINAL STAGE, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD), AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND SEVERITY OF VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS, ARE AT LEAST INDIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY GENETIC--AND EPIGENETIC--FACTORS. FOR YEARS, SCIENTISTS HAVE HELD OUT HOPE THAT THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETICS COULD TRANSFORM MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, MOVING BEYOND A TRIAL-AND-ERROR APPROACH TOWARDS "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE." INDEED, THERE ARE NOW SIGNS THAT THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND THE PURSUIT OF "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE" IN MEDICAL CARE WILL BE A PRIORITY FOR GOVERNMENTS DURING YEARS TO COME. BUT THE VISION OF INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT BASED ON A PATIENT'S GENETIC MAKEUP AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAS YET TO MATERIALIZE IN THE FIELD OF CKD AND ESRD. AS THE TOXIC UREMIC ENVIRONMENT MAY RENDER CKD PATIENTS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIANTS, IT IS LIKELY THAT GENETIC FACTORS COULD BE OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IN THIS HIGH-RISK POPULATION. THEREFORE, OUTCOME IN THE CKD POPULATION MAY BE IMPROVED BY ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES, THUS ENABLING PHYSICIANS TO DESIGN AN INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE BASED ON A MORE INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY COULD BE APPLIED IN, FOR EXAMPLE, PHARMACOTHERAPY (CYP GENES), DIALYSIS THERAPY, AND NUTRITIONAL AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  6120  34 THE EPIGENETIC IMPLICATION IN CORONAVIRUS INFECTION AND THERAPY. EPIGENETICS IS A RELATIVELY NEW FIELD OF SCIENCE THAT STUDIES THE GENETIC AND NON-GENETIC ASPECTS RELATED TO HERITABLE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES, FREQUENTLY CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL AND METABOLIC FACTORS. IN THE HOST, THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY CAN REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH A SERIES OF REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION, DNA/RNA METHYLATION, CHROMATIN REMODELING, AND NON-CODING RNAS. THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 19 (COVID-19) IS A HIGHLY TRANSMITTABLE AND PATHOGENIC VIRAL INFECTION. THE SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2 (SARS-COV-2), WHICH EMERGED IN WUHAN, CHINA, AND SPREAD WORLDWIDE, CAUSES IT. COVID-19 SEVERITY AND CONSEQUENCES LARGELY DEPEND ON PATIENT AGE AND HEALTH STATUS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL SUMMARIZE AND COMPARATIVELY ANALYZE HOW VIRUSES REGULATE THE HOST EPIGENOME. MAINLY, WE WILL BE FOCUSING ON HIGHLY PATHOGENIC RESPIRATORY RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS SUCH AS CORONAVIRUSES. IN THIS CONTEXT, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MIGHT PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE ONSET OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE COMPLICATIONS. ALTHOUGH MANY THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE UNDER STUDY, MORE RESEARCH IS URGENTLY NEEDED TO IDENTIFY EFFECTIVE VACCINE OR SAFER CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC DRUGS, TO COPE WITH THIS VIRAL OUTBREAK AND TO DEVELOP PRE- AND POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST COVID-19.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  4467  29 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF VASCULAR HEALTH: INSIGHTS FROM VASCULAR AGING AND CALCIFICATION. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, ESPECIALLY BEYOND THE AGE OF 65 YEARS, WITH THE VAST MAJORITY OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND STROKE. VASCULAR PATHOLOGY STEMS FROM A COMBINATION OF GENETIC RISK, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND THE BIOLOGIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING. THE PATHOGENESIS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR AGING, AND VASCULAR CALCIFICATION WITH AGING, IN PARTICULAR, IS STILL NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. ACCUMULATING DATA SUGGESTS THAT GENETIC RISK, LIKELY COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND THE PLASTICITY OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS TO ACQUIRE AN OSTEOGENIC PHENOTYPE ARE MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION. UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING GENETIC AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS IN REGULATING AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR PATHOLOGY MAY INSPIRE STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTHY VASCULAR AGING. THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF CONCEPTS AND MECHANISMS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR DISEASE, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON VASCULAR CALCIFICATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20   734  39 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022